Elena A. Gorbunova , Nikita E. Kononenko , Alina S. Agranat , Anastasia A. Antonets , Andrey V. Sybachin , Dmitry N. Gorbunov , Alexander A. Guda , Tatiana V. Dubinina , Elena R. Milaeva
{"title":"Isoamyloxy-substituted phthalocyanine complexes: Synthesis, solubilization and in vitro photodynamic activity","authors":"Elena A. Gorbunova , Nikita E. Kononenko , Alina S. Agranat , Anastasia A. Antonets , Andrey V. Sybachin , Dmitry N. Gorbunov , Alexander A. Guda , Tatiana V. Dubinina , Elena R. Milaeva","doi":"10.1016/j.ica.2025.122748","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ica.2025.122748","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Novel photosensitizers, isoamyloxy-substituted phthalocyanine complexes containing zinc(II), magnesium(II) and lutetium(III) as central ions, were synthesized by developing a synthetic procedure starting from 4,5-bis(isoamyloxy)phthalonitrile. Effective approaches were found to obtain 4,5-bis(isoamyloxy)phthalonitrile based on commercially available pyrocatechol. Isoamyloxy-substituted phthalocyanine complexes demonstrated ability to generate reactive oxygen species and fluoresce. To obtain water-soluble forms of phthalocyanines - β-cyclodextrin was used for the delivery of bioactive cargo to the target area. The water-soluble form of the zinc(II) complex exhibited pronounced photodynamic activity <em>in vitro</em>, comparable to chlorin e6.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13599,"journal":{"name":"Inorganica Chimica Acta","volume":"585 ","pages":"Article 122748"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tushar S. Basu Baul , Swmkwr Brahma , Andrew Duthie , Sean Parkin
{"title":"Synthesis and structural insights of benzothiazole-appended 2,6-di picolinamide-based Sn(IV) complexes","authors":"Tushar S. Basu Baul , Swmkwr Brahma , Andrew Duthie , Sean Parkin","doi":"10.1016/j.ica.2025.122754","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ica.2025.122754","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Four diorganotin complexes of the compositions [Me<sub>2</sub>Sn(L)]·0.5C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> (<strong>1</strong>), [<em>n</em>-Bu<sub>2</sub>Sn(L)] (<strong>2</strong>), [Bn<sub>2</sub>Sn(L)] (<strong>3</strong>) and [<em>n</em>-Oct<sub>2</sub>Sn(L)] (<strong>4</strong>) were synthesized by reacting R<sub>2</sub>SnO (R = Me, <em>n</em>-Bu, Bn or <em>n</em>-Oct) with <em>N</em><sup><em>2</em></sup><em>,N</em><sup><em>6</em></sup><em>-</em>bis(benzo[<em>d</em>]thiazol-2-yl)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide (<strong>H</strong><sub><strong>2</strong></sub><strong>L</strong>, where H<sub>2</sub> denotes the two acidic protons) in refluxing toluene. Compounds were characterized by FT-IR (ATR mode), <sup>1</sup>H, <sup>13</sup>C and <sup>119</sup>Sn NMR spectroscopy, as well as high-resolution mass spectrometry. The solid-state structures of compounds <strong>1</strong>–<strong>3,</strong> along with their pro-ligand <strong>H</strong><sub><strong>2</strong></sub><strong>L</strong>, were investigated through single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. In compounds <strong>1</strong>–<strong>3</strong>, the dianionic tridentate pyridine dicarboxamide ligand acts as a κ-<em>N</em><sup><em>3</em></sup> tridentate chelator, coordinating to the equatorial plane, while the coordination sphere of Sn(IV) ion is completed by two axial Sn-R ligands, resulting in a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13599,"journal":{"name":"Inorganica Chimica Acta","volume":"585 ","pages":"Article 122754"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143947112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessment of heavy metal ion toxicity in wastewater: A comprehensive review","authors":"Pradeep Sahu , Ashok Raj Patel , Abhilash Pandey , Milan Hait , Goutam Kumar Patra","doi":"10.1016/j.ica.2025.122751","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ica.2025.122751","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There can be no life on Earth apart from water. Water quality has declined due to many human activities, such as swift commercialization, rapid population growth, a lack of systematic urban planning, and the improper utilization of available resources from nature. This study evaluates the presence and toxicity of heavy metal ions in wastewater, aiming to understand the environmental and public health risks associated with industrial discharge and urban runoff. The main causes of the perturbing rate of water pollution are the release of industrial wastewater. Humans have steadily discharged a vast array of organic and inorganic pollutants into ecosystems. The detrimental effects of heavy metal ions (viz., Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn and Ar, and Hg) on ecosystems and animals have led to their classification as a priority pollution category by Environmental Protection Agency. More than 4000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> of atomic densities of metal and metalloids are considered as Heavy metals. The presence of these toxic metals poses substantial risks to human health, including potential damage to the nervous system, kidneys, and other vital organs, as well as detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems. Heavy metals pose a significant environmental threat due to their persistence and propensity to accumulate in various stable forms within ecosystems. Unlike organic pollutants, heavy metals are non-biodegradable and can remain in the environment for extended periods, led to long-term ecological and health impacts worldwide. The study underscores the urgent need for regular monitoring and effective treatment of industrial wastewater to mitigate heavy metal pollution. Implementing stringent waste management practices and adopting advanced remediation technologies are crucial steps toward safeguarding environmental and public health. This study underscores the need for enhanced wastewater treatment strategies and stricter regulatory enforcement to mitigate heavy metal pollution and safeguard aquatic ecosystems and human health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13599,"journal":{"name":"Inorganica Chimica Acta","volume":"585 ","pages":"Article 122751"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gang Xu , Jie Zeng , Jia-Le Tao , Yan-Fang Yao , Hao Zhang , Li-Ping Si , Xin-Yan Xiao , Hai-Yang Liu
{"title":"The effect of nitro group on the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution of triaryl corrole tin (IV) complex","authors":"Gang Xu , Jie Zeng , Jia-Le Tao , Yan-Fang Yao , Hao Zhang , Li-Ping Si , Xin-Yan Xiao , Hai-Yang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ica.2025.122749","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ica.2025.122749","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Finding inexpensive and easily available non-noble metal-based catalysts for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is particularly important for energy conservation, emission reduction and environmental protection. In this paper, three novel tin (IV) 5,15-(bis-pentafluorophenyl)-10-(nitrophenyl) corroles (<strong>1</strong>, <strong>2</strong>, <strong>3</strong>) were synthesized, featuring <em>o</em>-, <em>m</em>-, and <em>p</em>-nitro groups at the 10-phenyl position. The electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) of these complexes in organic and neutral aqueous systems were systematically investigated. Notably, all three complexes demonstrate significant catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution in both systems, and their catalytic performance follows the order <strong>1</strong> > <strong>3</strong> > <strong>2</strong>, which indicates that the electron-withdrawing effect of nitro group can significantly affect the catalytic property of tin complex. In the organic phase with TsOH or TFA as proton source, the electrocatalytic HER was found to undergo an “<em>E</em>-ECEC” pathway (E: electron transfer; C: chemical reaction). Furthermore, in the aqueous buffer solution, the TOF value is 92.39 h<sup>−1</sup> at an overpotential of 1038 mV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13599,"journal":{"name":"Inorganica Chimica Acta","volume":"585 ","pages":"Article 122749"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pyrimidine hydrazide-like Zn(II) coordination polymer as a fluorescent chemosensor for selective, sensitive and practice detection of 2,4-DNP and 4-NP","authors":"Xu-Ling Cui, Heng Xu, Qiang-Hong Yu, Kang-Jian Yin, Shun-Ping Zhao, Rong-Yi Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.ica.2025.122745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ica.2025.122745","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unusual luminescent zinc (II) coordination polymer (<strong>Zn (II)-CP</strong>) was synthesized from a new pyrimidine hydrazide (H<sub>2</sub>L, N′- (pyrimidin-2-yl) benzo hydrazide) as a principal ligand and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The <strong>Zn (II)-CP</strong> ([Zn<sub>3</sub>(HL)<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>4</sub>]<sub>n</sub>) belonging to monoclinic crystal system with space group of <em>P</em>2<sub>1</sub><em>/n</em>, where the chelate ring structure was formed with the intervention strategy of the tetradentate ligand (HL<sup>−</sup>)and a one-dimensional (1D) infinite chain-shaped structure was also created by bridging Cl<sup>−</sup> ligands. <strong>Zn(II)-CP</strong> displays the observed red emission with the maximum peak at 625 nm in solid state upon excitation at 300 nm. Subsequently, 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) / 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in aqueous solution was identified and detected by the change of fluorescence intensity of <strong>Zn(II)-CP</strong>, and the K<sub>sv</sub> value was 4.7402 × 10<sup>4</sup> M<sup>−1</sup> / 5.5739 × 10<sup>4</sup> M<sup>−1</sup>. The calculated recovery rates in different water from nature were 100.07–100.46 % for 2,4-DNP and 99.89–101.50 % for 4-NP, which provides a new analytical approach for monitoring of 2,4-DNP and 4-NP in natural water. In addition, the binding detection mechanism of the complex towards 2,4-DNP or 4-NP were analyzed by PXRD diffraction, spectral experiments and theoretical calculation(DFT).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13599,"journal":{"name":"Inorganica Chimica Acta","volume":"585 ","pages":"Article 122745"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fathima Febin Koothradan, Vikiho Wotsa, Payyeri Krishna, P. P. Hiba Sherin, Chinnappan Sivasankar
{"title":"Mechanistic investigation of the [VO(acac)2]-catalyzed acid-functionalization over olefin-functionalization using DFT studies","authors":"Fathima Febin Koothradan, Vikiho Wotsa, Payyeri Krishna, P. P. Hiba Sherin, Chinnappan Sivasankar","doi":"10.1016/j.ica.2025.122750","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ica.2025.122750","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chemoselective reactions facilitate precise control in organic synthesis by selectively targeting distinct functional groups over potential alternatives within complex molecules. In this work, [VO(acac)<sub>2</sub>]-catalyzed chemoselective acid-functionalization over cyclopropanation and C<img>H-functionalization are analyzed experimentally and theoretically. This paper reports our efforts to delve deeper into the mechanisms of vanadyl-catalyzed carbene insertion reactions. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to scrutinize various putative reaction pathways for [VO(acac)<sub>2</sub>]-catalyzed acid-functionalization to discover the most likely mechanism. Afterward, catalytic cycles of acid-functionalization, cyclopropanation, C<img>H-functionalization, and aromatic C<img>H-functionalization were compared using DFT analysis, and we observed the lowest energy barrier for acid functionalization, which supported the chemoselective acid functionalization over olefin-functionalization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13599,"journal":{"name":"Inorganica Chimica Acta","volume":"585 ","pages":"Article 122750"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mengnan Zhao , Yuling Mao , Jingying Chu, Baili Zhu, Boyu Shan, Jia Yu, Changbin Shao, Rongxin Tan, Minghui Zuo, Shuxin Cui
{"title":"Two novel viologen-based photochromic complexes with photo-regulated fluorescence, ammonia and Cr2O72− detection performance","authors":"Mengnan Zhao , Yuling Mao , Jingying Chu, Baili Zhu, Boyu Shan, Jia Yu, Changbin Shao, Rongxin Tan, Minghui Zuo, Shuxin Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.ica.2025.122747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ica.2025.122747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two viologen-derived complexes, {[Zn<sub>3</sub>(bcbpy)<sub>3</sub>]Cl<sub>6</sub>·8H<sub>2</sub>O}<sub>n</sub> (<strong>1</strong>) and {[Cd<sub>3</sub>(bcbpy)<sub>3</sub>]Cl<sub>6</sub>}<sub>n</sub> (<strong>2</strong>), were synthesized via solvothermal methods using 1,1′-bis-((3-carboxyphenyl)-4,4′-bipyridine) dichloride (H<sub>2</sub>bcbpy·2Cl), Zn(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O and CdCl<sub>2</sub>·2.5H<sub>2</sub>O. Structural analysis revealed that <strong>1</strong> adopts a double-stranded 1D chain, whereas <strong>2</strong> forms a wavy 1D architecture. Both complexes displayed reversible photochromism under UV irradiation, transitioning from orange/light-yellow to blue, with <strong>2</strong> exhibiting a faster reaction rate. The photoresponse was attributed to viologen radical formation via photoinduced electron transfer, as evidenced by electron spin resonance (ESR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Both complexes also demonstrated fluorescence modulation under light exposure. Additionally, <strong>1</strong> demonstrated rapid ammonia vapor detection through electron donation from NH<sub>3</sub> to viologen. Both complexes functioned as selective fluorescence sensors for Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>2−</sup>, achieving detection limits of 1.10 μM (<strong>1</strong>) and 5.87 μM (<strong>2</strong>). This study provides a strategy for designing multifunctional materials with integrated chromic and sensing properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13599,"journal":{"name":"Inorganica Chimica Acta","volume":"584 ","pages":"Article 122747"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143903674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yiguo Ayue , Rafael E. Rodríguez-Lugo , Jingyi Liang , Marco Bellini , Lu Lu , Istikhar A. Ansari , Feng Jiang , Mohd Afzal , Abdullah Alarifi
{"title":"Design and environmental security application of a cd(II) coordination polymer: Degradation and sensing of nitroaromatic compounds","authors":"Yiguo Ayue , Rafael E. Rodríguez-Lugo , Jingyi Liang , Marco Bellini , Lu Lu , Istikhar A. Ansari , Feng Jiang , Mohd Afzal , Abdullah Alarifi","doi":"10.1016/j.ica.2025.122746","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ica.2025.122746","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of functional coordination polymer with photocatalytic capabilities has gained attention for environmental cleanup and security applications. Here, we reported the synthesis, structural characterization, and photocatalytic activity of a Cd(II) coordination polymer, [Cd(L)(Im)]<sub>n</sub> (H₂L = 4,4′-{(1,2-phenylenebis(methylene)bis(oxy)}dibenzoic acid and Im = Imidazole) (<strong>1</strong>), designed for the visible-light-driven degradation and sensing of nitro-aromatic compounds. CP <strong>1</strong> was synthesized hydrothermally using and characterized by single-crystal XRD, FT-IR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, PXRD, and TGA. Photocatalytic studies show that <strong>1</strong> effectively sensing of nitroaromatic compounds such as m-nitrophenol (MNP), sodium <em>p</em>-nitrophenol (SNP), and 4-nitrotoluene (PNT) at ppb levels, following pseudo-first-order kinetics. Mechanistic investigations suggest that superoxide radicals (O₂<sup>•-</sup>) play a key role in the degradation process. Additionally, recyclability tests confirm the material's stability and reusability. This work highlights the potential of Cd(II)-based coordination polymers as efficient and reusable photocatalysts for environmental and security applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13599,"journal":{"name":"Inorganica Chimica Acta","volume":"584 ","pages":"Article 122746"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143908055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent advancements in the detection of hazardous metal ions using rhodamine-based chemosensors","authors":"Sanjay Kumar, Dishen Kumar, Jamuna Devi, Abhilash Pandey, Niraj Kumari, Goutam Kumar Patra","doi":"10.1016/j.ica.2025.122743","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ica.2025.122743","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rhodamine-based chemosensors have emerged as a prominent class of sensors for detecting harmful metal ions due to their excellent photophysical properties, such as high fluorescence quantum yields, large absorption coefficients, and strong fluorescence emission. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in the design, synthesis, and application of rhodamine-based chemosensors, specially fluorescent chemosensor, emphasised on the molecular structure, detection target ions, detection mechanism, detection limit, detection solution system, and performance of the rhodamine-based chemosensors. It highlights the mechanisms underlying their operation, including photoinduced electron transfer (PET), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and ring-opening processes. This review has been classified by target harmful metal ions, such as Hg<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup> and Zn<sup>2+</sup>. By improving the selectivity, sensitivity, and stability of these sensors, recent advancements address problems including environmental stability and interference from other ions. Furthermore, the range of detection in complicated environmental samples has increased with the introduction of novel functionalised rhodamine derivatives and hybrid sensor systems. The integration of rhodamine-based chemosensors into useful applications for tracking toxic metal ions in soil, water, and biological systems This critical review highlights the opportunities and obstacles for future research and innovation in the development of more sensitive, selective, and robust rhodamine-based chemosensors for the detection of hazardous metal ions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13599,"journal":{"name":"Inorganica Chimica Acta","volume":"585 ","pages":"Article 122743"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143932176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Na Zhang , Xiaoyue Wang , Sen Shen , Guohui Qi , Liduo Chen , Cuiqin Li , Jun Wang
{"title":"Study on the catalytic performance and kinetics of ethylene oligomerization catalyzed by Salicylaldiminato Phthalocyanine nickel catalyst","authors":"Na Zhang , Xiaoyue Wang , Sen Shen , Guohui Qi , Liduo Chen , Cuiqin Li , Jun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ica.2025.122744","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ica.2025.122744","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel salicylaldiminato phthalocyanine nickel catalyst was prepared and characterized by FT-IR, UV–Vis, <sup>1</sup>H NMR, ICP-MS, TG-DSC and elemental analysis. The catalytic performance of ethylene oligomerization catalyzed by salicylaldiminato phthalocyanine nickel catalyst was investigated. The catalytic activity could reach up to 1.25 <strong>×</strong> 10<sup>6</sup> g (mol Ni·h)<sup>−1</sup>, and the products were mainly butene, hexene as well as a small amount of octene when the cyclohexane was used as solvent, the MAO was used as co-catalyst. In addition, the kinetics of ethylene oligomerization was also investigated. The kinetic parameters such as the reaction order to the nickel molar concentration (<em>n</em>) and oligomerization pressure (<em>m</em>), the apparent activation energy (<em>E</em>a) and the pre-exponential factor (A) were determined. The result indicated that the reaction order to the nickel molar concentration was 1.18, the reaction order to oligomerization pressure was 1.12, and the apparent activation energy was 54.78 kJ/mol when the nickel concentration was 5 μmol/L, the oligomerization pressure was 1.0 MPa, and the oligomerization temperature was 5–35 °C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13599,"journal":{"name":"Inorganica Chimica Acta","volume":"584 ","pages":"Article 122744"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143903673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}