Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism最新文献

{"title":"From Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome to Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome: Reframing a Reproductive Disorder as a Metabolic Disease.","authors":"Sri V Madhu","doi":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_709_26","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_709_26","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13353,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"30 3","pages":"195-197"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13427003/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148653678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy in Graves' Orbitopathy: Insights from a Single Centre and Limitations of the Radiological Indices.","authors":"Khushboo Agarwal, Alen Antony Joy, Madhavi Veerappan, Sindhu S Rallapalli, Jayanthi Peter, Shalini Sahu, Madhavi Kandagaddala, Hesarghatta S Asha, Nitin Kapoor, Kripa E Cherian, Grace Rebekah, Felix K Jebasingh, Nihal Thomas","doi":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_1000_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_1000_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Close to 50% of patients with Graves' disease have associated ocular involvement, of which dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) is prevalent in 3-5% of patients. The response to intravenous glucocorticoids in DON is dependent on early diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of various radiological indices (Barrett's index, Nugent index) in predicting DON and treatment response or relapse in this population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective study that included patients presenting with clinically active Graves' orbitopathy (GO) between January 2005 and June 2021 to our hospital. Demographics, clinical presentation, biochemical parameters, risk factors, comorbidities, and radiology data were collected and analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty-eight orbits from 29 patients were assessed. A higher Barrett's index was associated with DON (61.4% vs 51.1%, <i>P</i> = 0.03), lower glucocorticoid responsiveness (63.7% vs 54.2%, <i>P</i> = 0.043), and the need for surgical intervention (62.85% vs 49.3%, <i>P</i> = 0.001). Nugent index ≥1 was significantly associated with sight-threatening GO (48.2% vs 22.2%, <i>P</i> = 0.02) and higher glucocorticoid requirements (54.8% vs 23.8%, <i>P</i> = 0.04). A cut-off of 58% for the Barrett's index (AUC 0.705, 95% CI 0.545-0.865) was suggestive of DON, with a sensitivity of 60% and a specificity of 68.8%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This is the first comprehensive assessment of patients with GO among Indians with active disease. The Barrett's index threshold was defined in our population to facilitate objective early identification of DON. This index shows promise for early diagnostic sub-categorisation in DON among Indians; however, its low sensitivity limits its widespread use.</p>","PeriodicalId":13353,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"30 3","pages":"251-257"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13427009/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148653713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circulating Omentin-1 Across BMI Categories in Type 2 Diabetes and its Association with Insulin Resistance: A Cross-Sectional Study from South India.","authors":"Saidaiah Ikkurthi, A R Srinivasan, Vaikkakara Suresh, Rajendran Jayanthi, Vidya S Desai","doi":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_934_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_934_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Omentin-1 is an adipocytokine predominantly secreted by visceral adipose tissue and associated with insulin sensitivity. Altered levels of omentin-1 in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity denote a potential link with insulin resistance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two hundred twenty-five adult males with T2DM were segregated into non-obese (<i>n</i> = 75), overweight (<i>n</i> = 75), and obese (<i>n</i> = 75) groups. Anthropometric, haemodynamic, and biochemical parameters, including glucose, insulin, lipid profile, and omentin-1 were measured. Insulin resistance was assessed using validated surrogate indices. Group comparisons were performed and associations were examined using correlation analysis and a prespecified multivariable linear regression model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Obese subjects had higher BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, fasting glucose, HbA1c, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, lipid fractions, and METS-IR as compared to non-obese. Serum omentin-1 levels declined progressively with increasing adiposity [non-obese 687.6 (654.1-763.2), overweight 587.6 (548.6-658.1), obese 459.3 (398.7-524.8) ng/L; <i>P</i> < 0.001]. Omentin-1 showed inverse correlations with BMI (γ = -0.703), waist-to-hip ratio (γ = -0.717), HOMA-IR (γ = -0.403), triglyceride-BMI index (γ = -0.695), and LDL-cholesterol (γ = -0.417), and a positive correlation with QUICKI (γ =0.403; all <i>P</i> < 0.001). In the multivariable model, LDL-cholesterol remained independently associated with circulating omentin-1 levels (β =2.527, <i>P</i> = 0.043).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Serum omentin-1 shows an inverse association with adiposity, insulin resistance, and lipid parameters in T2DM, suggesting that omentin-1 could serve as a potential marker of an adverse cardiometabolic profile, although comprehensive studies are further warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":13353,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"30 3","pages":"211-216"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13427012/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148653688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Subclinical Hypothyroid Individuals with Thyroid-stimulating Hormone <10 uIU/ml.","authors":"Soumya R Mohanty, Neeraj K Agrawal, Soumik Ghosh, Ritesh Kumar, Mallavarapu Manisha","doi":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_943_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_943_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Subclinical hypothyroidism is defined as a serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level above the upper limit of normal despite normal levels of serum free thyroid hormones. While the cardiovascular risk in overt hypothyroidism is well established, the risk in subclinical hypothyroidism, especially those with TSH <10 uIU/ml, is not clear. Here, we aimed to study the cardiovascular risk among subclinical hypothyroid individuals with TSH <10 uIU/ml by using epicardial fat thickness (EFT) measurement.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a cross-sectional study conducted over 19 months. In this study, we included 35 cases of subclinical hypothyroidism who had a TSH <10 uIU/ml and 35 age- and sex-matched controls. A single expert cardiologist did EFT assessment for all the cases and controls.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median (25^th-75^th percentile) EFT was significantly higher in cases (3.8 [2.85-4.775] mm) compared to controls (2.6 [2-3.55]mm, <i>P</i> = 0.0002). A significant, moderately positive correlation was seen between TSH and EFT, with a correlation coefficient of 0.561. Subgroup analysis showed that the median EFT was significantly higher in the ≥7.6 to <10 uIU/ml TSH group (4.4 [3.825-5] mm) compared to the >5.33 to <7.6 uIU/ml group (2.8 [2.2-3.5] mm, <i>P</i> = 0.002). LDL and TSH were associated with high EFT (>4 mm). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the discriminatory power of TSH (AUC 0.741; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.577 to 0.906) and LDL (AUC 0.752; 95% CI: 0.580 to 0.924) were acceptable to predict EFT >4 mm.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Individuals with SCH exhibited significantly higher EFT compared to euthyroid controls, with a positive correlation observed between TSH levels and EFT.</p>","PeriodicalId":13353,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"30 3","pages":"265-270"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13427007/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148653547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Hidden Epidemic in Healthcare: Metabolic Syndrome among Doctors in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in North-East India.","authors":"Amrita Sarkar, Asthomi Jamoh, Minggam Pertin, Shyamal K Bhattacharya, Gomi Basar, Taso Beyong, Tame Kena, Parama Ghosh","doi":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_779_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_779_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) poses significant health challenges globally, with healthcare professionals facing unique occupational risks despite their medical knowledge. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of MetS and its associated predictors among doctors at a tertiary care teaching institution.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 132 doctors at a tertiary care teaching hospital in northeastern India from June 2024 to January 2025. Data were collected using a structured WHO STEPS-based questionnaire covering sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors and stress levels. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical parameters were assessed using standard protocols. MetS was diagnosed using National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall prevalence of MetS was 26.5% (<i>n</i> = 35), with significant male predominance (38.4% vs 11.9%, <i>P</i> < 0.001). Elevated waist circumference was the most prevalent component (47.7%), followed by raised systolic blood pressure (32.6%) and elevated triglycerides (25.0%). Independent predictors of MetS included male gender (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-8.3), age >40 years (AOR: 4.5, 95% CI: 1.8-11.2), married status (AOR: 6.2, 95% CI: 2.2-17.4) and consultant or faculty position versus intern (AOR: 8.9, 95% CI: 1.9-42.1). Physical inactivity was present in 82.9% of MetS-positive participants. Perceived stress was significantly associated with MetS (42.9% vs 14.5%, <i>P</i> = 0.010).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>One in four doctors demonstrated MetS, with male doctors over 40 years at the highest risk. These findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive physician wellness programmes incorporating regular metabolic health screenings, stress management and targeted lifestyle interventions in healthcare institutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13353,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"30 3","pages":"228-234"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13427010/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148653562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Use and Perception About Synthetic Liothyronine for the Treatment of Primary Hypothyroidism Among Healthcare Professionals in India.","authors":"Sameer Aggarwal, Lovely Gupta, Deepak Khandelwal, Sachin Chittawar, Shweta Sharma, Mohan T Shenoy, Umesh K Garg, Naima Parveen, Mona Sood","doi":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_259_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_259_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Hypothyroidism is commonly managed with levothyroxine (LT4) monotherapy, the standard treatment for many decades. However, 5%-10% of patients remain symptomatic despite achieving biochemical euthyroidism on LT4 monotherapy. Liothyronine (LT3), a synthetic form of T3, was introduced in India in 2022 but faces limited adoption due to availability, cost, and lack of clear guidelines. This study aimed to assess the perceptions, clinical usage, and barriers to LT3 prescription among healthcare professionals in India.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among 455 doctors attending three endocrinology updates in Delhi, Bhopal, and Rohtak. The participants completed a 19-question structured online survey assessing demographics, LT3 awareness, usage patterns, and barriers. The responses were analysed using SPSS version 20.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 455 respondents (42.15 ± 11.41 years), 80% were males and 27.69% were endocrinologists. LT3 awareness was reported by 80%, with 52.75% reported prescribed it, most commonly for hypothyroid emergencies (40.42%), rapid symptom control (22.50%), or persistent symptoms despite biochemical euthyroidism on LT4 monotherapy (17.50%). However, the major barriers included high cost (23.52%) and limited availability (22.86%). Among prescribers, 62.08% used once-daily dosing. Also, 74.29% of participants expressed interest in further learning about LT3.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Reported use of LT3 in India remains limited, driven by poor awareness among clinicians, cost, and availability issues. Although awareness is high among specialists, consistent guidelines, clinician education, and accessibility improvements are needed for safe and effective LT3 integration into hypothyroidism management.</p>","PeriodicalId":13353,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"30 3","pages":"258-264"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13427008/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148653627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Glycemic Variability in Patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring System.","authors":"Nitesh K Bauddh, Krishna Biswas, Radhika Jindal, Purnima Agrawal","doi":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_41_26","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_41_26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) predisposes females to metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. Continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) offers the advantage of better understanding of glycaemic variability as compared to oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). There is scarce data regarding use of CGMS in understanding glycaemic variability in patients of PCOS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty nondiabetic PCOS patients of age group 16-45 years diagnosed by Rotterdam criteria (2003) were included and subjected to CGM for 72 hours.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of participants was 23.32 ± 4.58 years. Family history of diabetes mellitus in a first degree relative was present in 40% patients. On OGTT, dysglycemia was present in 14 patients-5 (10%) had impaired fasting glucose (IFG), 6 (12%) had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and 6 (12%) had both IFG and IGT. Glycemic variability and post prandial glycaemic excursion (PPGE) were found to have significant positive correlation with Luteinizing hormone: Follicle-stimulating hormone (LH: FSH) ratio [r = 0.37 (<i>P</i> = 0.008) and r = 0.39 (<i>P</i> = 0.004)], respectively. Fasting and 2-hour OGTT plasma glucose, serum testosterone, mean blood glucose (MBG), eA1c, total PPGE, and PPGE for breakfast values were significantly higher in patients having homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (IR) >2.5. MBG, eA1c, and PPGE for lunch and dinner were significantly high in patients with family history (FH) of diabetes mellitus (DM). There was no significant difference in CGM metrics among patients with or without hyperandrogenism (HA).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CGMS detected high glycaemic variability and exaggerated post meal glycaemic excursions in Indian non diabetic PCOS patients having either positive family history of diabetes mellitus or IR or higher LH: FSH ratio.</p>","PeriodicalId":13353,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"30 3","pages":"235-240"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13427013/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148653575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Pre-breakfast Whey Protein Supplement on Post-breakfast Glycaemic Excursion and Insulinotropic Response in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Sagar R Barasara, Yash V Chauhan, Jugal V Gada, Prudwiraj Sanamandra, Sachin S Rahate, Jayashree J Paranjape, Nikhil M Bhagwat","doi":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_994_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_994_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Postprandial glucose excursions can contribute to increased cardiovascular risk, microvascular complications, and glycaemic variability in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Nutritional interventions play a major role. Whey protein, known for its insulinotropic and incretin-stimulating effects, could be an effective supplement. The objective of the study was to evaluate the acute effects of pre-breakfast whey protein supplementation on postprandial glucose, insulin, GLP-1, and C-peptide responses in patients with T2DM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This single-centre, prospective, within-subject comparative study included two test visits per participant: a water pre-load (control) and a whey protein pre-load (30 g in 250 mL water) given 30 min before breakfast. Uniform breakfast and lunch meals were provided, and blood samples were collected up to 2 h after lunch. Plasma glucose, insulin, GLP-1, and C-peptide were recorded, and the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ten patients with T2DM were studied (mean age 47.8 years, body mass index 29.2 kg/m², glycated haemoglobin 7.4%, disease duration 3.2 years). Compared with water, whey protein significantly reduced post-breakfast and post-lunch glucose excursions (glucose iAUC 48,329 vs. 54,743; <i>P</i> < 0.01) and increased insulin (13,377 vs. 9,492; <i>P</i> < 0.01), GLP-1 (18,803 vs. 12,814; <i>P</i> < 0.01), and C-peptide (1860 vs. 1535; <i>P</i> < 0.01) iAUCs. The effect persisted through the second meal.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pre-breakfast whey protein supplementation reduced postprandial glucose excursions and enhanced insulin and incretin responses in T2DM. It may serve as a practical and low-cost dietary approach to improve postprandial glycaemic control.</p>","PeriodicalId":13353,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"30 3","pages":"217-222"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13427001/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148653654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fibrocalculous Pancreatic Diabetes: Changing Clinical Spectrum and Glycaemic Response to Pioglitazone.","authors":"Don David, Manjunath Goroshi, Vanishri Ganakumar, Vikrant Ghatnatti","doi":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_784_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_784_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes (FCPD) is a unique form of diabetes characterised by irreversible damage to the pancreatic parenchyma with intraductal calcification, progressively leading to beta-cell damage. The classical clinical presentation of FCPD is evolving, with a declining frequency of typical phenotypes and increasing involvement of individuals with normal BMI and older age at presentation. This Study evaluated the clinical and demographic profile of patients with FCPD in North Karnataka and compared the glycaemic response to pioglitazone.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a single-centre retrospective observational study done at a tertiary care endocrinology centre. Patients with FCPD diagnosed between December 2019 and December 2024 were retrospectively analysed. Clinical characteristics, imaging and glycaemic data were collected. Patients with suboptimal glycaemic control despite insulin therapy (HbA1c >9%) were initiated on add-on pioglitazone or metformin, and within-group changes in HbA1c and daily insulin requirement over 3 months were evaluated using paired <i>t</i>-tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age at diagnosis was 42 ± 11.97 years, with a mean diagnostic delay of 2.83 ± 1.8 years. Only 10.5% of patients were correctly diagnosed with FCPD at initial presentation. Despite receiving insulin therapy, 76.5% of patients experienced progressive weight loss, and 76.8% reported frequent hypoglycaemic episodes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>FCPD in North Karnataka demonstrated atypical clinical features (low BMI and chronic diarrhoea) with delayed diagnosis and frequent hypoglycaemia. Glycaemic control could be optimised with short-acting insulin. Pioglitazone compared with metformin significantly improved glycaemic parameters and reduced insulin requirement, due to its effect on hepatic insulin resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":13353,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"30 3","pages":"223-227"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13427006/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148653641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iodized Salt Consumption Practices and Iodine Status in the Rural Adult Population Near Chennai, India.","authors":"Gayathri Gopakumar, Vanishree Shriraam, Aliya Jasmine, Shriraam Mahadevan, Sudha R Prabhu","doi":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_217_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_217_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Despite initiatives, the lack of understanding and improper usage habits for iodized salt are still prevalent. This cross-sectional study was conducted in rural Thiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu to assess the amount of iodine in the salt consumed, determine dietary iodine consumption, urinary iodine concentration, and understand the knowledge and practices related to iodized salt usage.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A questionnaire was designed and validated to assess knowledge and practices of procuring, storing salt, and cooking practices. A standard field-testing kit was used to estimate the salt's iodine level, and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines values were taken for adequacy of iodization. Per capita consumption of salt was calculated by dividing the monthly purchase by family members partaking and iodine intake was calculated from a three-day dietary recall using the US FDA database. Spot urinary samples were collected to estimate the Median Urinary Iodine Concentration (MUIC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 650 households, 79% procured packaged salt; 40% were not aware of iodized salt; and 50.4% felt that consuming iodized salt is not important. The majority (91%) of the subjects added iodized salt at the beginning of cooking, 95% covered the storage container, and 32% exposed the salt to heat. Around 31% used uniodized or inadequately iodized salt. More than a quarter (27%) of them had the MUIC in the deficient range.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A third of the population continues to use inadequately iodized salt, and the awareness of IDD and the importance of iodized salt is low.</p>","PeriodicalId":13353,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"30 3","pages":"246-250"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13427002/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148653665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}