Sustainable Technology eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Technology Forgiveness: The Different Institutional Resilience of Polymer and Metal Additive Manufacturing in Portugal","authors":"Jaime Bonnín Roca, Parth Vaishnav, M. G. Morgan, E. Fuchs, J. Mendonça","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3077276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3077276","url":null,"abstract":"Institutional support can play an important role in supplementing private investment in innovative activities, especially in latecomer countries. This prospect can be particularly challenging in nations not leading the technological frontier, which suffer from higher resource scarcity than technology leaders. We study the case of the adoption of polymer (PAM) and metal (MAM) additive manufacturing technologies in the Portuguese molds industry, both of which offer important benefits for competitiveness. Leveraging archival data (about the history of Portugal and the technologies); insights from 45 interviews across academia, industry, and government; and 75 hours of participant observations, we develop insights about why institutional instability in Portugal affected the adoption of Polymer Additive Manufacturing (PAM) and Metal Additive Manufacturing (MAM) differently. In both cases, Portugal invested in the technology relatively early. While PAM has been widely adopted, including increasingly in high-tech applications, MAM adoption has been modest despite MAM’s potential to greatly improve the performance and competitiveness of metal molds. From the comparison between PAM and MAM, we generate theory about technological and contextual factors that affect ‘technological forgiveness’, defined as the resilience of a new technology’s adoption to institutional instability. We conclude by proposing a generalizable framework for ‘forgiveness’ in different industrial contexts.","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126798533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New ‘Cut’ on Technological Innovation Aiming for Sustainability in a Globalized World","authors":"Adela Conchado, P. Linares","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3070386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3070386","url":null,"abstract":"Innovation policy needs to respond to the complexity posed by sustainability goals and the globalization of innovation processes. Yet, current representations of technological innovation systems are not well suited to facilitate this view: they are built taking the diffusion of a technology as the main objective, rather than reflecting more broadly on its contributions to sustainability; and they have often focused on the interactions within a geography and not on interconnections among geographies. In this paper we propose a new ‘cut’ to technological innovation that puts the consideration of sustainability outcomes and international dynamics at its core: the Outcome-oriented Innovation Framework (OoIF). OoIF builds on key concepts from various strands of the innovation literature: innovation systems, innovation economics and sustainability transitions. We present the framework in detail, and provide a diagrammatic representation for it. We also reflect on its limitations, contributions and applications - particularly on how it allows to analyze the distribution of outcomes across differentiated activities and geographies.","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134167478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic Efficiency and Investment Implementation in Energy Saving Projects","authors":"V. Terziev, Svetoslava Enimaneva, S. Filipov","doi":"10.51599/is.2017.03.03.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51599/is.2017.03.03.09","url":null,"abstract":"Investment in building thermoinsulation is a subject to appraisal for efficiency from the position of discounted cash flows taken specifically by energy saving. The appraisal of investment as optimal is attended by achieving the shortest term for investment implementation, the lowest investment outlays, the maximum total net value of energy savings, the shortest investment payback period. The complex application of the dynamic methods for appraising economic efficiency of an investment – net present value, internal rate of return, profitability index and discounted payback period, involves drawing of particular values which comparison definitely will show if this kind of investment is practically “attractive”. However, the question for significance weight of each of these indicators above in decision making for implementation a particular real investment still remains unsolved. This requires working out a system of criteria, priorities that can determine which of the indicators for economic efficiency of specific investment project will have the highest significance.","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126777203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cross-Regional Research Partnership for Sustainable Development: The Open African Innovation Research (Open Air) Experience","authors":"Chidi Oguamanam, J. de Beer","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2999921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2999921","url":null,"abstract":"This paper positions and critiques the Open African Innovation Research (Open AIR) network as a unique cross-regional PPP research platform. It examines, on empirical and theoretical perspectives, the elements of the Open AIR project, including its core driving factors relevant to the development gap associated with IP and knowledge governance in Africa. The authors reflect on policy ramifications, practical lessons, and limitations of the cross-regional research partnership for not only advancing the sustainable development objective but also for expanding an understanding of PPPs in a context that is scarcely broached.","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"2013 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127434353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theorem of Not Independence of Any Technological Innovation","authors":"M. Coccia","doi":"10.1453/JEB.V5I1.1578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1453/JEB.V5I1.1578","url":null,"abstract":"The theorem of not independence of any technological innovation states that in the long run, the behavior and evolution of any technological innovation is not independent from the behavior and evolution of the other technological innovations. The philosophical foundations of this theory are concepts from systems science and architecture of complexity. The theoretical implications of this theorem is that technological innovations form systems of inter-related technologies with fundamental interactions of physical and social factors. In particular, any technological innovation does not function as an independent system per se, but each innovation depends on the other technological innovations to form a complex system of parts that interact and coevolve in a non-simple way. The theorem of not independence of any technological innovation can explain and generalize, whenever possible, one of the characteristics of the evolution of technology that generates technological and economic change in human society.","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131025337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal Generation and Its Environmental Implications – A Lesson for Ghana","authors":"B. Barnor, L. Ahunu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2958195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2958195","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental issues are a major concern for any growing economy, especially amidst growing calls for efficient environmental management systems globally. On the other hand, electricity access is a crucial subject in developing countries, Ghana not excluded. With current posture towards increasing its thermal generation component due to unreliable hydro power supply, there is a high tendency of rising air pollution levels in Ghana as thermal power is generated from fossil fuels. \u0000Access to a clean, efficient and affordable energy source is an essential for any growing economy. Governments which are committed to achieving sustainable development for their countries require an understanding of the complex interplay between the systems of energy delivery and sustainable environments conducive for human habitation. As Ghana intends to rely more on thermal power within the short to medium term, there are implications for an integrated energy planning system that inculcates environmental sustainability. This requires the development and implementation of sound policies and legal frameworks. \u0000This paper assesses the implications of thermal generation on the environment in Ghana, firstly by drawing a comparative analysis of carbon emissions from thermal generation in some selected developing countries. Secondly, the paper compares secondary sourced data on carbon emission levels with the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) standards. Finally, it draws useful lessons for Ghana based on the experience of other countries. The analysis in this paper shows that Ghana’s trend of CO2 emissions from electricity and heat generation far exceeds OSHA’s permissible exposure limit and can be detrimental for human health if this trend continues. The paper recommends that Ghana enacts a Clean Air Act to regulate air emissions and promote high air quality standards. It further recommends that the country diversifies its power generation mix with renewable energy sources.","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130873325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why Incentives for 'Patent Holdout' Threaten to Dismantle FRAND, and Why It Matters","authors":"R. Epstein, Kayvan B. Noroozi","doi":"10.15779/Z38WD3Q19B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38WD3Q19B","url":null,"abstract":"An increasing number of judges, legislators, and scholars, particularly in the United States, have wrongly come to believe that the commitment that standard-essential patents be licensed on “fair, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory terms” (“FRAND”) was principally created to advance the interests of technology implementers, and have too often given a preference toward implementers’ interests in interpreting FRAND. That premise has led American courts to take a categorically hostile view toward awarding injunctions against implementers who infringe valid standard-essential patents, fearing that the injunctive remedy would give innovators undue leverage. Indeed, American courts have been so unilaterally concerned with innovators’ conduct that some have even allowed implementers to sue innovators simply for making an opening licensing offer that is later deemed “too high,” even if the implementer refused to make any counteroffer at all. An implementer–centric view of FRAND has also caused several courts to conclude that innovators are not entitled to any share of the commercial benefits arising from the standardization of their technologies, and that all such benefits must go to implementers alone. \u0000This Article argues that an implementer–centric view of FRAND’s origins and purposes is false. FRAND is a contractual agreement that reflects a voluntary reciprocal exchange of benefits and obligations driven by the need to solve significant coordination problems in the face of otherwise prohibitive transaction costs. As part of that bargain, innovators agree to disclose their latest, confidential discoveries to standard–development organizations and to waive their injunction rights as to eventual patents on those discoveries, in exchange for contractual protection against “patent holdout” by implementers. Those implementers are then permitted to use standard–essential patents on the condition that they agree to pay fair and adequate royalties for that use, with the royalty amount to be set through mutual good faith negotiations. \u0000Accordingly, this Article stresses that FRAND is not intended to be, and should not be interpreted as, a one-sided transfer from innovators to implementers. Rather, implementers too owe a significant duty to negotiate FRAND licenses in good faith—a duty that many courts have overlooked and underenforced. This Article demonstrates that implementers’ good faith obligations are a critical component of the basic FRAND architecture and that enforcement of those obligations is strictly necessary to the continued development of innovation–driven standards. \u0000This Article further observes that the FRAND bargain is not simply meant to give innovators a way to monetize their intellectual property. Rather, and perhaps more significantly, FRAND creates an agreed bargaining framework that allows implementers to access innovators’ otherwise confidential discoveries—inventions so recent that they are not otherwise disclosed in patents or publis","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121578324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"La interacción público-privada y su contribución a la difusión de conocimientos en Argentina (La Public-Private Interaction and Its Contribution to Knowledge Diffusion in Argentina)","authors":"Yamila Kababe, Florencia Pizzarulli, Patricia Gutti","doi":"10.22430/21457778.668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22430/21457778.668","url":null,"abstract":"This work explores the dynamics of public-private interaction for knowledge generation and diffusion among RD there are also channels and mechanisms that facilitate the processes under study, and factors that enable participants to get results and positive return of investments. We also observed the renewed participation of certain employers and the remarkable role of human resource with knowledge translation capabilities.","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121769959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patent Purchases and Litigation Outcomes","authors":"Mark A. Lemley, Erik Oliver, K. Richardson, James C. Yoon, Michael Costa","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2879691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2879691","url":null,"abstract":"We test empirically whether purchased patents that are litigated fare better or worse than litigated patents that aren’t purchased. We identified every case filed in 2009 and 2010 that had a definitive winner and had information on the presence or absence of an assignment or other transfer. That left us with 516 decisions. Of those 516 decisions, the patentee won 125, or 24.2%. Of the patents, 280, or just over half, had been transferred before the litigation began.We find that overall, patentees won 21% of the time with patents that had been sold before litigation began, and 28% of the time with patents they developed in-house. But combining all patent cases may obscure important differences between plaintiffs who buy patents and those who don’t. Dividing our study into entity types produces a surprising result. Operating companies fare better when they assert patents they developed in house. They won 33% of the time when asserting their own patents, but only 23% of the time when asserting purchased patents. By contrast, inventor-owned NPEs -- but not patent assertion entities -- do better with purchased patents. The results also differ by area of technologyOur results have implications for the design of patent markets and for the efficiency of patent licensing transactions.","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116871995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opportunities & Challenges for Green Technology in 21st Century","authors":"P. Aithal, S. Aithal","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.62020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.62020","url":null,"abstract":"Technology has affected the society and its surroundings in many ways and helped to develop more advanced economies including today's global economy. Science has contributed many technologies to the society which include Aircraft technology, Automobile technology, Biotechnology, Computer technology, Telecommunication technology, Internet technology, Renewable energy technology, Atomic & Nuclear technology, Nanotechnology, Space technology etc. have changed the lifestyle of the people and provided comfortability. In order to sustain this comfort of people in the society, they have to worry about the sustainability of the surrounding environment. In this paper, we propose how the technologies can be made sustainable by adding green component so that they can avoid environmental degradation and converted into green technologies to provide a clean environment for future generations. The paper also discuss the opportunities and challenges for green technology for agriculture, green technology for potable water, green technology for renewable energy, green technology for buildings, green technology for aircraft and space exploration, green technology for education, green technology for food & processing, and green technology for health and medicine in 21st century.","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130128591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}