International immunology最新文献_第3页

The active form of vitamin D (calcitriol) promotes CXCR5 expression during follicular helper T cell differentiation. 维生素 D 的活性形式（钙三醇）可在滤泡辅助性 T 细胞分化过程中促进 CXCR5 的表达。

IF 4.8 4区医学

International immunology Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxae045

Makoto Iwata, Ayumi Takada, Rei Sakamoto, Si-Young Song, Etsuro Ito

{"title":"The active form of vitamin D (calcitriol) promotes CXCR5 expression during follicular helper T cell differentiation.","authors":"Makoto Iwata, Ayumi Takada, Rei Sakamoto, Si-Young Song, Etsuro Ito","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxae045","DOIUrl":"10.1093/intimm/dxae045","url":null,"abstract":"Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells promote B cell differentiation and antibody production in the B cell follicles of secondary lymphoid organs. Tfh cells express their signature transcription factor BCL6, interleukin (IL)-21, and surface molecules including inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS), programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5). Migration of Tfh cells to B cell follicles largely depends on the CXCR5 expression induced by interactions with antigen-presenting dendritic cells in the T cell area. How Tfh cells acquire sufficient levels of CXCR5 expression, however, has remained unclear. Using our in vitro culture system to generate CXCR5low Tfh-like cells from naive CD4+ T cells with IL-6 in the absence of other cell types, we found that the active form of vitamin D, calcitriol, markedly enhanced CXCR5 expression after the release from persistent T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. CH-223191, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist, further enhanced CXCR5 expression. IL-12 but not IL-4, in place of IL-6, also supported calcitriol to enhance CXCR5 expression even before the release from TCR stimulation, whereas the cell viability sharply decreased after the release. The Tfh-like cells generated with IL-6 and calcitriol exhibited chemotaxis toward C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13), expressed IL-21, and helped B cells to produce IgG antibodies in vitro more efficiently than Tfh-like cells generated without added calcitriol. Calcitriol injections into antigen-primed mice increased the proportion of CXCR5+PD-1+CD4+ cells in their lymphoid organs, and enhanced T cell entry into B cell follicles. These results suggest that calcitriol promotes CXCR5 expression in developing Tfh cells and regulates their functional differentiation.","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":"53-70"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11587897/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141889117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

New approaches to the control of chronic inflammatory diseases with a focus on the endolysosomal system of immune cells. 控制慢性炎症性疾病的新方法，重点关注免疫细胞的内溶酶体系统。

IF 4.8 4区医学

International immunology Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxae041

Noriko Toyama-Sorimachi

{"title":"New approaches to the control of chronic inflammatory diseases with a focus on the endolysosomal system of immune cells.","authors":"Noriko Toyama-Sorimachi","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxae041","DOIUrl":"10.1093/intimm/dxae041","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic inflammation is implicated in many types of diseases, including cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, metabolic, and immune disorders. The search for therapeutic targets to control chronic inflammation often involves narrowing down the various molecules associated with pathology that have been discovered by various omics analyses. Herein, a different approach to identify therapeutic targets against chronic inflammation is proposed and one such target is discussed as an example. In chronically inflamed tissues, a large number of cells receive diverse proinflammatory signals, the intracellular signals are intricately integrated, and complicated intercellular interactions are orchestrated. This review focuses on effectively blocking this chaotic inflammatory signaling network via the endolysosomal system, which acts as a cellular signaling hub. In endolysosomes, the inflammatory signals mediated by pathogen sensors, such as Toll-like receptors, and the signals from nutrient and metabolic pathways are integrally regulated. Disruption of endolysosome signaling results in a strong anti-inflammatory effect by disrupting various signaling pathways, including pathogen sensor-mediated signals, in multiple immune cells. The endolysosome-resident amino acid transporter, solute carrier family 15 member 4 (SLC15A4), which plays an important role in the regulation of endolysosome-mediated signals, is a promising therapeutic target for several inflammatory diseases, including autoimmune diseases. The mechanisms by which SLC15A4 regulates inflammatory responses may provide a proof of concept for the efficacy of therapeutic strategies targeting immune cell endolysosomes.","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":"15-24"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11587895/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141467800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Diverse roles of dendritic cell and regulatory T cell crosstalk in controlling health and disease. 树突状细胞和调节性 T 细胞串联在控制健康和疾病方面的多种作用。

IF 4.8 4区医学

International immunology Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxae042

Sayuri Yamazaki

{"title":"Diverse roles of dendritic cell and regulatory T cell crosstalk in controlling health and disease.","authors":"Sayuri Yamazaki","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxae042","DOIUrl":"10.1093/intimm/dxae042","url":null,"abstract":"Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells for lymphocytes, including regulatory T (Treg) cells, a subset of CD4+ T cells expressing CD25 and Foxp3, a transcription factor. Treg cells maintain immunological self-tolerance in mice and humans, and suppress autoimmunity and other various immune responses such as tumor immunity, transplant rejection, allergy, responses to microbes, and inflammation. Treg-cell proliferation is controlled by antigen-presenting DCs. On the other hand, Treg cells suppress the function of DCs by restraining DC maturation. Therefore, the interaction between DCs and Treg cells, DC-Treg crosstalk, could contribute to controlling health and disease. We recently found that unique DC-Treg crosstalk plays a role in several conditions. First, Treg cells are expanded in ultraviolet B (UVB)-exposed skin by interacting with DCs, and the UVB-expanded Treg cells have a healing function. Second, manipulating DC-Treg crosstalk can induce effective acquired immune responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigens without adjuvants. Third, Treg cells with a special feature interact with DCs in the tumor microenvironment of human head and neck cancer, which may contribute to the prognosis. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of DC-Treg crosstalk may provide a novel strategy to control health and disease.","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":"5-14"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141491813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Supersulphides suppress type-I and type-II interferon responses by blocking JAK/STAT signalling in macrophages. 超硫化物通过阻断巨噬细胞中的 JAK/STAT 信号传导抑制Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型干扰素反应

IF 4.8 4区医学

International immunology Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxae040

Xiaoyan Li, Touya Toyomoto, Tianli Zhang, Chunyu Guo, Stephen Lindahl, Hiroyasu Tsutsuki, Ming Xian, Tomohiro Sawa

{"title":"Supersulphides suppress type-I and type-II interferon responses by blocking JAK/STAT signalling in macrophages.","authors":"Xiaoyan Li, Touya Toyomoto, Tianli Zhang, Chunyu Guo, Stephen Lindahl, Hiroyasu Tsutsuki, Ming Xian, Tomohiro Sawa","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxae040","DOIUrl":"10.1093/intimm/dxae040","url":null,"abstract":"Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines produced and secreted by immune cells when viruses, tumour cells, and so forth, invade the body. Their biological effects are diverse, including antiviral, cell growth-inhibiting, and antitumour effects. The main subclasses of IFNs include type-I (e.g. IFN-α and IFN-β) and type-II (IFN-γ), which activate intracellular signals by binding to type-I and type-II IFN receptors, respectively. We have previously shown that when macrophages are treated with supersulphide donors, which have polysulphide structures in which three or more sulphur atoms are linked within the molecules, IFN-β-induced cellular responses, including signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) phosphorylation and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, were strongly suppressed. However, the subfamily specificity of the suppression of IFN signals by supersulphides and the mechanism of this suppression are unknown. This study demonstrated that supersulphide donor N-acetyl-L-cysteine tetrasulphide (NAC-S2) can inhibit IFN signalling in macrophages stimulated not only with IFN-α/β but also with IFN-γ. Our data suggest that NAC-S2 blocks phosphorylation of Janus kinases (JAKs), thereby contributing to the inhibition of phosphorylation of STAT1. Under the current experimental conditions, the hydrogen sulphide (H2S) donor NaHS failed to inhibit IFN signalling. Similar to NAC-S2, the carbohydrate-based supersulphide donor thioglucose tetrasulphide (TGS4) was capable of strongly inhibiting tumour necrosis factor-α production, iNOS expression, and nitric oxide production from macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which supersulphide donors exhibit their inhibitory actions towards JAK/STAT signalling is a necessary basis for the development of supersulphide-based therapeutic strategy against autoimmune disorders with dysregulated IFN signalling.","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":"641-652"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141426720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The tryptophan metabolic pathway of the microbiome and host cells in health and disease. 微生物组和宿主细胞在健康和疾病中的色氨酸代谢途径。

IF 4.8 4区医学

International immunology Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxae035

Kentaro Miyamoto, Tomohisa Sujino, Takanori Kanai

引用次数: 0

γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes acquire the ability to produce IFN-γ in a different time course than αβ intraepithelial lymphocytes. γδ上皮内淋巴细胞获得产生 IFN-γ 的能力的时间过程与 αβ 上皮内淋巴细胞不同。

IF 4.8 4区医学

International immunology Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxae034

Shizue Tani-Ichi, Koichi Ikuta

{"title":"γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes acquire the ability to produce IFN-γ in a different time course than αβ intraepithelial lymphocytes.","authors":"Shizue Tani-Ichi, Koichi Ikuta","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxae034","DOIUrl":"10.1093/intimm/dxae034","url":null,"abstract":"An age-dependent increase in interferon (IFN)-γ expression by intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) contributes to the acquisition of resistance to infection by pathogens. However, how IELs acquire the ability to produce IFN-γ remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that IELs in the small intestine acquire the ability to rapidly produce IFN-γ at two distinct life stages. TCRαβ+ IELs (αβIELs) started producing IFN-γ at 4 weeks of age, within 1 week after weaning. In contrast, TCRγδ+ IELs (γδIELs) started producing IFN-γ at 7 weeks of age. In mice lacking Eγ4, an enhancer of the TCRγ locus (Eγ4-/- mice), Thy-1+ Vγ5+ γδIELs, a major subpopulation of γδIELs, were specifically reduced and their ability to produce IFN-γ was severely impaired, whereas Vγ2+ γδIELs normally produced IFN-γ. In Eγ4-/- mice, TCR expression levels were reduced in Vγ5+ γδIEL precursors in the thymus but unchanged in the Vγ5+ IELs. Nevertheless, TCR responsiveness in Vγ5+ γδIELs was impaired in Eγ4-/- mice, suggesting that the TCR signal received in the thymus may determine TCR responsiveness and the ability to produce IFN-γ in the gut. These results suggest that αβIELs and γδIELs start producing IFN-γ at different life stages and that the ability of Vγ5+ γδIELs to produce IFN-γ in the gut may be predetermined by TCR signalling in IEL precursors in the thymus.","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":"653-661"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141247959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Synchronized development of thymic eosinophils and thymocytes. 胸腺嗜酸性粒细胞和胸腺细胞的同步发育

IF 4.8 4区医学

International immunology Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxae037

Ayami Ota, Takahiro Iguchi, Sachiko Nitta, Ryunosuke Muro, Nanami Mino, Masayuki Tsukasaki, Josef M Penninger, Takeshi Nitta, Hiroshi Takayanagi

{"title":"Synchronized development of thymic eosinophils and thymocytes.","authors":"Ayami Ota, Takahiro Iguchi, Sachiko Nitta, Ryunosuke Muro, Nanami Mino, Masayuki Tsukasaki, Josef M Penninger, Takeshi Nitta, Hiroshi Takayanagi","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxae037","DOIUrl":"10.1093/intimm/dxae037","url":null,"abstract":"The thymus is an organ required for T cell development and is also an eosinophil-rich organ; however, the nature and function of thymic eosinophils remain unclear. Here, we characterized the gene expression and differentiation mechanism of thymic eosinophils in mice. Thymic eosinophils showed a distinct gene expression profile compared with other organ-resident eosinophils. The number of thymic eosinophils was controlled by medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs). In Rag-deficient mice, the unique gene expression signature of thymic eosinophils was lost but restored by pre-T cell receptor signalling, which induces CD4+ CD8+ thymocyte differentiation, indicating that T cell differentiation beyond the CD4- CD8- stage is necessary and sufficient for the induction of thymic eosinophils. These results demonstrate that thymic eosinophils are quantitatively and qualitatively regulated by mTECs and developing thymocytes, respectively, suggesting that thymic eosinophils are a distinct, thymus-specific cell subset, induced by interactions with thymic cells.","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":"617-628"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11562637/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141446094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Regulation of memory CD4+ T-cell generation by intrinsic and extrinsic IL-27 signaling during malaria infection. 在疟疾感染过程中，IL-27 的内在和外在信号调节记忆 CD4+ T 细胞的生成。

IF 4.8 4区医学

International immunology Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxae039

Sanjaadorj Tsogtsaikhan, Shin-Ichi Inoue, Ganchimeg Bayarsaikhan, Maria Lourdes Macalinao, Daisuke Kimura, Mana Miyakoda, Masahiro Yamamoto, Hiromitsu Hara, Hiroki Yoshida, Katsuyuki Yui

{"title":"Regulation of memory CD4+ T-cell generation by intrinsic and extrinsic IL-27 signaling during malaria infection.","authors":"Sanjaadorj Tsogtsaikhan, Shin-Ichi Inoue, Ganchimeg Bayarsaikhan, Maria Lourdes Macalinao, Daisuke Kimura, Mana Miyakoda, Masahiro Yamamoto, Hiromitsu Hara, Hiroki Yoshida, Katsuyuki Yui","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxae039","DOIUrl":"10.1093/intimm/dxae039","url":null,"abstract":"The generation and maintenance of memory T cells are regulated by various factors, including cytokines. Previous studies have shown that IL-27 is produced during the early acute phase of Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS (Pcc) infection and inhibits the development of Th1-type memory CD4+ T cells. However, whether IL-27 acts directly on its receptor on Plasmodium-specific CD4+ T cells or indirectly via its receptor on other immune cells remains unclear. We aimed to determine the role of IL-27 receptor signaling in different immune cell types in regulating the generation and phenotype of memory CD4+ T cells during Plasmodium infection. We utilized Plasmodium-specific T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) transgenic mice, PbT-II, and Il27rα-/- mice to assess the direct and indirect effects of IL-27 signaling on memory CD4+ T-cell generation. Mice were transferred with PbT-II or Il27rα-/- PbT-II cells and infected with Pcc. Conditional knockout mice lacking the IL-27 receptor in T cells or dendritic cells were employed to discern the specific immune cell types involved in IL-27 receptor signaling. High levels of memory in PbT-II cells with Th1-shift occurred only when both PbT-II and host cells lacked the IL-27 receptor, suggesting the predominant inhibitory role of IL-27 signaling in both cell types. Furthermore, IL-27 receptor signaling in T cells limited the number of memory CD4+ T cells, while signaling in both T and dendritic cells contributed to the Th1 dominance of memory CD4+ T cells. These findings underscore the complex cytokine signaling network regulating memory CD4+ T cells during Plasmodium infection.","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":"629-640"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141418843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The role of polyreactive memory B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. 多反应记忆 B 细胞在系统性红斑狼疮中的作用。

IF 4.8 4区医学

International immunology Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxae058

Keishi Fujio, Toshiyuki Ushijima, Tomohisa Okamura, Mineto Ota

{"title":"The role of polyreactive memory B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus.","authors":"Keishi Fujio, Toshiyuki Ushijima, Tomohisa Okamura, Mineto Ota","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxae058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxae058","url":null,"abstract":"In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the production of autoantibodies is a crucial characteristic, and B cells play a significant role in its pathogenesis. B cells are the immune cells most associated with the genetic predispositions of SLE, and recent clinical studies showing that anti-CD19 CAR-T cell therapy induces drug-free remission have underscored the importance of B cells in SLE. Meanwhile, various B cell subsets exist across different stages of differentiation, from naive B cells to plasma-cells, and identifying the important subpopulations within SLE remains a critical future challenge. Years of B cell repertoire analyses have revealed the importance of polyreactive B cell receptors (BCRs) and autoantibodies that react to a various self-antigens and microbial antigens. Particularly, memory B cells with polyreactive BCRs, which play a crucial role in biological defense during the fetal stage, are characteristically differentiated in SLE. Type I interferon-mediated expression of CXCL13 and IL21 in CD4+ T cells is associated with the development of polyreactive memory B cells. The expansion of the polyreactive B cell repertoire, vital for defending against infections such as viruses, may exert an intrinsic function in SLE.","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142602068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The role of dendritic cells in the instruction of helper T cells in the allergic march. 树突状细胞在过敏前行过程中对辅助性 T 细胞的指导作用。

IF 4.8 4区医学

International immunology Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxae050

Masato Kubo, Yasuyo Harada, Takanori Sasaki

{"title":"The role of dendritic cells in the instruction of helper T cells in the allergic march.","authors":"Masato Kubo, Yasuyo Harada, Takanori Sasaki","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxae050","DOIUrl":"10.1093/intimm/dxae050","url":null,"abstract":"Allergy is a complex array of diseases influenced by innate and adaptive immunity, genetic polymorphisms, and environmental triggers. Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by barrier defects and immune dysregulation, sometimes leading to asthma and food allergies because of the atopic march. During atopic skin inflammation, Langerhans cells and dendritic cells (DCs) in the skin capture and deliver allergen information to local lymph nodes. DCs are essential immune sensors coordinating immune reactions by capturing and presenting antigens to T cells. In the context of allergic responses, DCs play a crucial role in instructing two types of helper T cells-type 2 helper T (Th2) cells and follicular helper T (TFH) cells-in allergic responses and IgE antibody responses. In skin sensitization, the differentiation and function of Th2 cells and TFH cells are influenced by skin-derived factors, including epithelial cytokines, chemokines, and signalling pathways to modify the function of migratory DCs and conventional DCs. In this review, we aim to understand the specific mechanisms involving DCs in allergic responses to provide insights into the pathogenesis of allergic diseases and potential therapeutic strategies.","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":"559-566"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142004175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0