Inflammopharmacology最新文献

{"title":"Bridging neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neurogenesis: aromatic turmerone as a multifunctional modulator via NF-κB and Nrf2 pathways.","authors":"Ghaleb Oriquat, Media Hamed Ahmed, Shaker Al-Hasnaawei, H Malathi, Swati Mishra, Anima Nanda, Vimal Arora, Ashish Singh Chauhan","doi":"10.1007/s10787-026-02259-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-026-02259-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are central mechanisms driving neurodegenerative diseases, while impaired neurogenesis limits regeneration. Aromatic-turmerone (ar-turmerone), a bioactive sesquiterpenoid from Curcuma longa, has emerged as a multifunctional neuroprotective agent capable of modulating inflammatory and regenerative processes simultaneously. Evidence from in vitro and in vivo models demonstrates that ar-turmerone suppresses Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent NF-κB and MAPK signaling, thereby reducing microglial activation, nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). Concurrently, it activates the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway and enhances cAMP/PKA-CREB signaling, restoring redox homeostasis and promoting neuronal survival. Importantly, ar-turmerone drives microglial polarization toward the M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype and stimulates neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation and neuronal differentiation in the subventricular zone and hippocampus. These dual anti-inflammatory and neurogenic actions position ar-turmerone as a unique bridge between neuroinflammation suppression and neuroregeneration enhancement. Recent structure-activity relationship studies further reveal that N-substituted amide and naphthyl derivatives exhibit superior inhibition of NO and TNF-α release and improved neuroprotective potency in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease models. Collectively, ar-turmerone represents a promising multi-target natural scaffold for developing therapeutics that counteract neurodegeneration by simultaneously modulating microglial activation, oxidative stress, and endogenous neurogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":13551,"journal":{"name":"Inflammopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147837364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical combination therapy for IBD and promising co-delivery strategies.","authors":"Xinlong Wang, Weihua Xu, Yushan Wu, Peifeng Liu, Bing Wang, Jianfeng Li, Huili Dai","doi":"10.1007/s10787-026-02222-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-026-02222-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biological agents are the cornerstone of first-line treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. However, approximately 33% of patients either fail to respond initially or experience diminished efficacy over time. The use of combination therapies, such as pairing biological agents with immunomodulators or small-molecule drugs, has proven effective in enhancing efficacy and mitigating resistance. For instance, the combination of infliximab and azathioprine elevated corticosteroid-free clinical remission and mucosal healing rates in patients with ulcerative colitis to 39.7 and 62.8%, respectively; triple therapy with vedolizumab, adalimumab, and methotrexate raised the week 10 clinical remission rate in patients with Crohn's disease to 61.8%; and combining guselkumab with golimumab increased the response rate in patients with ulcerative colitis to 83%. Despite these successes, challenges remain in optimizing dosing regimens and managing systemic toxicities. Nanocarriers offer a solution by encapsulating one or more drugs within a single system, facilitating targeted delivery, simplifying treatment protocols, and minimizing toxicity. Research indicates that advanced delivery systems, including poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles, mulberry leaf liposomes, and sodium alginate hydrogels, can enhance anti-inflammatory effects, promote mucosal healing, and modulate the gut microbiota, providing effective colitis treatment. This review examines combination dosing strategies for inflammatory bowel disease, nanodelivery methods, and novel approaches to advance the clinical application of nanodelivery technology in combination therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13551,"journal":{"name":"Inflammopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147837421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical screening and in vivo evaluation of antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous, methanolic, and chloroform root fractions of Impatiens rothii Hook. (Balsaminaceae).","authors":"Abebe Dagne, Getinet Nibret, Zigale Hibstu Tefera, Wubetu Yihunie Belay, Yared Yibeltal, Anteneh Belayneh, Getachew Ashagrie","doi":"10.1007/s10787-026-02228-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-026-02228-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Impatiens rothii is traditionally used in Ethiopia for the treatment of stomach upsets, burns, inflammation, cellulitis, and wounds. Based on this traditional use of Impatiens rothii, this study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical screening and potential antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of solvent fractions of Impatiens rothii roots.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Crude hydromethanolic extract was prepared by using a cold maceration method and fractionation by using a separatory funnel. To assess antinociceptive activity, acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests were conducted, whereas carrageenan-induced paw edema was used to assess anti-inflammatory activity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The glycosides, saponins, and terpenoids were found to be present in all the extracts. In the hot plate test, all three fractions showed significant central antinociceptive activity by significantly increasing the time of latencies at all time points except the first compared to the control (2% Tween 80) (p < 0.001). Moreover, the methanol and chloroform fractions at higher doses showed increased pain relief compared to lower doses (p < 0.05). In addition, the fractions showed significant analgesic activity in the acetic acid-induced writhing test (p < 0.001). In the carrageenan-induced paw edema test, all the fractions showed significant activity by reducing paw edema at different doses compared to the control over the six hours of the experiment (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings affirm that the fractions of Impatiens rothii have antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects. The common occurrence of glycosides, saponins, and terpenoids in the plant indicates their relative abundance.</p>","PeriodicalId":13551,"journal":{"name":"Inflammopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147837416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic and neuroimmune control of rheumatoid arthritis: therapeutic implications of FXR and α7-nAChR axes.","authors":"Mohamed Magdy Senna, Nesma A Shiha, Hala F Zaki, Laila A A Ramadan, Aya M Mustafa","doi":"10.1007/s10787-026-02237-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-026-02237-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by persistent synovial inflammation, progressive joint destruction, and systemic immune dysregulation. Although biologic therapies targeting inflammatory cytokines have improved disease outcomes, many patients fail to achieve sustained remission, highlighting the need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Increasing evidence suggests that RA represents not only excessive inflammatory signaling but also a failure of endogenous regulatory mechanisms that normally restrain immune activation. Central to RA pathogenesis is the activation of inflammatory signaling cascades involving transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and the NLRP3 inflammasome, which collectively promote cytokine production, synovial hyperplasia, and cartilage destruction. Recent studies have identified metabolic and neuroimmune pathways as important regulators of these processes. Among them, bile acid-activated signaling through the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and neural modulation via the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway mediated by the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR) have emerged as key endogenous mechanisms capable of suppressing inflammatory responses. FXR signaling regulates immune and metabolic pathways, inhibits NF-κB and inflammasome activation, and modulates immune cell differentiation. In parallel, α7-nAChR-mediated cholinergic signaling suppresses cytokine production and limits innate immune activation through neuroimmune communication. Notably, both pathways converge on TAK1-dependent inflammatory signaling. This review highlights the emerging roles of metabolic and neuroimmune regulatory circuits in RA and discusses their therapeutic potential, including opportunities for drug repurposing aimed at restoring endogenous anti-inflammatory pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":13551,"journal":{"name":"Inflammopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147814529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulating IL-1β-induced pro-atherogenic endothelial responses through drug repurposing.","authors":"Kundan Solanki, Sk Rameej Raja, Sunanda Samanta, P S Shishira, Anjali Roy, Parimal Kar, Swati Biswas, K M Ramkumar, Mirza S Baig","doi":"10.1007/s10787-026-02229-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-026-02229-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) plays a central role in driving vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, key processes in the development of atherosclerosis. While biologic therapies targeting IL-1β have shown clinical benefit, their high cost, injectable nature, and potential side effects limit their broader use. Therefore, there is a need to explore more accessible alternatives. In this study, we aimed to identify repurposed small-molecule inhibitors that can effectively modulate IL-1β signaling and protect endothelial function.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used an integrated strategy combining computational and experimental approaches. Virtual screening, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and MM-PBSA analyses were performed to identify potential inhibitors targeting IL-1R1. The most promising candidates were then evaluated in vitro using endothelial cell models (HUVEC and EA.hy.926). Their effects were assessed through functional assays, including transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), VE-cadherin immunofluorescence, and cell viability measurements.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two FDA-approved drugs, radotinib and lomitapide, emerged as strong candidates with high binding affinity and stability toward IL-1R1, outperforming the reference inhibitor anakinra in computational analyses. Experimental validation showed that both compounds effectively reduced IL-1β-induced endothelial dysfunction. They restored barrier integrity, improved TEER values, and maintained VE-cadherin expression and localization. Importantly, both compounds exhibited low cytotoxicity and mitigated IL-1β-driven increases in endothelial permeability.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings highlight radotinib and lomitapide as promising repurposed small-molecule inhibitors of IL-1β signaling. By preserving endothelial integrity and dampening inflammatory responses, these compounds may serve as cost-effective and orally available alternatives to current biologic therapies. Further in vivo and mechanistic studies are needed to advance their potential clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":13551,"journal":{"name":"Inflammopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147814582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dapagliflozin mitigates acute pancreatitis induced by L-arginine in Rats through modulation of TLR-4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway: integrated biochemical, histopathological, and in silico study.","authors":"Mohamed Kh Elmahdy, Ehab A M El-Shoura, Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy, Hayam Ali AlRasheed, Mostafa M Bahaa, Nora Elshorbagi, Eman Hamza, Eman Wahsh, Shereen A Mourad, Amir O Hamouda","doi":"10.1007/s10787-026-02190-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-026-02190-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders requiring hospitalization worldwide and is characterized by excessive inflammatory and oxidative responses that contribute to pancreatic tissue injury. Dapagliflozin (DAPA), a selective sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, has demonstrated pleiotropic anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties beyond its glucose-lowering effects.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the protective effect of DAPA against L-arginine-induced AP and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 8): control, AP, and DAPA-treated AP. AP was induced by L-arginine administration. DAPA (1 mg/kg, orally) was administered for three consecutive days starting 1 h after AP induction. Markers of pancreatic injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress were assessed. Pancreatic histopathology and immunohistochemical analyses were performed. Furthermore, molecular docking analyses were conducted to evaluate the potential inhibitory interactions of DAPA with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>DAPA treatment significantly reduced α-amylase, lipase levels and preserved pancreatic histoarchitecture compared with the untreated AP group. It markedly decreased pancreatic levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), TLR4, NLRP3, myeloperoxidase, and malondialdehyde, while significantly increasing superoxide dismutase activity. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed negative expression of NF-κB and caspase-1 in pancreatic tissues from DAPA-treated rats, in contrast to their pronounced expression in the L-arginine-induced AP group. Molecular docking studies demonstrated favorable binding affinities and interactions between DAPA and TLR4, NF-κB, and NLRP3.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>DAPA attenuates L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis by suppressing inflammatory, oxidative, and inflammasome-related pathways through modulation of the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling axis.</p>","PeriodicalId":13551,"journal":{"name":"Inflammopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147770533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmaco-therapeutic modulation of the Glo1-Nrf2-RAGE functional network in chronic inflammation: polyphenols in the context of current anti-inflammatory therapy.","authors":"Sajid Ali, Muhammad Saeed Akhtar, Adnan Amin, Atif Ali Khan Khalil, Wajid Zaman","doi":"10.1007/s10787-026-02257-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-026-02257-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic inflammation is a central driver of numerous disorders, including metabolic, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, autoimmune, and malignant diseases. Although current anti-inflammatory pharmaco-therapeutic strategies, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, and biologic agents, can reduce inflammatory burden and improve clinical outcomes, their long-term use is often limited by adverse effects, incomplete disease control, treatment resistance, and poor correction of upstream oxidative and glycation-related mechanisms. In this context, the interconnected Glo1-Nrf2-RAGE network has emerged as a pharmacologically relevant framework that links carbonyl stress, oxidative injury, and inflammatory signal amplification in chronic diseases. This review examines the therapeutic significance of this axis and evaluates polyphenolic compounds as emerging modulators of Glo1-, Nrf2-, and RAGE-associated pathways. Polyphenols such as curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, resveratrol, and related phenolics exhibit anti-inflammatory effects in preclinical models by enhancing antioxidant defense, attenuating AGE-RAGE signaling, and reducing pro-inflammatory mediators. However, their clinical translation remains constrained by poor bioavailability, variable pharmacokinetics, lack of dose standardization, and limited human evidence. Positioning polyphenols within the broader landscape of anti-inflammatory therapy helps clarify their current value as adjunctive modulators or lead structures for future therapeutic development targeting chronic inflammation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13551,"journal":{"name":"Inflammopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147770498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combatting psoriasis with nanomedicine: gamma-amino butyric acid-chitosan nanoparticles as a targeted anti-psoriatic therapy.","authors":"Dina Ibrahim, Alyaa Farid, Mohamed Kishta, Neveen Madbouly","doi":"10.1007/s10787-026-02248-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-026-02248-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are the most deleterious pathogenic factors of psoriasis (PS). While gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) possesses well-documented immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties, its therapeutic potential is limited by bioavailability and targeting. Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNP) offer a promising drug delivery platform to overcome GABA limitations. This study aimed to augment the dermatological efficacy of GABA by encapsulation within CSNPs to overcome its skin penetration limitations, thereby creating an advanced transdermal delivery system for sustained anti-psoriatic local action. TEM revealed spherical, monodisperse GABA-CSNPs. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) confirmed a nanoscale size (57.63 nm), highly positive surface charge (+ 35.93 mV) and excellent colloidal stability. In vitro, GABA-CSNPs demonstrated superior antioxidant (using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay) and anti-inflammatory (membrane stabilization) activities compared to free GABA or blank CSNPs, beside enhanced biocompatibility (using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay). A PS-like model was induced in rats using 5% imiquimod (IMQ). Animals were divided into five groups: negative control, psoriatic control (PC) (62.5 mg of Aldara® cream) and IMQ groups treated with free GABA ( 200 mg/kg), unloaded CSNPs (100 mg/kg), or GABA-CSNPs (100 mg/kg). The GABA-CSNPs treatment group showed the most significant clinical improvement, reducing scaling and erythema. Mechanistically, therapy restored epidermal architecture, ameliorated oxidative stress by lowering malondialdehyde (MDA) and elevating superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels, and potently suppressed key pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) in skin tissue. In conclusion, GABA-CSNPs constitute a novel and highly effective antipsoriatic nanotherapeutic platform. The formulation synergizes the inherent bioactivity of GABA with the enhanced delivery and targeting capabilities of CSNPs, resulting in a potent dual-action therapy that alleviates oxidative damage and modulates the dysregulated immune response central to psoriatic pathology.</p>","PeriodicalId":13551,"journal":{"name":"Inflammopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147770511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Network pharmacology and in vivo experimental analysis for validating the antifibrotic potential of Punica granatum leaves against skin scleroderma: the role of oxidative stress, inflammation and TGF-β1/Snail 1/p-Smad 3 signaling pathway.","authors":"Sara M Baraka, Zeinab A El-Gendy, Eman A W El-Abd, Ahmed F El-Sayed, Enayat A Omara, Marwa M Elbatanony","doi":"10.1007/s10787-026-02245-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-026-02245-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Given the significant efficacy of the Punica granatum in enhancing skin health, this research employed network pharmacology and in vivo studies to explore the P. granatum ethanolic leaf extract's (PGEL) mechanism in alleviating skin sclerosis. A model of skin fibrosis brought on by bleomycin (100 µl/rat, sc.) was adopted for experimental validation, where PGEL was orally administered at 200 and 400 mg/kg to rats for 3 weeks. Seventy-three compounds of PGEL were identified by LC/MS/MS belonging to different chemical classes; an organic acid, 12 phenolic acids, 4 polysaccharides, 3 amino acids, 19 gallic acid derivatives,7 ellagic acid derivatives, 14 flavonoides, three anthocyanins, 3 fatty acids and 7 miscellaneous groups. Five compounds (Catechin-3-O-gallate, 3,3'-di-O-methyl-4-O-(xylopyranosyl) ellagic acid, ellagic acid glucoside, valoneic acid dilactone, and vitexin 2-O-gallate) were isolated from the PGEL. Network pharmacological studies clarified that TNF-α, TGF-β1, Snail1, p-Smad3, MMP-9, IL-17 A, and COL1A1 are the core targets for skin fibrosis. PGEL lessened MPO and increased SOD activity in rat's skin, underscoring its antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the TNF-α, IL-17 A and MMP-9 were decreased in PGEL groups. Mechanistic studies revealed that PGEL exerts its anti-fibrotic action by downregulating the TGF-β1, Snail 1, COL1A1, and p-Smad 3 in the skin tissues. Additionally, histopathological analyses informed the decline in dermal alterations and thickness in rats treated with PGEL. Collectively, our results give clear evidence that PGEL work through multi-pathway modulation by targeting the core proteins of inflammation mediated the TGF-β/Snail1/Smad 3 signaling, thereby exerting a therapeutic action on skin fibrosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":13551,"journal":{"name":"Inflammopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147770458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medicinal plants as alternative and adjunct antimicrobial agents in ear, nose, and throat (ENT) Infections.","authors":"Serpil Demirci Kayıran, Talih Özdaş, Umay Merve Güven Bölgen, Tilbe Çevikelli, Merve Nur Şahan, Hazar Ertuğrul, Ali Işıldaklı, Sedef Özkurt, Yakup Acar, Ege Demirkıran","doi":"10.1007/s10787-026-02251-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-026-02251-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medicinal plants are widely used worldwide for ear, nose, and throat (ENT) disorders and have a long history of traditional application. This review aims to summarize current experimental and clinical evidence on medicinal plants used for ENT conditions such as otitis externa/media, tinnitus, vertigo, allergic rhinitis, pharyngitis, and laryngitis, and to support the identification of new plant species with antimicrobial potential against ENT pathogens. This review thoroughly summarizes recent developments from 2020 to 2025 and was conducted using electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, with predefined ENT and medicinal plants-related keywords. Frequently used species include Lavandula angustifolia, Thymus vulgaris, Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Origanum vulgare, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Mentha piperita, Matricaria chamomilla, and Syzygium aromaticum, many of which show In vitro antibacterial, antifungal, or antiviral activity relevant to upper airway and oral/ENT infections. Evidence indicates that selected medicinal plants and their extracts or essential oils inhibit key ENT-related pathogens, including multidrug-resistant respiratory and pharyngeal bacteria. The compiled data, structured in comparative tables, highlight promising taxa and preparation types, and underscore gaps in clinical validation, standardization, and safety assessment. Overall, this review provides an evidence-based overview of ENT-related phytotherapy and a framework for future pharmacological and phytochemical studies aimed at developing novel plant-derived antimicrobials for ear, nose, and throat diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":13551,"journal":{"name":"Inflammopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147770495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}