Advances in Clinical Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Induction of DNA Damage and Apoptosis Mediate Cytotoxic by Oxaliplatin In Human Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cell Lines in Vitro","authors":"K. Habas","doi":"10.23880/act-16000269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000269","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer is an extremely disease leading cause of human death worldwide, and breast cancer is the most common type of malignancy in women. It is a heterogenous and hormone-dependent disease. Oxaliplatin is a novel platinum derivative and is a potent chemotherapeutic agent. Therefore, oxaliplatin is an apoptotic effectual compound for treating cancer with cytotoxic side effects. To explore the underlying mechanism of action of oxaliplatin, we examined the induction of apoptosis on human breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines by the drug and introduced its possible mechanism of action. The oxidative-induced DNA damage was evaluated by 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) reduction. The cellular pathways involved in the apoptosis of P53 and BCL2 were also assessed by qPCR and Western blotting assays. The results showed that oxaliplatin exposure causes increased oxidative stress levels and activation of P53, and repression of BCL2 was also involved in these mechanistic pathways.Graphical abstract on the apoptotic mechanism of oxaliplatin via P53 activation and repression of BCL2 in MCF-7 cells.","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120926503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sea Otters, Mercury, and Monitoring Climate Change","authors":"Lawrence K Duffy","doi":"10.23880/act-16000231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000231","url":null,"abstract":"An increase in mobility of heavy metals, like mercury (Hg), has the potential to be one of the climate change related impacts on Arctic and sub-Arctic ecosystems. Sea level rise and flooding events in high latitude coastal ecosystems could increase the bioavailability of contaminants such as mercury. Mercury concentrations have been used as an indicator of past exposure to heavy metals in ancient Pacific cod and here we report on concentrations in archeologically recovered sea otter bones (Enhydra lutris). Methods utilizing stable isotope ratios can be used to reconstruct ancient food webs and help identify prey which may have bioaccumulated high concentrations of mercury. Modern sea otters have δ13C, δ15N, and mercury values corresponding largely to a benthic diet. Conversely, if higher δ15N and mercury levels were found in ancient sea otter bones located in a coastal ecosystem, these increases may be associated with rising sea level following the last glacial maximum. These data place present day and projected climate change related perturbations, like sea level rise, in a historical context.","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123600586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy Metals in Waterpipe Smoke and the Related Health Risks - A Review","authors":"Roohollah Rostami","doi":"10.23880/act-16000249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000249","url":null,"abstract":"Excessive intake of heavy metals has harmful effects on health and waterpipe smoking could be one of the intake routes. Regarding the growing trend of waterpipe smoking in the world, in this study the heavy metal exposure related to waterpipe smoke and the health risks were surveyed in the published literature. Science Direct, Google Scholar and PubMed databases were searched using the keywords of heavy metals, hookah, shisheh and waterpipe. The results showed high concentrations of heavy metals in waterpipe smoke, tobacco, and charcoal. Also, high levels of heavy metals are reported in blood and toenails of the waterpipe cafes’ employees and for the smokers. The expected cancer risk for Cd, Cr, Ni, and as was higher than 1×10-6, and non-cancer risk for Cr was greater than 1. Burning of tobacco and charcoal is source of heavy metals in waterpipe smoke","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124764506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Justice, Toxicology and Politics","authors":"Bonita H Dainowski","doi":"10.23880/act-16000237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000237","url":null,"abstract":"The Earth and all its inhabitants, including humans, regardless of color, race, income level, or nationality, should be treated with respect as to the implementation and / or enforcement of environmental policies, laws or imposed regulations. Climate change and contaminants can strip an urban community from their basic living needs, and a subsistence community from depletion of natural survival resources. This short commentary addresses that all people should have access to the decision making processes of environmental and health hazards, assessment of legacy toxins and risk management decisions in order that every community worldwide can maintain sustainability through ecological balance.","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124118945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Forensic Evaluation: the use of Mercury and Stable Isotope analysis of Museum Bone Samples to Monitor if Environmental Changes are affecting the Eating Patterns of Red and Arctic Foxes","authors":"Bonita H Dainowski","doi":"10.23880/act-16000221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000221","url":null,"abstract":"Global climate changes can potentially impact the ecosystems of the red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) on a regional scale. This research takes a forensic approach at investigating certain health and dietary indicators in museum preserved bone of red foxes of Bethel Alaska and Arctic foxes from the Yukon Territory in Canada. This study attempts to 1) measure the mercury (THg) concentration levels, 2) estimate a diet using carbon stable isotopes (δ13C) and 3) establish a trophic level using nitrogen stable isotopes (δ15N), from bones of these sentinel species. This study examines two Arctic foxes and three red foxes of unknown age and origin. The Yukon Territory Arctic foxes bone THg concentrations were 0.017 and 0.025 mg/kg. The red foxes bone THg concentrations were 0.010, 0.036 and 0.073 mg/kg. The δ13C levels were -21.13 and -21.36‰ for Arctic foxes and -20.05, -20.08, and -23.12‰ for red foxes. Their δ15N levels were 5.59 and 7.22‰ for the Arctic foxes and 6.10, 6.57 and 6.66‰ for red foxes. These Arctic and red Yukon Territory foxes indicate a trophic level similar to Arctic terrestrial omnivores. This type of forensic study is useful to establish past ecosystems of the Arctic. In understanding past ecosystems we can then monitor the effects of climate change and its impact on human health and the health of terrestrial animals.","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117188156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adolescent Obesity and Psychiatric Co-Morbidities: A Dire Need for Lifestyle Modifications and Interventions","authors":"Ranjeet Kumar","doi":"10.23880/act-16000260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000260","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the severity of metabolic dysfunction, obesity raises the incidence of anxiety and depression. Adolescents with depression had a 40% higher risk of being obese, whereas obese adolescents had a 70% higher risk. Overconsumption of sugar and saturated fat in the diet leads to metabolic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and deficits in mental health. Growing data indicates that poor diet, inactivity, and visceral adipose accumulation are the primary causes of the mental effects of obesity. Neuroinflammation is triggered by adipose- and gut-derived inflammation as well as alterations in the nutritional makeup of the brain. Corticolimbic networks that regulate mood, motivation, and emotion are affected by neuroinflammation in terms of their structure, excitability, and connection","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130549188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iodine Value in Partially Hydrogenated Castor Oil (Ricinus Oil) as determined by AOCS Official Method Cd 1-25 (Wijs’ Method)","authors":"Y. Yildiz","doi":"10.23880/act-16000190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000190","url":null,"abstract":"The Iodine Value (Iodine Number) is an important analytical characteristic of fats and oils. The iodine (I2 ) required saturating the fatty acids present in 100 grams of the oil or fat. Iodine is essential element of human nutrition. A third of the global population has insufficient iodine intake and is at risk of developing Iodine Deficiency Disorder. Oils rich in saturated fatty acids have low iodine value, while oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids (α- linoleic acid) have high iodine value. Several variations of iodine value have been developed, although Iodine Monobromide Method or Hanus Metod, Iodine Monochloride Method or Wijs’ Method, and Pyridine Bromide Method or Iodine-Mercuric Chloride in alcohol (Hubl). The based on American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) Cd 1-25 describes the determination of the iodine value (a measure of unsaturation) in Partially Hydrogenated Castor Oil (COH); the specification is 28-32 g I2 /100 g sample.","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131815759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiation/Drug Interactions and the Combinational Effects of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Cancer","authors":"G. Sokol","doi":"10.23880/act-16000223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000223","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Progress in both the development of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) and modern radiation therapy (RT) have opened new horizons for the safe and effective treatments of cancer. Combination therapies of TKIs and radiation therapy have been evaluated with variable sequencing and dosing of both agents. Radiation therapy induces cellular damage to cancer and normal tissue DNA by the production of direct and indirect ionization leading to a cascade of biological events. These ultimately lead to potential loss of cellular reproductive capacity, cell death or impotency. Repair mechanisms of RT-induced cell damage require repair pathways dependent on TK. TKIs are key regulators of cellular function and signaling proteins that catalyze phosphorylation reactions of tyrosine molecules. The purpose of this study was to briefly review the basic biology of RT and TKIs and to review the modern literature pertaining to the toxic and therapeutic effects of their combination in the treatment of cancer based on preclinical and clinical data. Methods: A retrospective review of the basic biology of RT and TKIs with the aim of identifying their combined toxicity and benefit in the treatment of cancer was performed. A systematic search of the standard published radiotherapeutic, radiobiology, chemotherapy and radiotherapy texts, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Clinical Key using the search terms; TKI, RT and combination TKI and RT from 1985-2020 was employed. Data were abstracted from 222 entries from the literature published in English. Issues of toxicity and therapeutic efficacy were defined to evaluate the safe and effective use of combined modality therapy (CMT). Results: Few randomized studies were available for high-level recommendations. The combined treatment of cancer with TKIs and RT may have benefit for palliation, progression free survival, and potential survival under well-defined circumstances. Any benefit of combined therapy is accompanied by significant potential for enhanced radiation toxicity in addition to the baseline potential toxicities of both agents. Conclusion: The data reviewed suggest potential benefit from the CMT of TKIs and RT but at a significant risk of toxicity, which may include severe, hematological, cardiac, gastrointestinal, pulmonary and central nervous system toxicity. Further randomized prospective studies are necessary to define their safe and effective combined therapies. New TKI’s and radiotherapeutic modalities are constantly under development necessitating ongoing and often long term clinical evaluation to define benefits and risks.","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"12 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130322024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Black Tea (Camellia sinensis) Extract Induced Changes on Placenta can Alter Fetal and Neonatal Bone Health in Experimental Animal Model","authors":"S. Dasgupta","doi":"10.23880/act-16000201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000201","url":null,"abstract":"Tea (Camellia sinensis) being the most consumed beverage worldwide. The safety evaluation of tea needs to be monitored during pregnancy, prenatal and postnatal developmental period beside its beneficial roles toward health and disease. Retardation of growth of fetus and neonates are common in preeclampsia. Present study was to evaluate the role of Black Tea extract (BTE) on placental and apoptotic markers in pregnant Wister albino rats and to correlate it the growth of fetus and pups. Among three experimental groups, Group 1 was pregnant female rats treated with saline, were the control group. Group 2 and Group 3 were pregnant female rats treated with 50 mg and 100 mg BTE/kg/day, p.o. respectively throughout prenatal and postnatal periods. Expressions of BMP-7, MMP-2 and VEGFR2 in placenta were examined by flow cytometry; Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 expressions in uteri and placenta were observed by IHC. Bone health of fetus and pup were checked by histology, bone-cartilage double staining and estimation of bone mineral density by ICP-MS. Experimental data were subjected to the ANOVA; expressed as mean ± standard deviation with significance (P < 0.05) between the controls and the treated groups (n = 6). BTE increased the level of MMP-2, Bax and caspase-3; decreased the level of BMP-7 in placenta. In fetus and pups, BTE significantly decreased the concentration of Ca2+, P, Mg2+ and Zn2+ in bone and decreased the rate of ossification were observed. This study confirmed BTE induced preeclampsia retarded the fetal and neonatal bone health in experimental animal model","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133115469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) & Formaldehyde as Food Additives in Swiss Albino Mice Via Experimental Biology: New Version of Modified Analysis","authors":"Shashi Prabha Agrawal","doi":"10.23880/act-16000227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000227","url":null,"abstract":"Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) and Formaldehyde, two food additives were taken to access their genotoxicity (in vivo) in Swiss albino mice. Firstly, Swiss albino mice were exposed to different doses of these two food additives. The doses were given intraperitoneally. Bone marrow cells were analyzed for chromosomal aberrations. Different types of aberrations recorded were chromatid break, additions, deletions, ring chromosome, pulverization etc. Because of these aberrations it has been contended that these additives could inflict chromosomal lesions causing defective genetic configuration (Figures 1-5). Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is one of several forms of glutamic acid found in foods, in large part because glutamic acid (an amino acid) is pervasive in nature. MSG is used in the food industry as a flavor enhancer .MSG has been used for more than 100 years to season food, with a number of studies conducted on its safety. Under normal conditions, humans can metabolize relatively large quantities of glutamate, which is naturally produced in the gut by exopeptidase enzymes in the course of protein hydrolysis. The median lethal dose (LD50) is between 15 and 18 g/kg body weight in mice and rats, respectively, five times greater than the LD50 of salt (3 g/kg in rats). The use of MSG as a food additive and the natural level of glutamic acid in foods are not toxicological concerns in humans. MSG has been linked with obesity, metabolic disorders, Chinese Restaurant Syndrome, neurotoxic effects and detrimental effects on the reproductive organs shows products containing substances that result in the release of glutamic metabolites after ingestion.","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121975997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}