International Archives of Allergy and Immunology最新文献

{"title":"The Impact of Microplastics on Allergy: Current Status and Future Research Directions.","authors":"Jia-Qian Hu, Yang Zheng, Ya-Dong Gao","doi":"10.1159/000547873","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000547873","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Microplastics (MPs) constitute an emerging category of environmental pollutants that have attracted considerable scientific scrutiny due to their widespread global distribution and documented health hazards. Importantly, these particles pose a threat to human health by disrupting epithelial barriers, which in turn heightens susceptibility to allergic sensitization and exacerbates pre-existing allergic conditions.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>This review consolidates contemporary evidence regarding the involvement of MPs in allergic diseases, focusing on their principal sources, such as environmental degradation and consumer products, as well as their exposure pathways, including inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. It elucidates the mechanisms by which MPs provoke immune disturbances - specifically Th2 polarization, alarmin release, and oxidative stress - that collectively contribute to allergic inflammation. Furthermore, the analysis underscores the epidemiological correlation between MPs and the increased incidence and severity of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis, in alignment with the epithelial barrier hypothesis.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>MPs compromise epithelial barriers and promote type 2 inflammation. There is an urgent need to elucidate dose-dependent immunotoxicological mechanisms. Evidence-based policies are required to mitigate exposure and allergy burden.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144855171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Penicillin Treatment in Infectious Mononucleosis May Lead to Persistent Drug Allergy in Adolescents and Adults Even after Years.","authors":"Li Mei Cao, Lukas Joerg","doi":"10.1159/000547238","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000547238","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Patients with infectious mononucleosis are often treated with penicillins, frequently resulting in maculopapular rashes resembling delayed drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR). While traditionally considered self-limiting with no long-term consequences, some individuals develop persistent drug allergy. This study assessed the rate of persistent penicillin allergy in patients with a prior Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related penicillin-induced rash.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively reviewed adolescent and adult patients, who developed an EBV-related rash after penicillin treatment and later underwent drug allergy testing between 2012 and 2023. Among 3,067 screened patients with suspected delayed DHR after penicillin, 15 fulfilled inclusion criteria (informed consent, confirmed EBV, and complete allergy workup). Clinical data, test results, and re-exposure history were extracted from a hospital record database.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifteen patients were included (median age 18.5 years, 87% female). Skin tests were positive in 7 out of 15 subjects (47%). Four patients were re-exposed to penicillins before testing; 3 developed recurrent DHR, including 1 case with an acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. Median time to allergy workup was 16 months. Positive skin tests were more common in those with prolonged DHR.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Nearly half of patients with EBV-related rashes after penicillin exposure showed evidence of persistent drug allergy, even years after the initial reaction. These findings emphasize the importance of allergy testing in patients with EBV-related DHR to prevent unnecessary antibiotic restrictions and avoid unintended re-exposures.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12503580/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144855160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<italic>Anisakis simplex</italic> Excretion/Secretion Antigens Abolish the Anaphylactic Response in Allergic Mice.","authors":"Guadalupe Marco-Martin, Alejandro La Rotta Hernández, Irene Serrano-García, Jose Manuel Zubeldia, María Luisa Baeza","doi":"10.1159/000547921","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000547921","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Helminths' products modulate the allergic response. We aimed to analyze the inhibitory effect of Ascaris lumbricoides, Anisakis simplex, and A. simplex excretion/secretion (E/S) antigens in a peanut-induced anaphylaxis mouse model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Four groups of nine C3H/HeOuJ mice were weekly sensitized with intraperitoneal (i.p.) peanut extract (P) for 3 weeks. Concomitantly, first group was daily treated with i.p. A. simplex somatic extract, second group with A. lumbricoides somatic extract, third group with A. simplex E/S extract (P/AK-ES), and a fourth group with saline (P/saline). Nine more mice were non-sensitized (i.p. saline) and used as control group (N/saline). After 5 weeks, anaphylaxis was induced with i.p. peanut extract and evaluated by the recognition of clinical symptoms and body temperature measurements. Specific IgG1, IgG2a, and IgE and cytokines were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Non-treated peanut-sensitized mice developed anaphylactic reactions following antigen challenge. Helminth crude extract-treated groups presented moderate symptoms. Nevertheless, P/AK-ES mice almost abolished the anaphylactic symptoms and impeded temperature drop after the challenge. All peanut-sensitized mice developed peanut-specific immunoglobulins. Helminth-treated groups showed an increase of specific IgG1 and IgG2a that peaked on weeks 3 and 4. By contrast, A. simplex E/S extract that hampered the production of specific IgE was observed in mice. Cytokines revealed a significant decrease in IL-5 and a significant increase in IL-10 and IFN-γ in the P/AK-ES group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A. simplex E/S antigens have a potent and effective restraining effect on modulating peanut-induced anaphylaxis in mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144834974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of Asthmatic Patients with IL18R1 Differential Expression in Induced Sputum.","authors":"Yuxia Liang, Weiqi Yang, Xi Wang, Weifeng Zong, Kun Tang, Yue Li, Zhe Cheng","doi":"10.1159/000547721","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000547721","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Interleukin 18 receptor 1 (IL18R1) is involved in the pathogenesis of asthma and atopic phenotypes. However, IL18R1 expression level in induced sputum supernatant of asthma remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>IL18R1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IFN-r, and MUC5AC level in induced sputum supernatant was detected by ELISA in patients with asthma, and the correlation of IL18R1 expression with clinical parameters (FeNO, peripheral blood eosinophil count, serum IgE, and lung function), Th1 cytokine (IFN-r), T helper cell 2 (Th2) cytokine (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13), and mucus (MUC5AC) were analyzed. Asthma subjects were categorized as IL18R1low and IL18R1high (below or above the upper quartile of the control group, respectively). Clinical features were compared between the IL18R1low and IL18R1high asthma subgroups. Subjects with asthma underwent a 4-week treatment with inhaled budesonide.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that IL18R1 level in induced sputum increased and was correlated with FeNO, peripheral blood eosinophil count, serum IgE, FEV1 (%predicted), FEV1/FVC%, and Th2 cytokine (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) in patients with asthma. IL18R1 expression was not correlated with Th1 cytokine IFN-r and MUC5AC in induced sputum. IL18R1high asthma had higher FeNO levels, higher peripheral blood eosinophil counts, lower FEV1/FVC%, and higher Th2 cytokine (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) expression than IL18R1low subgroup or controls. IL18R1high asthma had a significant decrease in FeNO and more improvement in FEV1 during inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) treatment compared with patients having the IL18R1low subgroup.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>IL18R1 level in induced sputum was increased. IL18R1low and IL18R1high asthma subgroups had different clinical features and responses to ICS treatment. IL18R1 level in induced sputum may be a novel marker of Th2-high asthma and has potential application in predicting treatment response.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144816518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Checkpoint Kinase 1 as the Therapeutic Target of Hyperoside in Alleviating Airway Inflammatory and Autophagy of Pediatric Asthma.","authors":"Mi Xu, Sujing Li, Dongdong Dou, Aili Guo, Qingsu Li, Yamin Zhang, Nan Zhang, Weiwei Zhu","doi":"10.1159/000547801","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000547801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pediatric asthma is a respiratory disease and autophagy plays a critical role in its progression. Hyperoside (Hyp) is a flavonoid glycoside with anti-inflammatory property. The aim of present study was to examine the role of Hyp in pediatric asthma and reveal its underlying mechanism.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ovalbumin-challenged neonatal mice and IL-13-stimulated BEAS-2B cells were utilized as in vivo and in vitro asthma models. Network pharmacology was used to investigate the target of Hyp in pediatric asthma.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Hyp treatment alleviated airway inflammation, airway remodeling, and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the airway of asthmatic mice. Hyp inhibited autophagy by decreasing Beclin-1, Atg5, and LC3II/I level. Network pharmacology identified checkpoint kinase 1 (CHEK1) was the potential target of Hyp. Decreased expression of p-CHEK1 and CHEK1 upon Hyp treatment was confirmed both in vivo and in vitro, accompanied with the inhibition of the downstream p53/DRAM1 axis. Further rescue experiment confirmed that CHEK1 overexpression reversed the inhibitory effects of Hyp on inflammation and autophagy. As expected, CHEK1 overexpression upregulated p53 and DRAM1 expression in BEAS-2B cells with Hyp treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results demonstrated that Hyp alleviated pediatric asthma, and might exert its effect by regulating CHEK1/p53/DRAM1 axis mediated autophagy.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144798906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Efficacy of Oral and Intravenous Cyclophosphamide in the Treatment of Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease and Analysis of Its Influencing Factors: A Clinical Trial.","authors":"Wei Liu, Yumin Huang, Xichao Yang, Jie Liu, Xue Cao, Yuan Feng","doi":"10.1159/000547717","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000547717","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Connective tissue disease (CTD) commonly affects the lungs, with interstitial lung disease (ILD) as its main complication; although cyclophosphamide (CTX) is the standard immunosuppressant for CTD-ILD, the optimal route of administration (oral vs. intravenous) remains unclear. This research aimed to analyze the efficacy of oral and intravenous CTX in the treatment of CTD-ILD and analysis of its influencing factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The CTX per oral group (PO group) and intravenous infusion of CTX group (IV group) were established. Clinical efficacy, pulmonary function indices, pulmonary high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scores, blood gas parameters, 6-min walking distance (6MWD), SGRQ scores, serum levels of Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin-4 (IL-4), and adverse reactions were examined. Relevant factors influencing the clinical efficacy of CTD-ILD were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After treatment, patients in the IV group exhibited lower HRCT score, SGRQ scores, and serum levels of KL-6 and IL-4 compared to those in the PO group. Conversely, the IV group had higher levels of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, FEV1/FVC ratio, partial pressure of oxygen, 6MWD, 25(OH)D, and IFN-γ. Higher serum levels of KL-6 and lower levels of 25(OH)D were associated with poorer treatment outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>For patients with CTD-ILD, intravenous infusion of CTX for 12 months demonstrates superior efficacy compared to oral administration, with a lower incidence of adverse reactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144794343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causal Association of 91 Circulating Inflammatory Proteins with Allergic Rhinitis: A Mendelian Randomization Study.","authors":"Hui Zhang, Yuefeng Sun, Run Yuan, Yingxuan Zhang, Yueyang Zhang","doi":"10.1159/000547718","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000547718","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common chronic allergic inflammatory disease, and circulating inflammatory markers have been found to play an important role in the pathogenesis of AR. The aim of this study was to elucidate the causal relationship between 91 circulating inflammatory markers and AR using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) approach to MR analysis focuses on exploring causal relationships between exposures and outcomes using publicly available genetic variation from large genome-wide association studies. That is, single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with 91 circulating inflammatory markers (14,824 participants of the European ancestry) were used as the exposure, and AR was used as the outcome variable with the aim of exploring the causal relationship between the 91 circulating inflammatory markers and AR. MR-Egger, weighted median, and weighted models were employed as complementary methods to IVW in assessing the reliability of causal relationships. In addition, we utilized the MR robust adjusted profile score (MR-RAPS) method to fully assess Steiger's test was used to confirm whether the causal relationship between exposure and outcome was biased by reverse causality. Sensitivity analyses used Cochran's Q statistic and funnel plots to detect heterogeneity and the MR-Egger intercept test and leave-one-out to assess horizontal multidimensionality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study revealed a causal relationship between 91 circulating inflammatory markers and AR, especially DNER consistently presented as a risk factor for AR and LT-α levels consistently as a protective factor for AR. In addition, elevated levels of CCL19, CXCL11, CXCL5, DNER, IL-18R1, IL-17C, IL-6, IL-7, IL-4, and FGF19 may increase AR susceptibility. These results not only enhance our understanding of the pathological mechanisms of AR but also provide potential biomarkers for risk assessment and intervention in clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This MR analysis reinforces the importance of 91 circulating inflammatory markers in the diagnosis and prediction of AR. Future studies should further explore the mechanisms of action of these biomarkers and their potential as therapeutic targets for AR.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144784175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pollen-Food Allergy Syndrome in China: Current Knowledge and Future Research Needs.","authors":"Nannan Jiang, Shan Deng, Kai Guan, Li Xiang","doi":"10.1159/000547646","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000547646","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pollen-food allergy syndrome (PFAS) is a distinct form of IgE-mediated food allergy that occurs in individuals sensitized to pollen. The characteristics of PFAS vary across regions and exhibit significant heterogeneity due to differing pollen sensitization profiles.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Research on PFAS in China has primarily focused on Northern regions, where weed and tree pollen allergy, particularly to Artemisia, are prevalent. PFAS is more commonly observed in China among patients allergic to Artemisia pollen, nsLTPs (e.g., Art v 3) derived from Artemisia pollen is regarded as a biomarker for severe food-pollen allergies in China. Other cross-reactive components, including PR-10, profilins, and recently identified GRP, also contribute to PFAS. Diagnosis mainly relies on clinical history, supported by specific IgE, skin prick testing, and component-resolved diagnostics (CRD), while management includes dietary modifications, allergen avoidance, and epinephrine for anaphylaxis. Although allergen immunotherapy and biologics have been explored, their efficacy remains limited, highlighting unmet needs for further research. Critical knowledge gaps persist in understanding PFAS epidemiology, risk factors, and regional variations in China. Future priorities include large-scale epidemiological studies, validation of diagnostic tools, and the development of tailored management guidelines for China's diverse population.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>This review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of PFAS and its management to enhance understanding of the existing knowledge gaps and future research needs in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12503661/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144760017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Triad of Pathogenesis in Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis: Interactions among <italic>Aspergillus fumigatus</italic>, Epithelium, and Immunity.","authors":"Yu Wang, Ling Zhang, Yuqing Sun, Yulin Zhang","doi":"10.1159/000547550","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000547550","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Aspergillus fumigatus is a common airborne fungal pathogen responsible for a range of pulmonary diseases, particularly in individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions. Among these, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) represents the most severe allergic manifestation. It arises from persistent airway colonization by A. fumigatus and repeated immune activation, often leading to uncontrolled respiratory symptoms and progressive lung damage. Despite its clinical relevance, the pathogenesis of ABPA remains poorly understood.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>This review examines the pathogenesis of ABPA, focusing on three major aspects: host genetic susceptibility, persistent airway colonization by A. fumigatus, and an exaggerated type 2 immune response. We discuss how genetic variants affecting immune signaling and epithelial barrier function contribute to fungal persistence, how fungal components disrupt host defenses, and how chronic exposure promotes a T helper 2 (Th2)-skewed immune profile. These interactions between the fungus, airway epithelium, and immune cells drive chronic inflammation, airway remodeling, and irreversible structural damage.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>ABPA arises from a complex interplay among genetic susceptibility, persistent colonization by A. fumigatus, and immune dysregulation. The sustained presence of the fungus is central to both the initiation and progression of disease, while an exaggerated Th2 immune response drives chronic inflammation and airway damage. A deeper understanding of these pathogenic mechanisms is essential to guide the development of more accurate diagnostic tools, effective therapies, and preventive strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144753267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Component-Resolved Diagnostics for House Dust Mite Allergy: Enhancing Diagnostic Precision and Guiding Subcutaneous Immunotherapy in Children.","authors":"Yifan Li, Changshan Liu, Xueyan Wang, Chunquan Cai","doi":"10.1159/000547445","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000547445","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>House dust mite (HDM) sensitization plays a key role in allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma, yet the clinical value of component-resolved diagnostics (CRD) and immunological markers in children undergoing subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) and sIgG4 profiles against HDM components to distinguish HDM-induced AR from asymptomatic sensitization and to evaluate the longitudinal changes following SCIT in symptomatic patients, exploring their potential as biomarkers for selecting candidates for SCIT.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 72 HDM-sensitized participants were included: 46 symptomatic AR patients (with/without allergic asthma) and 26 asymptomatic individuals. Eight healthy children served as the controls. In the symptomatic group, 32 patients received SCIT. Blood samples were analyzed for sIgE and sIgG4 levels to HDM components, and the basophil activation test (BAT) was performed at baseline and after 18 months of SCIT. Clinical assessments were performed using the children's asthma control test (C-ACT) and visual analog scale.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>sIgE levels to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) 1, Der p 2, Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f) 1 and Der f 2 were significantly elevated in symptomatic patients. Higher sensitization to Der p 2 and Der f 2 was observed in patients with AR and allergic asthma. SCIT significantly reduced sIgE and increased sIgG4 levels for specific components, particularly Der p 1, Der p 2, Der f 1, Der f 2, and Der p 23. BAT results support these findings. No significant changes were observed in the non-SCIT group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CRD and BAT are valuable tools for distinguishing between asymptomatic and symptomatic HDM-sensitized individuals. The longitudinal monitoring of sIgE, sIgG4, and BAT levels may enhance SCIT outcomes and guide treatment decisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144742014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}