Infectious Agents and Cancer最新文献

{"title":"HIV, HPV, and oral health in Tanzania: a scoping review.","authors":"Kalipa Gedion, Elizabeth R Blackwood, Judith Mwobobia, Innocent Semali, Mainen Julius Moshi, Sira Owibingire, Richard O Mwaiswelo, Yohana Mashalla, Guido Ferrari, John Bartlett, Nosayaba Osazuwa-Peters","doi":"10.1186/s13027-026-00760-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13027-026-00760-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>People living with HIV (PLHIV) are at an increased risk of oral manifestations, including those linked to human papillomavirus (HPV). In Tanzania, the prevalence and impact of oral HPV among PLHIV remain unknown. This scoping review aimed to map evidence and identify gaps at the intersection of HIV, HPV, and oral health.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a scoping review of studies on oral health in relation to HIV or HPV. Studies involving HPV or oral health among PLHIV were included, while studies conducted outside Tanzania, lacked empirical data, or did not report relevant outcomes were excluded. Outcomes were prevalence of oral manifestations, HPV detection, HPV vaccination, and intervention effectiveness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-four studies were included. One assessed HPV and oral health; none evaluated HPV vaccination effects on oral outcomes. Prevalence of oral manifestations among PLHIV increased from 10% to 34% over two decades. Antiretroviral therapy reduced oropharyngeal candidiasis but showed no effect on head and neck cancers.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Evidence on HPV-related oral lesions among PLHIV in Tanzania is scarce. Research is needed to define prevalence, risk factors, and barriers to care, which will inform policies to expand HPV vaccination, strengthen the oral workforce, and integrate oral health into HIV services.</p>","PeriodicalId":13568,"journal":{"name":"Infectious Agents and Cancer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13397644/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148029841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Absence of chlamydial infection in ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma based on next-generation sequencing.","authors":"Yoshihiro Yakushijin, Kazuhiro Horiba, Masanori Hashino, Shintaro Yamanaka, Shinji Hasebe, Shoichiro Yamamoto, Tomomi Fujii, Katsuto Takenaka, Masaki Yasukawa","doi":"10.1186/s13027-026-00765-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13027-026-00765-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) arises in various extranodal sites and has been linked to chronic inflammation, often triggered by infectious agents. Ocular adnexal (OA) MALT lymphoma has been associated with Chlamydophila psittaci (C. psittaci) in some regions. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of pathogenic microorganisms, including C. psittaci, in OA-MALT lymphoma.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>DNA was extracted from 17 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded OA-MALT lymphoma samples. Next-generation sequencing was performed, and reads were analyzed with bioinformatic pipelines to detect non-human DNA, focusing on complete or partial genomes of known pathogenic microorganisms, including C. psittaci strain 6BC and other bacteria implicated in lymphomagenesis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most sequencing reads mapped to the human genome. No complete or partial genomes of C. psittaci 6BC or other non-human pathogenic microorganisms were detected above background levels, and no consistent enrichment of microbial sequences was observed.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These findings suggest that, unlike in some Western cohorts, infectious agents such as C. psittaci are unlikely to play a major etiologic role in Japanese OA-MALT lymphoma.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our analysis suggests that infectious agents, including C. psittaci, may be not associated with OA-MALT lymphoma in Japan.</p>","PeriodicalId":13568,"journal":{"name":"Infectious Agents and Cancer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13317347/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147837494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic and transcriptomic differences between neuroendocrine neoplasms and carcinomas with human papillomavirus (HPV).","authors":"Morgann Madill, Udhayvir Grewal, Harris Krause, Andrew Elliott, Marya Wahidi, Janet S Rader, Deanna Teoh, Soo J Park, John Wallbillich, David J Benjamin, Arash Rezazadeh Kalebasty, Penelope Duerksen-Hughes, Robert Morris, Radhika Gogoi, Fadi Zaiem, Thomas J Herzog, Premal H Thaker, Dave Bryant, Matthew Oberley, Heloisa Soares, Joanne Xiu, Andrew Hinton, Deepti Jain, Britt K Erickson, Martina Bazzaro, Emil Lou, Rouba Ali Fehmi","doi":"10.1186/s13027-026-00761-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13027-026-00761-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a well-established oncogenic virus implicated in the development of several epithelial cancers, most notably cervical, anogenital, and oropharyngeal carcinomas. In contrast, neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs)-a heterogeneous group of malignancies arising from neuroendocrine cells across various organ systems-have not traditionally been linked to HPV infection. In this study, we performed extensive genomic and transcriptomic profiling to compare HPV-positive NENs to HPV-positive non-NENs across anatomical sites, aiming to uncover biologically and clinically actionable differences.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>HPV16- and HPV18-positive tumors were identified from 101,343 solid tumors profiled at Caris Life Sciences (Phoenix, AZ) with DNA and RNA sequencing. Prevalence of pathogenic mutations and copy number amplifications were calculated. Fisher's exact/χ² tests were applied appropriately with p-values adjusted for multiple comparisons (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HPV positivity was most frequent in cervical carcinomas (70%, 1200/1716). Importantly, 6% (96/1620) of NENs from all tissues were positive for HPV16 or HPV18. Among HPV-positive NENs, 93% were high-grade compared to 54% observed in HPV-negative NENs (p < 0.001), highlighting a strong association between HPV and tumor aggressiveness in this subset. Analysis of HPV-associated sites (cervix, anorectal region, and head and neck) revealed that HPV-positive NENs possess distinct genomic and transcriptomic landscapes compared to HPV-positive non-NENs. Notably, interferon signaling was significantly suppressed in HPV-positive NENs, suggesting a unique tumor-immune microenvironment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings indicate that HPV-positive NENs form a distinct subset with unique genomic features, including reduced interferon signaling, compared to HPV-positive non-NENs. Thus, future studies focused on evaluating HPV status, along with genomic and transcriptomic characteristics, may uncover biologically and clinically actionable distinctions for this rare yet clinically significant tumor subgroup.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial number: </strong>Not applicable.</p>","PeriodicalId":13568,"journal":{"name":"Infectious Agents and Cancer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13270718/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147814566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulation of immune tolerance in hepatocellular carcinoma by liver diseases: a review.","authors":"Jinyi Li, Yuanda Liu","doi":"10.1186/s13027-026-00764-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13027-026-00764-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The clinical benefit of immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is often limited by innate immune tolerance. Traditional research focuses on the intrinsic escape mechanism of tumor cells or the generalized immunosuppression of the tumor microenvironment; however, it often ignores the chronic liver disease background of HCC patients with different etiologies. The aim of this review was to systematically discuss the mechanisms by which different underlying liver diseases, particularly metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis, viral hepatitis (hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus) and alcoholic liver disease, specifically shape the liver immune microenvironment, thereby driving HCC to develop tolerance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. We further explored the molecular mechanisms by which various etiologies promote T cell exhaustion, expand immunosuppressive cells, and change the function of the gut-liver axis through unique pathways, such as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis-related metabolic disorders and dysbiosis, sustained antigen stimulation and epigenetic regulation of viral hepatitis, and the hyperinflammatory chemokine network of alcoholic liver disease. In addition, this article systematically evaluates the potential synergistic or antagonistic effects of drugs used to treat these underlying liver diseases (e.g., lipid-lowering drugs, liver protective drugs, antiviral drugs, antifibrotic drugs, and new metabolic targeted drugs) on HCC immunotherapy. The objectives are to provide key mechanistic insights and strategic references for clinical combination drugs, as well as emphasize the corresponding individualized immunotherapy strategies for HCC caused by different diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":13568,"journal":{"name":"Infectious Agents and Cancer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13267724/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147770271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paired box 1 gene methylation as a promising triage strategy for atypical squamous cells: a retrospective comparison with high-risk HPV testing in cervical cancer screening.","authors":"Hong Tao, Zhengjiao Tong, Hongtao Li, Saiping Mao, Peng Gan, Xing Fan","doi":"10.1186/s13027-026-00763-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13027-026-00763-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The triage of Atypical Squamous Cells (ASC) is pivotal in cervical cancer (CC) screening. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of paired box 1 gene methylation (PAX1^m) testing for triaging cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 3 or worse (CIN3+) in an ASC population and to compare it with high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study was conducted from June 2023 to October 2025 and analyzed 1,305 women with ASC. Residual cervical cell samples were used for PAX1^m testing, and their hrHPV test results within two months were collected for comparison. All participants underwent colposcopy-biopsy to obtain the histopathological results. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity of the two methods was calculated and compared. RESULTS PAX1M : difference of cross points (ΔCp) values showed a negative correlation with lesion severity (P _trend <0.001). For CIN3 + detection, PAX1^m (cut-off: ΔCp ≤ 11.74) demonstrated comparable sensitivity to hrHPV (94.6% vs. 94.6%), but with significantly higher specificity (66.0% vs. 10.4%, P < 0.001). Its AUC was also significantly higher to that of the hrHPV test. For CIN2 + detection, the AUC of PAX1^m (cut-off: ΔCp ≤ 11.74) was 0.716, which was significantly higher than that of the hrHPV test (0.544, P < 0.001). Furthermore, PAX1^m detected all cases of CC.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In the triage of ASC, PAX1^m significantly improved the specificity for detecting CIN3 + while maintaining high sensitivity. These findings suggest that PAX1^m is a promising triage strategy with diagnostic performance superior to that of hrHPV, warranting further prospective validation of its clinical impact and cost-effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":13568,"journal":{"name":"Infectious Agents and Cancer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13244602/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147770341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Penile HPV prevalence among high-risk men in Sri Lanka: baseline insight for HPV prevention strategies in a lower-middle-income country.","authors":"W D J K Amarasena, Sampatha Goonewardena, Deepa Gamage","doi":"10.1186/s13027-026-00759-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13027-026-00759-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted viral infection in the world. Persistent infection lasting more than two years, particularly with High-Risk (HR) HPV genotypes, can lead to malignant transformation. Estimating HPV prevalence among high-risk men in Sri Lanka is essential to establish baseline evidence for guiding prophylactic vaccination and targeted precancer screening strategies. METHOD: A hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 187 men aged 20–70 years attending STD clinics in the Gampaha district of Sri Lanka. Participants were consecutively recruited using probability proportional to clinic attendance. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire, and HPV DNA was detected in penile samples using PCR with GP5+/GP6 + primers. The Chi-square test was used for bivariate analysis (p < 0.05), followed by multivariable binary logistic regression to identify factors associated with HPV infection. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS: Among STD clinic attendees 5.3% (n = 10) reported having over 50 male sex partners in their lifetime. Despite being a high-risk group 26.2%(n = 56) of attendees, reported never using condoms. Penile HPV prevalence among STD clinic attendees was 24.6% (n = 46) (95% CI: 18.6–31.4) for any and 5% (95% CI:1.5–12.3) for HR HPV genotype. Identified HR HPV genotypes were, 16(n = 3) & HPV 31(n = 1) however, HPV 18 was not detected (Gene-sequencing done only for HPV positive samples in first 80 samples). The associated factors for HPV infection among STD attendees were having an extra partner to the regular partner (p = 0.004) (adjusted OR 5.2,95% CI:0.7–15.9) and having a history of anogenital warts (p = 0.016) (adjusted OR 2.8,95% CI:1.2–6.6). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of HPV infection among men aged 20–70 years attending STD clinics in the Gampaha district was high, with 26.4% overall HPV and 5% high-risk HPV prevalence, and HPV genotype 16 was the most common vaccine-preventable genotype. Having extra partner to the regular partner and a history of anogenital warts were associated with HPV infection, highlighting the need for ongoing surveillance, targeted prevention strategies, and promotion of safer sexual practices. </p>","PeriodicalId":13568,"journal":{"name":"Infectious Agents and Cancer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13217647/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147770273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-risk human papillomavirus genotypes in cervical squamous cell carcinomas diagnosed in Rwanda.","authors":"Thomas Habanabakize, Gad Murenzi, Boniface Nsengiyumva, Felix Manirakiza, Belson Rugwizangoga, Elise Hategekimana, Theoneste Nizeyimana, Isabelle Izimukwiye, Fiacre Mugabe Byiringiro, Theogene Rurangwa, Eugene Ngoga, Johanna Patricia Daily, Faustin Kanyabwisha, Gallican Kubwimana, Adebola Adedimeji, Marcel Yotebieng, Leon Mutesa, Kathryn Anastos, Philip E Castle, Tiffany Michele Hebert","doi":"10.1186/s13027-026-00762-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13027-026-00762-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is driven by long persisting high-risk HPV infections(hrHPV). HIV+ women with hrHPV co-infections are sixfold more likely to develop cervical cancer compared with HIV- women. To inform Rwandan policy on HPV vaccines and screening strategies, we assessed the distribution of hrHPV types in cervical cancer tissue overall and by HIV status. METHODS: We retrieved all cervical squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) diagnosed between 2018 and 2021 from three referral health facilities in Kigali, Rwanda (n = 415); tissues for 107 cases could not be retrieved. Of the remaining 308 cases, the H&E-stained slides from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue for every case underwent a histological review, medical records were extracted, and tissue blocks were selected for HPV genotyping. AmpFire HPV genotyping test (Atila BioSystems, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) was used to test for HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68. We compared HPV type distribution by HIV status. STATA 17 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, Texas, USA) was used for data analysis. RESULTS: Two hundred-five cases (60%) had valid HPV genotyping results; 71 (34.6%) were HIV-, 32 (15.6%) were HIV+, and 102 (49.8%) had an unknown HIV status. The mean age was 57.7 (± 11.8) years, ~ 60% were married, and 54% were FIGO stage 3 or 4. Most cervical SCCs (90.2%, n = 185) tested positive for hrHPV. There was no significant difference for overall and type-specific hrHPV positivity between positive, negative, and unknown HIV status except for HPV31 (p = 0.002), HPV35 (p < 0.001), and HPV68 (p = 0.005); HPV31-positive SCCs were more common in women living with HIV than in HIV-negative women (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: There were few differences in the HPV type distribution between known HIV + and HIV- women. Importantly, currently available HPV vaccines in Rwanda do not target HPV31 and no commercially available HPV vaccine targets HPV35. This highlights the need to advocate for access to vaccines targeting those HPV types for optimized cervical cancer prevention. </p>","PeriodicalId":13568,"journal":{"name":"Infectious Agents and Cancer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214405/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147770336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global research on the crosstalk between microbiota - intratumoral microorganisms and liver cancer: a visualization analysis.","authors":"Huaxiang Jiang, Yejing Cui, Junqiang Lei","doi":"10.1186/s13027-026-00750-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13027-026-00750-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: In the past few decades, the field of microbiota research has experienced rapid development and growth. We have employed bibliometric methods to comprehensively visualize and analyze the global knowledge and hotspots in the field of microbiome-intratumoral microbiota in liver cancer. METHOD: The relevant literature in this field from 2009 to 2025 was extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection Database. After the data was extracted, it was analyzed and visualized using CiteSpace, VOSviewer and R (bibliometrix) software. RESULT: A total of 1001 publications on microbiome - intratumoral microbiota and liver cancer were published during the period 2009–2025. Among these, China had the highest number of publications (n = 495). The most prolific institution publishing on microbiome - intratumoral microbiota and liver cancer was Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China (n = 29). The author with the most publications on this topic was Yu, Jun (n = 14, 1.4%). The journal with the highest number of publications on this subject was Cancers (n = 41, 4.1%). The top seven keywords with a frequency of 100 or more include: gut microbiota, hepatocellular carcinoma, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, fatty liver disease, cancer, inflammation, bile acids, liver cancer, cell, and insulin resistance. Recent emerging topics include “intratumoral microbiota” (since 2024) and “tumor microenvironment.” CONCLUSION: Current research in this field primarily investigates the mechanistic associations between gut microbiota and hepatic malignancies, with particular emphasis on hepatocellular carcinoma. The scientific frontier has progressively evolved to encompass the exploration of intratumoral microbiota and its multifaceted interactions within the tumor microenvironment. </p>","PeriodicalId":13568,"journal":{"name":"Infectious Agents and Cancer","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13094115/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147722548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral microbiome diversity, community- and taxon-level differences by oral human papillomavirus (HPV) and race/ethnicity.","authors":"Morgan C Byrd, Shelly Han, Oyomoare Osazuwa-Peters, Deesha Bhaumik, Darien Weatherspoon, Nicolas F Schlecht, Nosayaba Osazuwa-Peters","doi":"10.1186/s13027-026-00757-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13027-026-00757-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>INTRODUCTION: Oral microbiome differences by race/ethnicity may contribute to differences in oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, the precursor to HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer. Oral HPV is most prevalent among non-Hispanic Black individuals, yet HPV-attributable cancers are more common in non-Hispanic White individuals. METHODS: Using the 2009–2012 NHANES data (n = 5,534), our study examined oral microbiome diversity, community-, and taxon-level differences by any oral HPV type and race/ethnicity using oral rinse samples. RESULTS: Significantly greater alpha diversity was seen among HPV-positive Non-Hispanic Black individuals [Shannon/Inverse Simpson’s Indices (p < 0.001)]. Beta diversity also varied significantly by race/ethnicity and oral HPV status (PERMANOVA, p < 0.001). Microbiome topic modeling identified two microbial communities (topics 13 and 36) depleted in HPV-positive individuals, characterized by reduced Streptococcus, Actinobacillus, and Neisseria (Beta > 0.4), but this pattern was seen only among Non-Hispanic Black individuals. Taxon-level differential abundance analysis identified Sneathia and Odoribacter as enriched in HPV-positive participants (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a race/ethnicity-linked interplay between oral rinse microbiome samples and oral HPV. Microbial differences by race/ethnicity and oral HPV status may reflect underlying social, environmental, or behavioral factors and highlight the need for longitudinal studies to clarify causal pathways and inform future targeted interventions. </p>","PeriodicalId":13568,"journal":{"name":"Infectious Agents and Cancer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13188267/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147689915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus genotypes and associated HIV co-infection in Cameroon: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Fabrice Zobel Lekeumo Cheuyem, Chabeja Achangwa, Lionel Berthold Keubou Boukeng, Rick Tchamani, Alapa Junior Nkwate Chefor, Jessy Goupeyou-Youmsi, Edmond Martial Lemaire Bodo","doi":"10.1186/s13027-026-00756-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13027-026-00756-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: High-risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV) infection is the primary cause of cervical cancer, a leading cause of cancer mortality among women in sub-Saharan Africa. In Cameroon, there is a gap in synthetized evidence on HR HPV epidemiology, limiting data-driven prevention strategies. This study provides the first comprehensive national synthesis of HR HPV prevalence, genotype distribution, and HIV co-infection among HPV-positive individuals. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420261282094). We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, AJOL and local online publishers. Studies reporting the prevalence of HR HPV among sexually active individuals were included. Pooled prevalence estimates were calculated using random-effects models. Heterogeneity was assessed with I2 statistics and explored through subgroup analyses. The methodological quality of included studies was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools. RESULTS: A total of 33 studies including 18,798 participants were included in this analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of HR HPV was 28.95% (95% CI: 19.74–40.30; 33 studies; n = 18,798; I2 = 98.7%), with a notable decline from 53.34% before 2014 to 21.43% in 2021–2023. Prevalence varied substantially across populations, being highest among women with precancerous or cancerous lesions (90.69%; 95% CI: 78.48–96.30) and female sex workers (62.10%; 95% CI: 58.08–66.00) compared to women from the general population (21.09%; 95% CI: 15.16–28.55). Among HPV-positive women, HIV co-infection prevalence was 26.17% (95% CI: 13.48–44.65, 19 studies; n = 3,589; I2 = 97.9%), with higher rates in hospital-based studies (34.57%) compared to community-based studies (9.18%). Predominant HR HPV genotypes included HPV16 (28.7%), HPV52 (23.6%), HPV66 (22.9%), HPV33 (22.8%), and HPV18 (20.2%). The pooled prevalence of abnormal cervical lesions among HPV-positive women was 35.15% (95% CI: 20.21–53.70; 12 studies; n = 2,186; I2 = 95.2%), including low-grade lesions (34.4%) and high-grade lesions (19.1%). CONCLUSIONS: HR HPV infection remains highly prevalent in Cameroon despite encouraging temporal declines. The substantial burden of HIV co-infection and circulation of multiple oncogenic genotypes underscore the need for integrated HPV–HIV prevention strategies, expanded screening, and consideration of broader-coverage vaccines to accelerate progress toward cervical cancer elimination targets. </p>","PeriodicalId":13568,"journal":{"name":"Infectious Agents and Cancer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13188314/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147689894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}