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Using insulation aging to size transformers in high-ambient temperature, secondary-selective applications 在高环境温度、二次选择性应用中，使用绝缘老化来确定变压器的尺寸
2012 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC) Pub Date : 2012-09-01 DOI: 10.1109/PCICON.2012.6549663
A. Helfrich, R. Carlson
{"title":"Using insulation aging to size transformers in high-ambient temperature, secondary-selective applications","authors":"A. Helfrich, R. Carlson","doi":"10.1109/PCICON.2012.6549663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2012.6549663","url":null,"abstract":"The electrical distribution systems in industrial facilities often incorporate a secondary-selective design where loads are fed from redundant transformers normally loaded to less than 50% of their kVA rating. When transformers are operating in ambient temperatures above 30 °C, IEEE Std C57.91 provides guidelines on how to load the transformers to compensate for the accelerated insulation aging. This guide is not directly applicable to secondary-selective systems since it assumes the transformer is being sized to supply the entire load on a continuous basis. This paper describes an approach for using insulation aging to size the transformer with an example using actual historical temperature data from an oil-production facility in a Middle-East country. The paper will demonstrate that transformers operating in a secondary-selective application do not have to be derated even when operating at ambient temperatures far in excess of the rated 30 °C. The resulting safety and economic benefits of the lower transformer kVA rating cascade throughout the power system.","PeriodicalId":133636,"journal":{"name":"2012 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134370160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Advanced concepts in high resistance grounding 高阻接地的先进理念
2012 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC) Pub Date : 2012-09-01 DOI: 10.1109/PPIC.2015.7165854
A. Bapat, R. Hanna, S. Panetta
{"title":"Advanced concepts in high resistance grounding","authors":"A. Bapat, R. Hanna, S. Panetta","doi":"10.1109/PPIC.2015.7165854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPIC.2015.7165854","url":null,"abstract":"Resistance grounding is relatively simple and easy to apply in radial distribution systems at Low Voltage. When high resistance grounding is applied, using one Neutral Grounding Resistor at the supply transformer, an alarm system to detect and indicate the ground fault is then required by the installation codes. This practice has been in use and is widely applied. This paper explores the application when the distribution systems involve multiple sources operating in parallel, such as multiple transformers, multiple generators or a combination. The sizing of NGR is explored and application of hybrid grounding is suggested for situations where Low resistance grounding needs to be used. In medium voltage systems 15 kV to 36 kV the practice has been to use very low resistance grounding. The paper suggests that the criteria for NGR sizing should be based on the net distributed charging current only. Application examples are presented showing the selective instantaneous feeder tripping and concept of hybrid grounding in Low and Medium voltage systems.","PeriodicalId":133636,"journal":{"name":"2012 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC)","volume":"132 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114153695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
Beliefs drive behaviors 信念驱动行为
2012 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC) Pub Date : 2012-09-01 DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2013.2288213
D. Crow, D. Liggett
{"title":"Beliefs drive behaviors","authors":"D. Crow, D. Liggett","doi":"10.1109/TIA.2013.2288213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2013.2288213","url":null,"abstract":"For more than 50 years research has shown that a correlation exists between the number of incidents, injuries, and fatalities. Investigation into electrical incidents indicates there is more to understand about the causal effect of the number of incidents occurring. Many electrical incidents are caused by undesirable actions of people. These are called unsafe acts. Why do people perform unsafe acts? Lack of experience, knowledge, or skills often come into play. What people believe about safety is another important component. The intent of this paper is to explore these relationships and to focus on unsafe behaviors and beliefs about safety. By investigating and using the actions outlined in this paper fewer incidents will occur resulting in a decrease in injuries and fatalities.","PeriodicalId":133636,"journal":{"name":"2012 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132175513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Investigation of premature ESP failures and oil field harmonic analysis ESP过早失效调查及油田谐波分析
2012 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC) Pub Date : 2012-09-01 DOI: 10.1109/PCICON.2012.6549650
R. Pragale, D. Shipp
{"title":"Investigation of premature ESP failures and oil field harmonic analysis","authors":"R. Pragale, D. Shipp","doi":"10.1109/PCICON.2012.6549650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2012.6549650","url":null,"abstract":"Electric submersible pumps (ESP) are used in a wide-range of applications from onshore to complex offshore, deep water, or subsea applications. Premature failures are undesired as they result in repair or replacement costs, but worse - downtime. This paper presents the challenges faced by the authors at an onshore oil field. The site experienced several ESP failures after drilling and operating 10% of the planned 300 wells. The authors were tasked to determine if power quality was a contributing factor in the premature failures and recommend a solution to prevent future occurrences. In addition to the failures, the oil field operator was concerned with the harmonic currents that would be generated once all 300 wells were online. The oil field is in an industrial area where large amounts of harmonic currents would increase voltage distortion to neighboring establishments and possibly lead to process disruption or equipment failure.","PeriodicalId":133636,"journal":{"name":"2012 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121412143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 22
A study of ARC flash incident energy variations based on MCC unit configuration 基于MCC单元结构的电弧闪光入射能量变化研究
2012 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC) Pub Date : 2012-09-01 DOI: 10.1109/PCICON.2012.6549662
R. Bugaris, D. Doan
{"title":"A study of ARC flash incident energy variations based on MCC unit configuration","authors":"R. Bugaris, D. Doan","doi":"10.1109/PCICON.2012.6549662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2012.6549662","url":null,"abstract":"There has been significant progress on arc-flash research in recent years, but there has been little focus on how the internal configuration of equipment affects the incident energy released. The relationship between low voltage motor control center (MCC) unit configurations and incident energy exposure resulting from an arc flash is examined in this study. Testing was conducted using actual MCC structures and units. The design of experiment methodology was used to analyze several MCC configuration variables, including unit type, unit size, percent fill of unit, power wire size and length, location of the unit within the structure, and their relationships to incident energy as well as arcing duration and arcing current. The results from 24 arcing tests were analyzed and the magnitude of incident energy measured during the events was observed to be related to the percent fill of components within the units, and properties of interior unit surfaces.","PeriodicalId":133636,"journal":{"name":"2012 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124060540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cold Ironing Power System design and electrical safety 冷熨动力系统设计及电气安全
2012 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC) Pub Date : 2012-09-01 DOI: 10.1109/PCICON.2012.6549666
D. Paul, K. Peterson, P. Chavdarian
{"title":"Cold Ironing Power System design and electrical safety","authors":"D. Paul, K. Peterson, P. Chavdarian","doi":"10.1109/PCICON.2012.6549666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2012.6549666","url":null,"abstract":"Cold Ironing Power System design requires unique components to supply shore power to ships for “cold ironing” operation. Currently; development of new standards are in progress and operating procedures are being written to maximize electrical safety, standardization of the process and interchangeability from one location to another. This paper describes the power system design including power system protection scheme which should enhance the electrical safety by design. Power system grounding, equipment grounding, and touch potential that can impact personnel safety are described. A very basic outline of the operating procedures and training needed for the operators to maximize electrical safety during cold ironing operation are also included in the paper. In addition, paper provides the current status of the Draft IEC/ISO/IEEE Standards 80005-1 [5] and 80005-2[6].","PeriodicalId":133636,"journal":{"name":"2012 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129030312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Designing safe and reliable grounding in AC substations with poor soil resistivity: An interpretation of IEEE STD. 80 在土壤电阻率差的交流变电站中设计安全可靠的接地:IEEE STD. 80的解释
2012 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC) Pub Date : 2012-09-01 DOI: 10.1109/PCICON.2012.6549644
A. Ackerman, P. Sen, C. Oertli
{"title":"Designing safe and reliable grounding in AC substations with poor soil resistivity: An interpretation of IEEE STD. 80","authors":"A. Ackerman, P. Sen, C. Oertli","doi":"10.1109/PCICON.2012.6549644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2012.6549644","url":null,"abstract":"IEEE Std. 80 “IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding” is most commonly used in the design of substation ground grids and is the basis for today's commercially available software. This paper discusses alternate design approach for substation grounding in areas that have high soil resistivity. It discusses various methods for designing a substation grounding system without changing the characteristics of the soil with additives or adding ground wells to establish a low resistance to remote earth. An interpretation of the equations and a better understanding of the IEEE Std. 80 allows the engineer to provide a cost effective, safe and reliable grounding system design when poor soil conditions exist.","PeriodicalId":133636,"journal":{"name":"2012 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128566008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 39
Adapting failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) to select hazard mitigation measures 采用失效模式和影响分析(FMEA)来选择危害缓解措施
2012 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC) Pub Date : 2012-09-01 DOI: 10.1109/PCICON.2012.6549659
M. Valdes
{"title":"Adapting failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) to select hazard mitigation measures","authors":"M. Valdes","doi":"10.1109/PCICON.2012.6549659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2012.6549659","url":null,"abstract":"FMEA is a common analytical tool used in product development, manufacturing and operations management to understand potential failure modes inclusive of the severity and likelihood of those failures. FMEA helps a practitioner identify potential failure modes based on past experience and analysis. Once potential failures are understood, design changes or practices can be put in place to optimally deal with the expected failure mode. An incident that causes injury or loss of production within any production facility can be considered a failure within that system. Current standards and engineering practices exist to identify and even quantify hazard to some extent. This paper describes an adaptation of FMEA methodology to rank multiple hazard mitigation solutions versus the effect they have on the various hazardous tasks that those solutions address. The intent is to provide an objective analytical tool to rank potential investments, or actions with respect to derived benefit in terms of overall facility hazard reduction.","PeriodicalId":133636,"journal":{"name":"2012 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC)","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128195344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
A comparison of online PD measurement systems applied to gas compression plant motors 应用于气体压缩设备电机的在线 PD 测量系统比较
2012 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC) Pub Date : 2012-09-01 DOI: 10.1109/PCICON.2012.6549668
A. Vouk, H. Balfagih
{"title":"A comparison of online PD measurement systems applied to gas compression plant motors","authors":"A. Vouk, H. Balfagih","doi":"10.1109/PCICON.2012.6549668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2012.6549668","url":null,"abstract":"There are a number of competing online partial discharge (PD) measurement systems available in the marketplace today. Since most of these systems utilize procedures and equipment that differ from one another, it has been difficult to compare the results between the varying systems and difficult to provide guidelines that apply to all. To undertake a comparison of several competing systems it was necessary to apply the instruments on the same machines, at the same time, using a baseline sensor system that all vendors agreed to work with. This paper summarizes the results of the comparison, provides objective insight into the similarities of and the differences between the three vendors, and introduces a scaling F factor that allows for normalization of PD data measured in different units. Although this paper comments on the inconsistency found in some PD data with respect to loading and temperature rise, its primary focus is the consistency between PD data taken with a variety of competing equipment.","PeriodicalId":133636,"journal":{"name":"2012 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC)","volume":"237 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133028924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Protection of motors with incomplete or minimal motor data 电机数据不完整或最少的电机保护
2012 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC) Pub Date : 2012-09-01 DOI: 10.1109/PCICON.2012.6549656
S. Patel, S. Tseng, K. Weeks
{"title":"Protection of motors with incomplete or minimal motor data","authors":"S. Patel, S. Tseng, K. Weeks","doi":"10.1109/PCICON.2012.6549656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2012.6549656","url":null,"abstract":"Many times, the Engineer responsible for setting motor protection for existing motors has very little documentation on the motor itself. Very few documents discuss how to adequately protect motors when proper motor documentation is not available. This paper will present an overview of fundamental motor protection concepts and then proceed to perform various setting examples for motors with and without complete motor data. An ideal case with a fully documented (all information such as thermal limit curves, safe stall times, locked rotor amps) motor will be analyzed first. Subsequently cases where only typical nameplate data available will be analyzed. Techniques on how to estimate various parameters using the power of modern microprocessor relays will also be discussed. An iterative approach to determining proper settings will be discussed. Several setting examples covering a wide range of driven equipment will be presented.","PeriodicalId":133636,"journal":{"name":"2012 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123802570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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