Indonesia Law Review最新文献

{"title":"THE SPECTRA OF AUTHORITARIANISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA","authors":"Ghunarsa Sujatnika","doi":"10.15742/ILREV.V10N3.678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15742/ILREV.V10N3.678","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13484,"journal":{"name":"Indonesia Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43400173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Between Control and Empowerment: Local Government and Acknowledgement of Adat Villages in Indonesia","authors":"Tine Suartina","doi":"10.15742/ILREV.V10N3.679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15742/ILREV.V10N3.679","url":null,"abstract":"The local government’s acknowledgment of adat (customary) communities and adat villages, as regulated in the Village Law 6/2014 , appear to signal an increasing recognition of adat law. However, the current acknowledgment practices and adat village formalizations have become areas of legal contestation between adat communities and state-national and local governments. Despite the resurgence of formal legal pluralism, those acknowledgment and accommodation mechanisms are double-edged. They involve control and empowerment as emphasized in Hellman’s framework applied to analyze the dilemma in a plural society regarding cultural politics. On the one hand, the acknowledgment and accommodation mechanisms conducted through an official process necessitate the fulfillment of a list of requirements set by the government (controlled). Thus, there is a possible drawback for an asymmetrical position between the formal institution (recognition giver) and the community (recognition recipient). Conversely, the mechanisms are used by adat communities as a means to gain the rights of self-determination. Thus, empowerment is realized, because most local acknowledgment regulations include obligations of protection by the state and local governments. This paper discusses the dynamics of legal pluralism in Indonesia using cases of local acknowledgment and adat village institutionalization in which adat law becomes an element in formalizing the communities’ existence and adat village format. However, a question remains regarding whether the central position of adat law in such a mechanism is merely applied to fulfill the acknowledgment and accommodation requirement or whether it actually strengthens its capacity. \u0000 \u0000Abstrak \u0000Pengakuan Pemerintah Daerah atas masyarakat adat dan desa adat, sebagaimana diatur melalui Undang-undang Desa Nomor 6/2014, seperti menandakan semakin meningkatnya pengakuan terhadap hukum adat. Namun, praktik pengakuan pemerintah dan formalisasi desa adat saat ini merupakan arena kontestasi dalam bidang hukum antara pemerintah negara bagian dan nasional, dan masyarakat adat. Terlepas dari menguatnya pluralisme hukum secara formal, pengakuan dan mekanisme akomodasi tersebut memiliki dua sisi, kontrol dan pemberdayaan sebagaimana ditekankan oleh Hellman untuk menganalisis dilema dalam masyarakat plural dalam politik kebudayaan. Di satu sisi, mekanisme pengakuan dan akomodasi yang dilakukan melalui proses resmi mensyaratkan pemenuhan sejumlah persyaratan yang ditetapkan oleh pemerintah (kontrol); karena itu, memiliki potensi terjadinya posisi asimetris antara lembaga formal (pemberi pengakuan) dan masyarakat (penerima pengakuan). Sebaliknya, mekanisme-mekanisme tersebut juga digunakan oleh masyarakat adat sebagai alat untuk memperoleh hak penentuan nasib sendiri. Untuk itu, aspek pemberdayaan disertakan dalam sebagian besar peraturan pengakuan di daerah termasuk kewajiban perlindungan oleh negara dan pemerintah daerah. Tulisan ini mendiskusikan dinam","PeriodicalId":13484,"journal":{"name":"Indonesia Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42049889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inclusive and Implementable Legal Rules for E-Commerce: A Comparative Study of Indonesia and Vietnam","authors":"N. N. Bich, P. Nguyen","doi":"10.15742/ILREV.V10N3.631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15742/ILREV.V10N3.631","url":null,"abstract":"Both Vietnam and Indonesia have large populations that promise major markets for e-commerce. The two nations record high internet coverage and large numbers of social media users. Recently, the countries have been trying to support e-commerce with new legal rules. In November 2019, Indonesia’s government introduced Government Regulation No. 80 of 2019 on Trading through Electronic Systems (GR 80, 2019). GR 80 requires e-commerce businesses to obtain business licenses, report taxes, and preserve consumer protections and rights. Similarly, Vietnam has issued a number of resolutions and guidelines since its Decree on E-Commerce in 2013 (Decree No. 52/2013/NĐ-CP). While these legal documents cover nearly all aspects of e-commerce, little of their implementability and inclusiveness has been studied. Using the individualized comparison methodology and case studies, the authors analyze the legal rules in the two countries and discover that (i) the e-commerce regulations in both countries lack implementability in terms of connection and interest among stakeholders; (ii) the regulations are implementable for big businesses with formal websites but pose a significant burden for smaller businesses, which ultimately means the lack of inclusiveness. It is recommended for both to work hard and efficiently to set up their immediate response schemes, cooperatively, to expand the participation of small online businesses and multiple other stakeholders. A strategy of cross-border collaboration to build trust in e-commerce for business owners could be studied in the future. \u0000 \u0000Abstrak \u0000Vietnam dan Indonesia memiliki populasi besar yang menjanjikan ukuran pasar potensial untuk e-commerce. Kedua negara tersebut juga mencatat cakupan internet yang tinggi dan jumlah pengguna media sosial yang besar. Baru-baru ini, kedua negara berusaha mendukung e-commerce dengan aturan hukum baru. Pemerintah Indonesia telah memperkenalkan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 80 Tahun 2019 tentang Perdagangan Melalui Sistem Elektronik (GR 80, 2019) pada November 2019. GR 80 mewajibkan pelaku usaha e-commerce untuk mendapatkan izin usaha, melaporkan pajak, dan melindungi perlindungan dan hak konsumen. Demikian pula, Vietnam terus mengeluarkan sejumlah resolusi dan keputusan panduan setelah Dekrit tentang E-Commerce tahun 2013. Meskipun dokumen hukum ini mencakup hampir semua aspek e-commerce secara mendetail, hanya sedikit penerapan dan inklusivitas yang telah dipelajari. Dengan menggunakan metodologi perbandingan individual dan studi kasus, penulis menganalisis aturan hukum di kedua negara dan menemukan bahwa: (i) peraturan kedua negara tentang e-commerce kurang dapat diterapkan dalam hal hubungan dan kepentingan di antara para pemangku kepentingan; (ii) peraturan dapat diterapkan untuk bisnis besar dengan situs web formal tetapi membebani bisnis berukuran kecil secara dramatis yang menyiratkan kurangnya inklusivitas. Direkomendasikan bahwa keduanya harus bekerja keras dan efisien untuk menyiapk","PeriodicalId":13484,"journal":{"name":"Indonesia Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47887612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Law of Arbitration Rules that are Final and Binding","authors":"Heru Sugiyono, Heru Suyanto, R. Agustanti","doi":"10.15742/ilrev.v10n3.655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15742/ilrev.v10n3.655","url":null,"abstract":"A request in a district court for annulment of an arbitration, or arbitral, award is a form of legal remedy that claims dissatisfaction with the award by one or more parties. It contravenes the provisions that stipulate the finality of the award and its permanently binding legal force. The attempt to invalidate the arbitral award seems to reflect the party’s (or parties’) disobedience to it. The research method here employed normative juridical review of various library materials consisting of primary legal sources from related laws and regulations, secondary materials which formed the explanations used in the analysis of the primary legal materials in the form of doctrine, academic views, judicial decisions, document searches, books, and scientific works. The legal material is identified and analyzed to achieve the objectives of the study. The results indicate that there is legal uncertainty related to the provision, specifically whether a district court can overturn a final arbitration award and that it carries the legal force to bind the parties. Therefore, it is necessary to create that certainty, and write off Law No. 30 of 1999 concerning Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution, article 70. Arbitrators are encouraged to act more professionally in examining and delivering fair arbitration awards without being tainted by false evidence or gimmicks.","PeriodicalId":13484,"journal":{"name":"Indonesia Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67345125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legalization of Waqf Forests in Indonesia: The Registration Process","authors":"M. Jannah, A. Sarkawi, J. Othman","doi":"10.15742/ILREV.V10N3.629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15742/ILREV.V10N3.629","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract \u0000Waqf (Islamic endowment) is considered one of the alternative solutions to environmental problems in Indonesia. One of the examples is through the establishment of a waqf forest, a conservation initiative in the form of developing forests on waqf land. The development of waqf forests needs to pay attention to the legal side in accordance with the laws and regulations of Indonesia. Previous studies discussed the process of legalizing waqf land in Indonesia, but research about the legalization of waqf forest land is still scarce. This study aims to determine the process of legalizing waqf forests on the basis of Indonesian laws and regulations. On the basis of the results of literature studies and expert interviews that were analyzed descriptively, the process of legalizing waqf forest is one of the main tasks of a nazir (waqf manager). The process involves at least three government agencies: the Ministry of Religion, the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning (National Land Agency), and the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. The waqf forest legalization process begins with making a waqf pledge deed at the local Office of Religious Affairs, followed by creating a waqf land certificate at the local Land Offices. A crucial step is to clarify that the represented land must be located outside the forest area through a statement from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. The legalization of waqf forests will guarantee the sustainability of the forest because this process makes waqf forest legal under Islamic law and the law of the Republic of Indonesia. \u0000 \u0000Abstrak \u0000Dewasa ini, wakaf mulai dipertimbangkan sebagai salah satu alternatif solusi dari permasalahan lingkungan di Indonesia. Salah satu contoh aplikasi wakaf untuk hal tersebut adalah ‘hutan wakaf’, sebuah inisiatif konservasi berupa pengembangan hutan di atas tanah wakaf. Pengembangan hutan wakaf, sebagai bagian dari tanah wakaf, perlu memperhatikan sisi legal sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku di Indonesia. Telah banyak penelitian sebelumnya yang membahas proses legalisasi tanah wakaf, namun belum ada penelitian yang membahas proses legalisasi hutan wakaf di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses legalisasi hutan wakaf sesuai peraturan perundang-undangan Indonesia. Berdasarkan hasil studi literatur dan wawancara pakar yang dianalisis secara deskriptif, proses legalisasi hutan wakaf dinilai sebagai salah satu tugas nazir (pengelola wakaf) yang utama. Proses ini melibatkan setidaknya tiga instansi pemerintah, yaitu Kementrian Agama, Kementrian Agraria dan Tata Ruang (Badan Pertanahan Nasional), serta Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. Alur legalisasi hutan wakaf bermula dari pembuatan akta ikrar wakaf di Kantor Urusan Agama setempat, dilanjutkan dengan pembuatan sertifikat tanah wakaf di Badan Pertanahan Nasional setempat. Adapun salah satu syarat yang harus dipenuhi adalah, tanah yang diwakafkan tidak boleh merupakan ba","PeriodicalId":13484,"journal":{"name":"Indonesia Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45169929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Authoritarianism in the Halal Product Guarantee Act of Indonesia: A Contribution to An Ongoing Debate","authors":"S. Rohmah, Moh. Anas Kholish, Ilham Tohari","doi":"10.15742/ILREV.V10N3.645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15742/ILREV.V10N3.645","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract \u0000This study aims to examine the discourse on authoritarianism in the Halal Product Guarantee Act of Indonesia. The issue raised concerns opinions on or accusations of the Halal Product Guarantee Act of Indonesia reflecting authoritarianism and threatening human rights, specifically, religious beliefs. Furthermore, the discourse on authoritarianism in the Halal Product Guarantee Act of Indonesia states efforts to impose a single interpretation of the provisions in Islamic law. In this study, we investigate the validity of these allegations using a statute and conceptual approach. In this research, we determine that the claim of authoritarianism in the Halal Product Guarantee Law of Indonesia is false. In principle, the Halal Product Guarantee Act does not prohibit the circulation of haram products and thus does not violate the rights of nonMuslims. In addition, centralization of the Indonesian Ulema Council’s authority on the interpretation of halal provisions for a product is necessary to realize the principle of legal certainty. \u0000 \u0000Abstract \u0000Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji wacana otoriterisme dalam Undang-Undang Jaminan Produk Halal di Indonesia. Permasalahan yang diangkat adalah adanya pendapat atau tudingan yang menyatakan bahwa UU Jaminan Produk Halal di Indonesia mencerminkan otoritarianisme dan mengancam hak asasi manusia, khususnya keyakinan beragama. Lebih lanjut, wacana otoriterisme dalam UU Jaminan Produk Halal di Indonesia juga diartikan sebagai upaya untuk memaksakan tafsir tunggal terhadap ketentuan hukum Islam. Dalam artikel ini kami memeriksa validitas dari tuduhan tersebut. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan statute approach dan conceptual approach. Dalam penelitian ini kami menemukan bahwa klaim otoriterisme dalam UU Jaminan Produk Halal di Indonesia adalah klaim yang keliru. Karena pada prinsipnya UU Jaminan Produk Halal tidak melarang peredaran produk haram, sehingga tidak ada hak nonmuslim yang dilanggar. Dan sentralisasi kewenangan Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) terhadap penafsiran ketentuan kehalalan suatu produk diperlukan untuk menjamin terpenuhinya asas kepastian hukum.","PeriodicalId":13484,"journal":{"name":"Indonesia Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44913899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF PIRACY ON THE ART-CRAFT INDUSTRY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NIGERIA AND INDONESIA","authors":"K. Anele","doi":"10.15742/ILREV.V10N2.652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15742/ILREV.V10N2.652","url":null,"abstract":"Nigeria and Indonesia are not only made up of a plethora of ethnic groups, which presupposes the availability of art-crafts, cultural heritage, and cultures but also coastal states that rely heavily on shipping for their economic development. The existence of art-crafts and cultural heritage also means that there are thriving tourism sectors and creative industries in both countries. Nonetheless, the spate of piratical attacks off the waters of Nigeria and Indonesia potentially threatens the economic and sociopolitical significance of art-craft, particularly in the exportation of art-craft items and the importation of materials for art-craft production, in both countries. Moreover, piracy threatens logistics in tourism in both countries, which depends on the art-craft industry for its sustenance. Also, piratical acts threaten the transportation of foreign tourists visiting tourist destinations in Nigeria and Indonesia. Thus, it becomes imperative to secure the transportation of people and art-craft items and materials through the sea to Nigeria and Indonesia. The paper argues that similar antipiracy measures can contribute to preventing piracy from affecting the art-craft industries in Nigeria and Indonesia, like strengthening piracy legal and institutional regime and cooperation among relevant stakeholders, especially neighboring countries, maritime organizations, and the shipping industry. The paper concludes by reiterating that though piratical attacks against vessels transporting art-craft items and materials have not been recorded, the incessant piratical acts off the waters of Nigeria and Indonesia suggest that attacks on vessels involved in the art-craft industry are imminent, and therefore, should be nipped in the bud.","PeriodicalId":13484,"journal":{"name":"Indonesia Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49552830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND THE ROLE OF CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS: THE CASES OF INDONESIA AND SOUTH KOREA","authors":"M. Chakim","doi":"10.15742/ILREV.V10N2.605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15742/ILREV.V10N2.605","url":null,"abstract":"Freedom of speech is a constitutional right that must be protected in a democratic society. However, there is an alarming problem in many countries where governments limit freedom of speech by targeting people espousing views contrary to those of the government. Many free speech cases handled by the Constitutional Courts of Indonesia and Korea demonstrate a gradual decline in the quality of democracy there. This article aims to assess the extent to which the Constitutional Courts’ role and responsibilities contribute to the protection of freedom of speech. Through its decisions, the Constitutional Courts in those two countries have contributed to institutionalizing freedom of speech as a permanent fixture of democracy by keeping the state institutions transparent and making the state responsive to public opinion and criticism. Although freedom of speech is not an absolute right and can be limited, the limitation should be done only under strict conditions, where it is required and proportionate. When dealing with freedom of speech cases in any future judgments, the Constitutional Courts should consider the proportionality test against State arguments. This method would allow the Courts to determine the limitation in freedom of speech cases.","PeriodicalId":13484,"journal":{"name":"Indonesia Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48867855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A BEHAVIORAL APPROACH TO BILATERAL COOPERATION ON CRIMINAL LAWS: A CASE STUDY ON INDONESIA’S EXTRADITION AND MUTUAL LEGAL ASSISTANCE TREATIES","authors":"Harison Citrawan, Muhammad Fedian","doi":"10.15742/ILREV.V10N2.632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15742/ILREV.V10N2.632","url":null,"abstract":"The effectiveness of bilateral agreement in the context of criminal law enforcement is still highly contested. In the Indonesian context, such a bilateral cooperation is classified into two modalities of indirect law enforcement systems, namely: extradition and mutual legal assistance in criminal matters. This article attempts to explain the state’s rationality in establishing these modalities. Through a behavioral lens, this study undertakes case studies of mutual legal assistance treaty with the Switzerland Confederation and extradition treaty with the Russian Federation. Based on these cases, it could be argued that state’s decision to cooperate is reflected into control and consensus models. However, these two models were induced by political preferences rather than relying on the sole maxim aut dedere aut judicare in criminal laws. At the domestic level, the attitude of penal entrepreneurship and the institutional arrangement showcase the multifaceted of state’s rationality in deciding a treaty design in criminal law cooperation.","PeriodicalId":13484,"journal":{"name":"Indonesia Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46081707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HOW TO DESIGN GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD LABELING REGULATION IN INDONESIA - TAKING SCIENCE, TRADE LAW, AND INDONESIAN DEMANDS SERIOUSLY","authors":"K. Purnhagen, D. Wahidin","doi":"10.15742/ILREV.V10N2.484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15742/ILREV.V10N2.484","url":null,"abstract":"This research proposes a genetically modified (GM) food labeling regulation for Indonesia, which is based on the socio-economic demands of Indonesia on the one hand and the demands of international trade law and policy on the other. The paper first critically evaluates the current Indonesian GM labeling regime as it is embedded in the international trade law and policy system. We highlight its major weakness, such as the dependence on regulation from bigger trading blocs, lack of consideration for the socio-economic characteristics of Indonesia, and lack of compliance. To overcome these shortfalls, we propose a new GM labeling regulation for Indonesia that is based on the Food Safety Objective/Appropriate Level of Protection (FSO/ALOP) concept for developing countries, as previously developed by the authors.","PeriodicalId":13484,"journal":{"name":"Indonesia Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43593807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}