Indian Journal of Pharmacology最新文献

筛选
英文 中文
Tuberculosis and comorbid depression: Association with serum indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity. 结核病和共病抑郁症:与血清吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶活性的关系。
IF 1.4 4区 医学
Indian Journal of Pharmacology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-06 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_252_23
Proteesh Rana, Bijo Varughese, Vandana Roy, Shreshth Khanna, Seema Kapoor, Ashwani Khanna
{"title":"Tuberculosis and comorbid depression: Association with serum indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity.","authors":"Proteesh Rana, Bijo Varughese, Vandana Roy, Shreshth Khanna, Seema Kapoor, Ashwani Khanna","doi":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_252_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijp.ijp_252_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Patients with tuberculosis (TB) may have depression as a comorbidity, which may be associated with poor treatment outcomes. Increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines activating enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has been reported in TB. We studied the association of IDO activity and comorbid depression in TB patients.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve TB patients were evaluated for symptoms of depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 scale. A PHQ-9 score of ≥5 was taken as an indicator for depression. Patients were further categorized into two groups based on their PHQ-9 scores, Group-I with a PHQ-9 score of <5 and Group-II with a PHQ-9 score ≥5. The serum kynurenine (KYN) and tryptophan (TRP) levels were determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and the KYN/TRP ratio was taken as a measure for IDO activity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 106 TB patients and 106 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Over 73.5% of TB patients had PHQ-9 scores of above 5 with an average score of 7.09 ± 2.83, a significant difference (P < 0.05) as compared to the average PHQ-9 scores of healthy controls (2.93 ± 1.20). Group-II TB patients had lower serum TRP 539.55 ± 194.31 ng/mL versus 1109.45 ± 186.04 ng/mL (P < 0.01) in Group-I; higher serum KYN 425.81 ± 65.51 ng/mL versus 250.06 ± 40.28 ng/mL (P < 0.01) and higher K/T ratio 0.906 ± 0.56 versus 0.251 ± 0.052 (P < 0.01). There was a significant linear correlation between PHQ-9 and serum KYN (r: 0.969; P: <0.01; R2: 0.909); serum TRP (r: 0.841; P: <0.01; R2: 0.745); and KYN/TRP ratio (r: 0.745; P < 0.01; R2: 0.618).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that in TB patients, induction of IDO activity may be relevant to the development of comorbid depression.</p>","PeriodicalId":13490,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"57 1","pages":"21-26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144020292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pirfenidone-induced phototoxicity. Pirfenidone-induced光毒性。
IF 1.4 4区 医学
Indian Journal of Pharmacology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-06 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_601_24
Nazneen Bano, Anmol Batra, Shubham Kumar
{"title":"Pirfenidone-induced phototoxicity.","authors":"Nazneen Bano, Anmol Batra, Shubham Kumar","doi":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_601_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijp.ijp_601_24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13490,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"57 1","pages":"55-56"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143991785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cardiac glycosides: Looking beyond heart failure and atrial fibrillation. 心脏糖苷:超越心力衰竭和心房颤动。
IF 1.4 4区 医学
Indian Journal of Pharmacology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-06 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_934_24
Joseph G Omole, Godswill J Udom, Ayodeji Aturamu, Richard D Agbana, Omoirri Moses Aziakpono, Benjamin Oritsemuelebi, Sarad Pawar Naik Bukke, Idara A Okon, Omoniyi K Yemitan
{"title":"Cardiac glycosides: Looking beyond heart failure and atrial fibrillation.","authors":"Joseph G Omole, Godswill J Udom, Ayodeji Aturamu, Richard D Agbana, Omoirri Moses Aziakpono, Benjamin Oritsemuelebi, Sarad Pawar Naik Bukke, Idara A Okon, Omoniyi K Yemitan","doi":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_934_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijp.ijp_934_24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13490,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"57 1","pages":"33-47"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143998816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A rare case of tamsulosin-induced recurrent ischemic priapism. 坦索罗辛致复发性缺血性阴茎勃起症1例。
IF 1.4 4区 医学
Indian Journal of Pharmacology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-06 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_456_24
Hitesh Taleja, Mohit Pateriya, Abhishek Mishra, Shalendra Singh
{"title":"A rare case of tamsulosin-induced recurrent ischemic priapism.","authors":"Hitesh Taleja, Mohit Pateriya, Abhishek Mishra, Shalendra Singh","doi":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_456_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijp.ijp_456_24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13490,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"57 1","pages":"57-58"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143998461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cardiac physiological changes induced by cardiovascular drugs from different chemical classes in zebrafish mirrored in mice: A predictive tool for comprehensive risk assessment. 不同化学类别的心血管药物在斑马鱼中引起的心脏生理变化反映在小鼠身上:一种综合风险评估的预测工具。
IF 1.4 4区 医学
Indian Journal of Pharmacology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-06 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_566_24
Rohan Takawale, Deeksha Singh, Vandana S Nikam
{"title":"Cardiac physiological changes induced by cardiovascular drugs from different chemical classes in zebrafish mirrored in mice: A predictive tool for comprehensive risk assessment.","authors":"Rohan Takawale, Deeksha Singh, Vandana S Nikam","doi":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_566_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijp.ijp_566_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Our study investigated the impact of various cardiovascular drug on the cardiac physiology of zebrafish embryos and validated these findings in mice.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Cardiotoxicity has significantly contributed to the high drug attrition rate over the last two decades, underscoring the cardiac risk assessment in drug discovery and development. Although regulatory authority's guidelines specified the cell-based assays for the safety assessment of drugs, the current requirements fall short due to a lack of in vivo biology. The use of zebrafish experimental system has surged in developmental and pathophysiological investigation due to their striking resemblance to mammals. Hence, we used the zebrafish model system for cardiovascular drug studies and validated it in the mice model.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The zebrafish embryos of 72 hours post-fertilization (hpf) were exposed to different CVS drug and, recorded their heart rate, and further validated in mice.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed that exposure to amlodipine (a calcium channel blocker), atenolol (a class II antiarrhythmic), and amiodarone (a class III antiarrhythmic) led to dose-dependent reductions in heart rate in zebrafish embryos, with effects varying based on drug concentration and mechanism of action. Specifically, amiodarone treatment resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in heart rate (0.001-100 μM) and atrioventricular block starting at a 10 μM concentration. Each class of cardiovascular drug demonstrated unique cardiac effects in zebrafish embryos, reflecting similar patterns in mice treated with these drugs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings highlight the zebrafish model's utility for early-phase cardiac risk assessment in drug discovery due to its high throughput capabilities and other beneficial features.</p>","PeriodicalId":13490,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"57 1","pages":"12-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144019978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An unusual and interesting case of sequential serious adverse event. 一个不寻常和有趣的连续严重不良事件的病例。
IF 1.4 4区 医学
Indian Journal of Pharmacology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-06 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_675_22
Trupti Rekha Swain, Lorika Sahu, Jyotishree Mallik
{"title":"An unusual and interesting case of sequential serious adverse event.","authors":"Trupti Rekha Swain, Lorika Sahu, Jyotishree Mallik","doi":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_675_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijp.ijp_675_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Hydrocortisone and pheniramine are frequently administered drugs for the management of severe allergic or anaphylactic reactions. However, there is hardly any literature that shows the association between the use of these drugs for the management of anaphylactic reactions that can induce serious adverse effect. We present a peculiar case of loss of consciousness following concurrent administration of intravenous pheniramine (Avil) and hydrocortisone (primacort) for the management of another drug-induced adverse reaction characterized by urticaria and pruritis that erupted succeeding intake of a fluoroquinolone group of the drug (ofloxacin). Loss of consciousness associated with pheniramine is a serious adverse drug reaction and its association was found out to be \"probable/likely\" according to the WHO-UMC Causality Assessment Scale. Such reactions, although rare, can be serious requiring immediate hospitalization and warrant vigilance.</p>","PeriodicalId":13490,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"57 1","pages":"52-54"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144005613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Protective effect of hesperidin, ascorbic acid and their combination on oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, and histological changes in antitubercular drug-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. 橙皮苷、抗坏血酸及其联合应用对抗结核药物肝毒性大鼠氧化应激、血脂异常及组织学改变的保护作用。
IF 1.4 4区 医学
Indian Journal of Pharmacology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-06 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_116_24
Nathiya Shanmugam, Preethi Umanath, Vennila Gurusamy
{"title":"Protective effect of hesperidin, ascorbic acid and their combination on oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, and histological changes in antitubercular drug-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.","authors":"Nathiya Shanmugam, Preethi Umanath, Vennila Gurusamy","doi":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_116_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijp.ijp_116_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hesperidin and ascorbic acid (AA) enhance cellular antioxidant defense systems by neutralizing the free radicals which formed during oxidative stress that could offer protective effects against drug-induced liver injury. Hence, this study aims to investigate the effect of hesperidin, AA and their combination against antitubercular drug (ATDs)- induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The rats were divided into six groups of 6 animals each. Isoniazid (H), Rifampicin (R), and pyrazinamide (Z) (27, 54, 135 mg/kg.b.wt) were co-administration for 50 days to induce hepatotoxicity. Hesperidin 200 mg/kg and AA 100 mg/kg p.o were administered 1 h before ATDs administration. At the end of the study, blood and liver tissues were collected and subjected to biochemical and histopathological examination. Biochemical parameters, serum marker enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, Gamma glutamyltransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase), lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, GSH, glutathione peroxidase, GR, Vitamin C, and Vitamin E), lipid profile, membrane bound ATPase, and histological changes of liver were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results revealed that HRZ-induced hepatotoxicity was evident by significant (P < 0.001) elevation in level of urea, creatinine, bilirubin, liver marker enzymes, lipid profile (P < 0.01), and LPO (P < 0.001) along with significant decline in the level of total protein, albumin (P > 0.05), ATPase (P < 0.001), and antioxidant enzymes (P < 0.001). Treatment with HDN and AA significantly reduced the changes induced by HRZ. However, compared to individual treatment, combined treatment with HDN and AA significantly (P < 0.001) ameliorated all the changes induced by ATDs and improved the hepatic architecture to near normal.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The combination of HDN and AA demonstrated a synergistic therapeutic effect against HRZ-induced liver injury; hence, this combination represents a potential novel strategy for the management of anti-TB drug-induced liver damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":13490,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"57 1","pages":"4-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143977894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Amelioration of convulsion-induced depression comorbidity by Rubus ellipticus whole plant extract in experimental models. 野荆芥全植物提取物改善惊厥性抑郁合并症的实验模型。
IF 1.4 4区 医学
Indian Journal of Pharmacology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-06 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_215_23
Suniti Chand, Saumya Das, Avijit Mazumder, Swarupanjali Padhi, Chandana Majee, Ananya Pandey, Manas Kumar Das
{"title":"Amelioration of convulsion-induced depression comorbidity by Rubus ellipticus whole plant extract in experimental models.","authors":"Suniti Chand, Saumya Das, Avijit Mazumder, Swarupanjali Padhi, Chandana Majee, Ananya Pandey, Manas Kumar Das","doi":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_215_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijp.ijp_215_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Neuropsychiatric disorders are widespread and serious and have a detrimental effect on the patient's physical and mental health. The aim of the present study was to find the protective effect of Rubus ellipticus in epilepsy by maximal electroshock seizure, pentylenetetrazol, and related depressive behavior by Forced Swim Test and Tail Suspension Test. The animals were given ethanol extract of R. ellipticus (EERE) (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) doses for 10 days. On every 5th day, seizure monitoring was performed (day 5 and day 10), followed by depressive behavior monitoring by evaluating immobility time. It was revealed that EERE treatment caused antidepressive-like behavior as a comorbid antiepileptogenic effect. This study will provide compelling evidence to support further clinical trials to grow this medicinal plant in the management of epileptogenic and associated debilitating behavioral comorbidities.</p>","PeriodicalId":13490,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"57 1","pages":"48-51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143998773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Digital platform for prescription analytics and antibiotic surveillance in an outpatient department setup. 处方分析和抗生素监测的数字平台在门诊设置。
IF 1.4 4区 医学
Indian Journal of Pharmacology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-06 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_201_25
Saumya Kankanala, Krishna Prakash Joshi, Mohammad Nezamuddin Khan, Rohit Dixit, Rohini Gunasekaran, Tarun Gupta, Yogendra Kumar Gupta
{"title":"Digital platform for prescription analytics and antibiotic surveillance in an outpatient department setup.","authors":"Saumya Kankanala, Krishna Prakash Joshi, Mohammad Nezamuddin Khan, Rohit Dixit, Rohini Gunasekaran, Tarun Gupta, Yogendra Kumar Gupta","doi":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_201_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_201_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The analysis of prescriptions plays a crucial role in promoting rational drug use, minimizing medication errors, and enabling effective antimicrobial surveillance. Manual analyzing is time-consuming, expensive, and error-prone. This study aimed to evaluate prescribing patterns and antimicrobial surveillance using a novel digital analytical platform in a tertiary care hospital.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A descriptive observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital, in India, between June and August 2024. Prescription data were collected from outpatient departments (general medicine, surgery, pediatrics, pulmonology, and orthopedics) and analyzed using the VaidyaRx digital analytic platform. World Health Organization Core Prescribing Indicators were applied to assess prescribing trends, generic drug usage, antibiotic prescribing patterns, fixed-dose combination (FDC), and adherence to the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM). Data were analyzed using MS Excel and VaidyaRx.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean patient age was 35.8 ± 19.2 years, with pediatrics (21.8%), adult (73.3%), and geriatric (4.9%). The average drugs per prescription were 3.2, and generic prescriptions were 37.5%. Antibiotics were prescribed in 24.9% of prescriptions, highest in surgery (46.9%), with ofloxacin + ornidazole and amoxicillin + potassium clavulanate being the most common. NLEM drug use was 36.7%, with more FDCs from non-NLEM (40.9%) than NLEM (8.3%) drugs. Only 64.5% of prescriptions mentioned dosage, raising concerns about completeness.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Using the VaidyaRx digital platform, real-time prescription analysis was possible which helped in enhancing medication safety and antimicrobial stewardship. Suitable interventions are needed to reduce polypharmacy, increase generic prescribing, ensure rational antibiotic use, and improve prescribing practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":13490,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"57 1","pages":"27-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143963443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
International Council for Harmonisation E6 (R3): The Good Clinical Practice, recent developments, and global perspective. 国际协调委员会E6 (R3):良好临床实践,最新发展和全球视角。
IF 1.4 4区 医学
Indian Journal of Pharmacology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-06 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_152_25
Vipul Bharati, Sandhya Rajaram, Ajay Prakash, Bikash Medhi
{"title":"International Council for Harmonisation E6 (R3): The Good Clinical Practice, recent developments, and global perspective.","authors":"Vipul Bharati, Sandhya Rajaram, Ajay Prakash, Bikash Medhi","doi":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_152_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijp.ijp_152_25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13490,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"57 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144020236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
相关产品
×
本文献相关产品
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信