Inflammopharmacology最新文献

{"title":"A randomized clinical study to evaluate the possible antifibrotic effect of zinc sulfate in chronic HCV patient receiving direct-acting anti-viral therapy.","authors":"Sahar M El-Haggar, Dina S Attalla, Mostafa Elhelbawy, Dalia R El-Afify","doi":"10.1007/s10787-024-01628-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-024-01628-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to assess the potential antifibrotic impact of zinc sulfate in chronic Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) patients receiving direct-acting antiviral therapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This randomized controlled study included 50 chronic HCV-infected patients with fibrosis stage (F1 & F2). Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: Group 1 (Control group, n = 25) received standard direct-acting antiviral therapy for 3 months, while Group 2 (Zinc group, n = 25) received 50 mg/day of zinc sulfate in addition to the standard direct-acting antiviral therapy for the same duration. Baseline and 3-month post-intervention assessments included evaluating serum levels of hyaluronic acid, transforming growth factor beta-1, and fibronectin. Furthermore, indices of liver fibrosis, such as the Fibrosis Index based on the 4 factors (FIB-4) and the Aspartate Transaminase-to-Platelet-Ratio Index (APRI), were calculated during these assessments.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At baseline, the two studied groups had no statistical difference in demographic and laboratory data. After treatment, serum zinc levels significantly increased in the zinc-treated group compared to the control group. Additionally, serum fibronectin and hyaluronic acid levels were significantly reduced in group 2 (zinc group) compared to group 1 (control group). Moreover, zinc group showed lower APRI scores than the control group after a 3-month follow-up period, but there was non-significant difference in FIB-4 scores between the two groups after treatment. Furthermore, total bilirubin levels were reduced after zinc therapy for 3 months.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Administering zinc sulfate could potentially serve as a safe and efficient therapeutic strategy for the management of hepatic fibrosis in individuals with chronic hepatitis C virus.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05465434, On 19/7/2022.</p>","PeriodicalId":13551,"journal":{"name":"Inflammopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142948033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of the anti-inflammatory pentoxifylline on psychiatric and neuropsychiatric conditions: exploring various off-label utilities with meta-analyses.","authors":"Ahmed Ramzi, Subhia Maya, Nadeen Balousha, Mufreh Amin, Robert Charles Powell, Mostafa Ramzi Shiha","doi":"10.1007/s10787-024-01616-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-024-01616-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic inflammation has been linked to many psychiatric disorders, and therefore, pertinent anti-inflammatory therapies have been empirically evaluated for management. An enduring example of long-term safety, attainability, and versatility has been pentoxifylline (PTX). PTX is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that modulates inflammatory mediators and affects most blood components and the blood vessels.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Major databases were systematically searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on PTX in psychiatric and neuropsychiatric disorders until September 25, 2024.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>21 RCTs were included. Five studies evaluated clinical depression: four on major depressive disorder (MDD) and one on bipolar patients experiencing treatment-resistant depression. PTX significantly reduced depressive symptoms in MDD in the four double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials, with the three studies combining PTX and SSRIs showing statistically significant improvements in response rates. Ten RCTs on cognitive impairment reported beneficial effects, particularly in vascular dementia. Meta-analyses support its efficacy in reducing depressive symptoms, cognitive decline, asthenia, and inflammatory markers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Exploring the effects of PTX on psychiatric and neuropsychiatric conditions has provided considerable support for its utility across various disorders, most notably in moderate to severe major depressive disorder (as adjunctive therapy with SSRIs) and cognitive impairment in vascular dementia (as monotherapy). Relevantly, the potential of PTX across a wide range of conditions might prove beneficial in cases of co-occurrence.</p>","PeriodicalId":13551,"journal":{"name":"Inflammopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142947967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Olive oil and castor oil-based self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of flurbiprofen can relieve peripheral pain and inflammation through reduction of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers: a comprehensive formulation and pharmacological insights.","authors":"Mazaghul Basar, Muhammad Imran Khan, Muhammad Furqan Akhtar, Fareeha Anwar, Ammara Saleem, Asadullah Madni, Zulcaif Ahmad, Ali Sharif, Bushra Akhtar, Uzma Shakoor, Aslam Khan","doi":"10.1007/s10787-024-01632-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-024-01632-7","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Flurbiprofen (FBP) is poorly water-soluble BCS class II drug with anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, used to treat arthritis and degenerative joint diseases. This study was aimed to develop SNEDDS loaded with FBP. Six SNEDDS using two oils olive oil (F&lt;sub&gt;1OLV&lt;/sub&gt;, F&lt;sub&gt;2OLV&lt;/sub&gt;, F&lt;sub&gt;3OLV&lt;/sub&gt;) and castor oil (F&lt;sub&gt;4CAS&lt;/sub&gt;, F&lt;sub&gt;5CAS&lt;/sub&gt;, F&lt;sub&gt;6CAS&lt;/sub&gt;) with three different Smix ratios consisting of Tween 20 and PEG 400 (1:1, 1:2, 2:1) were prepared and characterized. Compatibility between FBP and polymers was investigated using FTIR. SNEDDS were characterized for physicochemical attributes. Two optimized formulations were investigated at 10 mg/kg dose given orally in Wistar rats for analgesic activity by hot plate and tail flick methods, and anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan induced paw edema method. Anti-inflammatory activity was further explored by motor coordination and motility by Rota rod and cage activity tests. Following anesthesia blood samples were collected before dissection to measure inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress markers. Sciatica nerves and hind paws of rats were also removed for histopathological evaluation. FTIR studies revealed compatibility of FBP with other components. Droplet size of F&lt;sub&gt;1OLV&lt;/sub&gt;, F&lt;sub&gt;2OLV&lt;/sub&gt;, F&lt;sub&gt;3OLV&lt;/sub&gt; was 128.5 ± 0.7 nm, 202.5 ± 1.3 nm, and 541.5 ± 1.7 nm, whereas it was 142.5 ± 1.1 nm, 215.4 ± 1.2 nm and 349.9 ± 1.8 nm for F&lt;sub&gt;4CAS&lt;/sub&gt;, F&lt;sub&gt;5CAS&lt;/sub&gt;, F&lt;sub&gt;6CAS&lt;/sub&gt;. %EE of F&lt;sub&gt;1OLV&lt;/sub&gt;, F&lt;sub&gt;2OLV&lt;/sub&gt;, F&lt;sub&gt;3OLV&lt;/sub&gt; was found 85 ± 4.89%-91 ± 4.67%, whereas the %EE F&lt;sub&gt;4CAS&lt;/sub&gt;, F&lt;sub&gt;5CAS&lt;/sub&gt;, F&lt;sub&gt;6CAS&lt;/sub&gt; was 84 ± 4.15%-90 ± 4.21%. DSC curves of F&lt;sub&gt;1OLV&lt;/sub&gt; and F&lt;sub&gt;4CAS&lt;/sub&gt; revealed amorphous nature of the FBP. SEM showed spherical shape of globules. % of drug released in the pH medium 1.2 for plain FBP, F&lt;sub&gt;1OLV&lt;/sub&gt; and F&lt;sub&gt;4CAS&lt;/sub&gt; was 25%, 59% and 57%. % drug released in the pH 6.8 for plain FBP, F&lt;sub&gt;1OLV&lt;/sub&gt; and F&lt;sub&gt;4CAS&lt;/sub&gt; was 59%, 85% and 83%. Oral administration of FBP-loaded SNEDDS (F&lt;sub&gt;1OLV&lt;/sub&gt; and F&lt;sub&gt;4CAS&lt;/sub&gt;) significantly decreased paw diameter and enhanced motor coordination in rats when compared to the disease control group. This was linked to the ability of FBP to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, with histological studies indicating decreased tissue damage in SNEDDS treated groups, implying the possibility of tissue recovery. Administration of both formulations started to demonstrate analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects after one hour of administration. In addition to anti-inflammatory effect, both formulations improved motor coordination, motility, and reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells in the inflamed paws. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities were attributed to decreased serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, increased activity of SOD and reduced nitrite content in sciatic nerves. Histopathological evaluation revealed reduced vasculari","PeriodicalId":13551,"journal":{"name":"Inflammopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142948102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in nose-to-brain drug targeting for Alzheimer's disease: a review of nanocarriers and clinical insights.","authors":"Kumari Komal, Rashmi Ghosh, Debayan Sil, Rohit Sharma, Sourabh Kumar, Prachi Pandey, Manish Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s10787-024-01636-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-024-01636-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a type of neurodegenerative disease that describes cognitive decline and memory loss resulting in disability in movement, memory, speech etc. Which first affects the hippocampal and entorhinal cortex regions of brain. Pathogenesis of AD depends on Amyloid-β, hyper-phosphorylation of tau protein, mitochondrial dysfunction, cholinergic hypothesis and oxidative stress. In comparison with males, females are more prone to AD due to reduced estrogen level. Some of the FDA-approved drugs and their conventional formulations available in the market are discussed in this review. Nose-to-brain delivery system provides the target specific drug delivery via olfactory and trigeminal nerve (active and passive drug targeting strategies) and bypassing the Blood Brain Barrier. Mucoadhesive agents and permeation enhancers are mostly utilized to enhance the retention time and bioavailability of the drugs. Liposomes, niosomes, cubosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, micelles, and many more nanocarriers for nose-to-brain delivery of drugs are also described thoroughly in this review. It also covers the clinical trials and patents for nose-to-brain delivery. In this article, we investigate the nose-to-brain pathways for AD treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13551,"journal":{"name":"Inflammopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142947966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stimulation, regulation, and inflammaging interventions of natural compounds on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) pathway: a comprehensive review.","authors":"Gowtham Kannan, Benedict Mathews Paul, Parimelazhagan Thangaraj","doi":"10.1007/s10787-024-01635-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-024-01635-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) is a kind of transcription factor which resides in cytoplasm of each cell and on activation, it translocates to the nucleus. It is activated by a many inducible agents including endotoxins, inflammatory stimuli, carcinogens, pathogens, nicotine, and tumour promoters, etc. NF-kB is activated by canonical and non-canonical signalling pathways which has different signalling compounds and its biological functions. It controls the expression of 400 different genes including various enzymes, cytokines, viral proteins, regulatory molecules involved in the cell cycle etc. This pathway is linked with various ailments including respiratory diseases, inflammatory diseases, auto immune diseases, cancer and diabetes. NF-kB factor and signalling pathway are the mainstream of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Human subjects have been able to curb inflammation through inflammaging with the help of the phytomolecules interacting with the NF-κB pathway by adjusting the inflammation processes and alleviating aging stresses in cells. They successfully inhibit the activation of NF-κB, thereby curtailing chronic low-grade inflammation underlying both ageing and age-related disease processes. These phytocompounds discussed herewith not only down-regulate NF-κB-dependent pro-inflammatory pathways but also help build resilience at cellular levels, therefore, offering enhanced healthspan with late commencement of inflammaging pathogenesis. This review describes what stimulation and regulation of the Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-kB) Pathway and its roles in the pathogenesis of human age related diseases. We also review the recent progress in attenuating the molecular mechanisms of the NF-kB Pathway by phytochemicals, which may open up novel therapeutic avenues.</p>","PeriodicalId":13551,"journal":{"name":"Inflammopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142948106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of supplementation with milk proteins on inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Shooka Mohammadi, Damoon Ashtary-Larky, Milad Mehrbod, Narges Kouhi Sough, Hossein Salehi Omran, Sina Dolatshahi, Niusha Amirani, Omid Asbaghi","doi":"10.1007/s10787-024-01615-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-024-01615-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Impacts of milk proteins (MPs) on inflammation are uncertain. The current systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluated the effects of whey protein (WP), casein protein (CP), or MP supplementation on serum levels of cytokines and adipokines in adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive search of various online databases was conducted to find appropriate clinical trials published until September 2024. A random-effect statistical model was implemented.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The meta-analysis included 53 RCTs. It was indicated that MP supplements had no substantial effects on serum values of C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), adiponectin, and leptin. However, there were statistically significant decreases in serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) following supplementation with MP (weighted mean difference (WMD): - 0.25 pg/mL, 95% CI - 0.48, - 0.03; P = 0.026) in the intervention group compared with the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study revealed that MP supplementation may not have any considerable impacts on the levels of cytokines and adipokines.</p>","PeriodicalId":13551,"journal":{"name":"Inflammopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142947970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-inflammatory, anti-colitis, and antioxidant effects of columbianadin against DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in rats via alteration of HO-1/Nrf2 and TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway.","authors":"Yanping Zhang, Ping Cao, Dongyuan Qin, Ying Zhao, Xing Chen, Peng Ma","doi":"10.1007/s10787-024-01630-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-024-01630-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a significant inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that typically arises from chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract. Report suggest that anti-inflammatory drug plays a crucial role in the protection of UC. The recent study demonstrated that columbianadin has a protective effect against UC induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in rats through the modulation of HO-1/Nrf2 and TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathways.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>In this study, Swiss Wistar rats were utilized, and UC was induced using 2% DSS. The treatment regimen included oral administration of columbianadin (5, 10 and 15 mg/kg) and sulfasalazine to the rats. The body weight, spleen index, disease activity index (DAI), colon length, food and water intake were estimated. Moreover, antioxidant, cytokines, inflammatory and apoptosis parameters were determined. mRNA expression levels were also quantitatively analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Columbianadin treatment significantly (P < 0.001) boosted the body weight and suppressed the DAI. Columbianadin significantly (P < 0.001) enhanced the colon length and repressed the spleen index along with enhanced food and water intake. Columbianadin significantly (P < 0.001) suppressed the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and altered the level of oxidative stress parameters such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malonaldehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), SA; cytokines level such as interleukin (IL)-1, 1β, 6, 10, 17, 18, TNF-α; inflammatory parameters viz., cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin (PGE₂), inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), transforming growth factor (TGF-β); apoptosis parameters include Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl-2/Bax ratio, caspase-1 and A-caspase-3 activity, respectively. Columbianadin significantly altered the mRNA expression of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α, NF-κB, TLR4, Bcl-2, caspase-9, Bax, p38, ASC, MCP-1, ZO-1, and Ocln. While this study focused on COX-2 modulation as a marker of inflammatory response, no direct measurements or inferences were made regarding leukotriene activity, which involves a separate lipoxygenase pathway.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Columbianadin exhibited the protective effect against DSS-induced UC via alteration of HO-1/Nrf2 and TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":13551,"journal":{"name":"Inflammopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142931723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the hormonal approaches for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and its complementary interventions.","authors":"Priya Sharad Waghmare, Deepika Kaushik, Emel Oz, Charalampos Proestos, Fatih Oz, Mukul Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s10787-024-01633-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-024-01633-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune, chronic, systemic inflammatory disease that causes redness, swelling, stiffness, and joint pain. It is a long-lasting disease that can have a widespread impact on the body, often affecting the hands, feet, and wrists. The immune cells, such as dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, macrophages, and neutrophils, play a significant role in bone degradation and inflammation. Several cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-17A, play a significant role in causing bone erosion, cartilage deterioration, and joint inflammation. Progesterone and estrogen have a crucial impact on the pathophysiology of RA, influencing the immune system. Research has demonstrated that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can effectively reduce inflammation, improve disease activity, enhance joint health, alleviate pain, and promote bone strength. Treatments such as tamoxifen and raloxifene, known as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), are effective against chronic inflammatory illnesses like RA. The treatment with Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) has an impact on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, which in turn affects the activity of RA illness. These alternative treatments hold promise in enhancing well-being and alleviating joint pain for individuals with RA.</p>","PeriodicalId":13551,"journal":{"name":"Inflammopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142927003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration of molecular interactions responsible for anti-inflammatory attributes of GI friendly micro-sized formulation of flurbiprofen and clove oil.","authors":"Hafiz Muhammad Zubair, Mohamed Farouk Elsadek, Sajid Asghar, Khalid S Al-Numair, Malik Saadullah, Shafqat Rasul Chaudhry, Thomas Efferth, Muhammad Asif","doi":"10.1007/s10787-024-01611-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-024-01611-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clove oil obtained from Syzygium aromaticum (L.) is traditionally employed to treat inflammation associated with rheumatism, gastric disorders, and as an analgesic. Chemo-herbal combinations are known to have potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, while mitigating the drug related side effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of a combination of flurbiprofen and clove oil in a micro-emulsion (FCM) form using various in vivo models. Micro-emulsion of flurbiprofen and clove oil (FCM) was prepared following reported protocols and three different dose combinations (25, 12.5 and 6.25 mg/kg) were evaluated in carrageenan and histamine-induced acute inflammation, CFA-induced arthritis, yeast-induced pyrexia, and acetic acid-induced writhing models. qPCR studies were conducted to explore the possible mechanism of action. GC-MS of clove oil was performed to explore its chemical composition. FCM 25 mg/kg treated group exhibited significantly better (p < 0.05) effects compared to clove oil (CM) and flurbiprofen (FBR) (25 mg/kg) treated groups in both acute and chronic models. Histopathological study of joints showed a reduction in infiltration of inflammatory cells, bone erosion, and tissue oedema in FCM (25 mg/kg) treated group as compared to other treatment groups. Significant up-regulation in mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) and down-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes (NF-κB, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and COX-2) was observed in all the FCM-treated groups but, 25 mg/kg-treated group showed comparatively better results. Gross macroscopic examination of stomach sections also showed relatively less deleterious effects of test treatments (CM and FCM) as compared with FBR treated group. Serum levels of liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were also found to be normal as compared to FBR and tween-water (TW) treated groups. GC-MS of clove oil revealed that it was rich in eugenol contents.  This study reveals that a combination of flurbiprofen and clove oil in a micro-emulsion form could be a promising approach to enhance therapeutic actions and to mitigate synthetic drugs related side effects in clinical settings. It might implicate a synergistic action on the modulation of inflammatory genes expression. Further research is warranted to explore the full potential of this combination in treating various inflammatory conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13551,"journal":{"name":"Inflammopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142921587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drugs repurposing in the experimental models of Alzheimer's disease.","authors":"Sheer A Joodi, Weam W Ibrahim, Mahmoud M Khattab","doi":"10.1007/s10787-024-01608-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-024-01608-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The currently approved drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are only for symptomatic treatment in the early stages of the disease but they could not halt the neurodegeneration, additionally, the safety profile of the recently developed immunotherapy is a big issue. This review aims to explain the importance of the drugs repurposing technique and strategy to develop therapy for AD. We illustrated the biological alterations in the pathophysiology of AD including the amyloid pathology, the Tau pathology, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, insulin signaling impairment, wingless-related integration site/β-catenin signaling, and autophagy. Additionally, we demonstrated the different repurposed drugs in the experimental models of AD including the anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, antiepileptic, antidepressant and anticancer drugs. Further, we showed the pipeline and FDA approved drugs for AD. The repurposed drugs have a promising therapeutic activity against AD, confirming the value of the drugs repurposing technique to elucidate curative therapy for AD.</p>","PeriodicalId":13551,"journal":{"name":"Inflammopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142921583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}