Indian Journal of Pharmacology最新文献

{"title":"Fluoxetine inhibits severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 replication in vitro.","authors":"Yethindra Vityala, Tugolbai Tagaev, Elmira Mainazarova, Ziiabidin Aidarov, Middela Karthik","doi":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_35_21","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_35_21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>No drugs exist that effectively inhibit the cell entry or genomic replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2). This study evaluated the effects of fluoxetine on SARSCoV2 replication in vitro. Cytotoxicity of both fluoxetine isomers, as well as their impact on the replication of a clinical SARSCoV2 isolate (strain IHUMI3), was assessed using the human nasal epithelial cells. The fluoxetine isomers exhibited similar activities, each significantly inhibiting SARSCoV2 at a concentration of 0.9 µg/mL. The halfmaximal effective concentration was 0.39 µg/mL for both isomers. Treatment with a concentration of 10 µM of either isomer resulted in a 63.9% reduction in the SARSCoV2 titer. Fluoxetine also decreased viral protein expression. The present study demonstrated that fluoxetine inhibited SARSCoV2 replication in vitro, thus providing initial evidence for its potential therapeutic use against SARSCoV2 infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":13490,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"58 2","pages":"142-144"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13004569/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147325959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and safety of remdesivir for patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.","authors":"Jitendra Meena, Amit Agarwal, Amit Sandhu, Pranita Pradhan, Meenu Singh","doi":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_1111_20","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_1111_20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>In view of the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there is a need to identify a specific antiviral therapy. We performed this systematic review to assess the efficacy of remdesivir in the treatment of COVID-19. We searched three electronic databases for clinical trials investigating remdesivir for COVID-19 and included this systematic review. Five trials evaluating 13,558 participants were eligible for this study. Remdesivir, as compared to standard care, increases the rate of clinical improvement at 2 weeks (risk ratio: 1.10; 95% confidence interval: 1.04-1.18). Time to clinical recovery was shorter in the remdesivir group than the standard care group. The mortality rate was lower at 2 weeks in the remdesivir group, but no difference was observed at 4 weeks postrandomization. Extending the duration of remdesivir from 5 days to 10 days did not improve efficacy but increased the risk of adverse events. Findings from this systematic review suggested that remdesivir may slightly improve recovery time and rate of clinical improvement.</p>","PeriodicalId":13490,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"58 2","pages":"137-141"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13004566/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147325923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Career pathways for pharmacologists in India: A clinical pharmacologist's perspective.","authors":"Surjit Singh, Krishna Tiwari","doi":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_185_26","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_185_26","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13490,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"58 2","pages":"83-84"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13004565/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147325932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hexarelin promotes the survival of retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve transection.","authors":"Kevin Bing Shui Chow","doi":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_176_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_176_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Hexarelin is a growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a agonist with a potent anti-apoptotic effect. We studied the neuroprotective effect of hexarelin on the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the retina following optic nerve transection (ONT).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Golden hamsters of 8-9 weeks old were used. For 7 days following ONT with one dose of drug, hamsters were injected with single dose of saline, 25 μg/kg, 50 μg/kg, and 100 μg/kg hexarelin daily for 5 days. For 7 days after ONT with two doses of drugs, saline, 100 μg/kg and 150 μg/kg hexarelin were injected twice daily for 5 days. Survival of RGCs was quantified by immunostaining with Tuj1 antibody in retina whole mount.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Single daily doses of 25 μg/kg, 50 μg/kg, and 100 μg/kg hexarelin dose dependently and significantly increased the survival of RGC. The survival rates of RGC in saline, 25 μg/kg, 50 μg/kg, and 100 μg/kg hexarelin-treated hamsters were 51.2%, 62.4%, 68.5%, and 74.6%, respectively, in 7 days ONT. Two daily doses of saline, 100 μg/kg and 150 μg/kg hexarelin promoted survivals to 72.9%, 91.4%, and 109.2%, respectively, in 7 days ONT.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Single daily doses of hexarelin dose dependently increased the survival of RGC. Two daily doses of hexarelin increased RGC survival further and 150 μg/kg hexarelin twice daily is optimal for the survival of RGC.</p>","PeriodicalId":13490,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"58 2","pages":"126-130"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13004568/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147326049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Restoroing the immune balance of mild-to-moderate Patients with new coronavirus.","authors":"Sijie Chen, Hongmei Li, Zihan Jiang, Jingtian Liang, Ao Zhou","doi":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_234_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_234_23","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which brings the epidemic situation to the public has spread rapidly and produce multiple variations. At present, Western medicine still lacks the specific medicine or vaccines for coronavirus. However, amount of evidence shows that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has advantages in releasing the symptoms of mild-to-moderate COVID patients. Those treatments are not only improving the course of the primary disease but also curb progress to severe pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Therefore, taking TCM intervention or combined treatments appropriately to prevent worsening illness is of vital significance. This study mainly focuses on the data analysis on the effects of TCM in restoring the immune balance of COVID patients. By collecting clinical data from mild to moderate patients, we expected to figure out if TCM only plays the role of curbing inflammation or having a two-way influence in balancing the immune microenvironment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Seven digital databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), Wanfang Database, and China Biology Medicine were searched from December 2019 to August 2022 nothingness of language restrictions. The studies retrieved from the database were selected and the data extracted to assess the methodological quality of the included randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Statistical analysis was completed. Pulmonary computed tomography, clinical cure rate, rate of conversion to severe cases, length of hospital stay, and scores of TCM syndrome were defined as the primary outcomes, the secondary outcomes were white blood cell count, lymphocyte (LYM) count, and C-reactive protein (CRP). This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022341482).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Nine eligible RCTs including 1159 participants were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with Western medicine treatment alone, our meta-analyses found that traditional Chinese combined Western medicine treatment has a higher clinical cure rate, better absorption of lung inflammation, and significantly shorter hospital stay. In terms of inflammatory factors, TCM can significantly reduce the CRP content compared with Western medicine methods, but the leukocyte and LYM content was not significantly different between the two treatments. In some research, TCM even has a trend accelerating the inflammation process on some specific stages of the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Chinese herbal medicine combined with conventional therapy is significantly effective and invulnerable in the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19. In terms of control inflammation, TCM does not only block the disease onset by simply inhibiting inflammation but balancing the human environment through bidirectional regulation of inflammatory cells. However, considering of th","PeriodicalId":13490,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"58 2","pages":"114-125"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13004561/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147325964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroprotective effects of Vitamin D3 supplementation combination with valproate and perampanel in an experimental model using status epilepticus induction.","authors":"Sudhir Chandra Sarangi, Surabhi Sinha, Shan Mohamad, Deeksha Sharma, Soumya Sucharita Pattnaik, Yajnaseni Dash, Aruna Nambirajan, Tapas Chandra Nag, Surender Singh, Manjari Tripathi","doi":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_484_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_484_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Status epilepticus (SE) is a severe form of epilepsy with neurological sequelae and high mortality. Considering the neuromodulatory effects of Vitamin D3 (Vit-D3), this study investigated the potential role of Vit-D3 alone and in combination with antiseizure medications (ASMs).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Male Wistar rats were assigned into seven groups: SE-control, healthy control, valproate (VPA) (370 mg/kg), perampanel (PER) (1.5 mg/kg), Vit-D3 (6000 IU/kg/day), VPA + Vit-D3, and PER + Vit-D3. After 14 days of pretreatment, SE was induced by LiCl-pilocarpine administration, followed by acute (17 days) and long-term (29 days) drug effect studies. Seizure details and learning-memory were assessed along with evaluation of brain tissue for neurodegeneration (electronmicroscopy), histopathology, neuronal viability (neuron-specific nuclear protein), reactive astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein) by immunohistochemistry, total antioxidant capacity, and neuroinflammation biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Vit-D3 combination with VPA or PER significantly reduced the percentage of rats experiencing stage-3/4 seizures and increased latency compared to the SE-control group (P < 0.001). Drug-treated groups had better memory retention (P < 0.001) than SE-control, with significantly better protection in the combination group. In immunohistochemistry, Vit-D3 in combination with ASMs had less neurodegeneration and reactive astrocytes in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex (P < 0.001). Through electron microscopy, the SE-control group exhibited significant damage in hippocampus's myelin sheath and axons (grade 3) on days 17 and 29. Vit-D3 alone and in combination with ASMs attenuated these changes (P < 0.001), with combination groups showing the least neurodegeneration (day 29).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Vit-D3 supplementation, especially in combination with ASMs, showed promising neuroprotective effects in the SE model in rats by improving seizure control, memory, hippocampal health, and antioxidant levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":13490,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"58 2","pages":"85-95"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13004574/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147325997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A prospective observational study on the off-label use of medications in the psychiatry outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital.","authors":"Shubham Gadaria, Sapna Arun More, V S Pal, Pooja Solanki Mishra, Pali Rastogi, Deepti Rastogi","doi":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_184_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_184_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Off-label prescribing - using medications outside their approved indications, doses, or populations - is common in psychiatry, with Indian studies estimating a prevalence of 30%-40%. Despite this, data on prescribing patterns and associated factors remain limited.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to assess the prevalence, pattern, and demographic factors associated with off-label prescribing in a psychiatric outpatient setting. The specific objectives included identifying common psychiatric conditions linked to off-label use and its correlation with patient age.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective, cross-sectional, and observational study was conducted over 3 months in the psychiatry outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital after ethics approval. Data on demographics, clinical history, and prescriptions were collected using a predesigned pro forma. Off-label status was determined using the National Formulary of India (NFI, 6th edition, 2021) and Central Drugs Standard Control Organization records. The Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 500 patients (mean age 40.74 ± 15.49 years), 1197 drugs were prescribed, of which 417 (34.83%) were off-label. Clonazepam (40.28%) and lorazepam (15.35%) were the most frequently used off-label drugs, followed by risperidone and propranolol (4.32%). Depressive disorder was the most common condition linked to off-label use. Off-label prescribing was highest (49.6%) in the 21-40 years' age group. Inappropriate indications were the most frequent reason for off-label use.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Off-label prescribing is prevalent in psychiatric practice, with benzodiazepines and antipsychotics commonly involved. These findings highlight the need for improved awareness and regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13490,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"58 2","pages":"96-100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13004570/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147325888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valproate-induced hyperammonemic delirium in a patient with bipolar affective disorder: A clinical caution.","authors":"Shruti Gupta, Sanyam Tyagi, Sumit Rana, Shiv Prasad","doi":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_1114_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_1114_25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13490,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"58 2","pages":"160-161"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13004556/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147326082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silymarin alleviates cisplatin-induced cachexia via modulating tripartite motif containing 63 (TRIM63) and myogenin.","authors":"Shreya Das, Jyotika, Ritu Pahuja, Sapana Kushwaha, Richa Shrivastava","doi":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_136_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_136_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Cachexia is one of the major chemotherapy-induced adverse effects, characterized by gradual depletion of muscle mass. Currently, there is no specific treatment for cachexia. This study aims to evaluate the role of silymarin in attenuating muscle wasting in a model of cisplatin-induced cachexia.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Female Swiss albino mice were divided into three groups (n = 6) and received the treatment according to their group for 7 days: NC (Normal Control, receiving normal saline), CP (Cisplatin, receiving cisplatin 3 mg/kg i.p.) and SY+CP (Silymarin+Cisplatin, receiving silymarin 100 mg/kg orally two hours before cisplatin 3mg/kg i.p). Body weight, muscle weight, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and GSH levels were measured, and muscle histopathological studies were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Silymarin prevented cisplatin-induced damage in the triceps, quadriceps, and gastrocnemius muscles. Cisplatin administration altered tissue architecture and decreased the size and cross-sectional area of all three muscle fibers, which were significantly restored in the silymarin-treated group. Muscle tissue homogenates from the silymarin-treated group exhibited higher levels of reduced glutathione compared to the cisplatin group. The elevated serum TNF-α levels in the cisplatin group were decreased from 183 ± 1.66 pg/mL to 117.40 ± 10.47 pg/mL in the silymarin-treated mice. Tripartite motif-containing 63 (TRIM63), a muscle atrophy marker, was upregulated, and myogenin, a marker of myogenesis, was decreased by cisplatin, and the expression of both markers was reversed upon silymarin treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Silymarin attenuates cisplatin-induced cachexia through TRIM63 suppression, myogenin restoration, and reduced oxidative and inflammatory stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":13490,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"58 2","pages":"101-108"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13004572/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147326115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cross-sectional clinical analysis on diabetic foot ulcer and associated risk management.","authors":"Mohamed Arsath Shamsudeen, Subash C B Gopinath, Mohamad Zahin Hafiz Zulkiple","doi":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_644_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_644_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a serious complication of diabetes mellitus, leading to significant morbidity and an increased risk of amputation. This study aimed to determine the clinical profile and associated risk factors of DFU patients at a tertiary care center in Chennai, India.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study of 189 DFU patients was conducted from September 2018 to August 2019. Data on patient demographics, diabetes history, and risk factors were collected and analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of the patients was 62 ± 11 years, with 67.7% being male. Uncontrolled diabetes was observed in 88.9% of patients and 85.2% had peripheral neuropathy. Other significant risk factors included a history of trauma (67.7%), smoking (51.3%), and low socioeconomic status (64%). DFUs were more common in elderly males with uncontrolled diabetes. Peripheral neuropathy, trauma, and smoking were identified as major risk factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Early detection of peripheral neuropathy and patient education on foot care are crucial for prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":13490,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"58 2","pages":"131-136"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13004562/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147325944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}