Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism最新文献

{"title":"Bone Health in Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in South India.","authors":"Akhila Bhandarkar, Nisha Bhavani, Praveen V Pavithran, Harish Kumar","doi":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_132_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijem.ijem_132_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) have a higher lifetime fracture risk. The rising obesity incidence in T1DM is causing hybrid diabetes. There is scarce data of bone health and body composition in T1DM from India. This South Indian study compared bone health and body composition of patients with T1DM to healthy age- and sex-matched controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty-one adults with T1DM and 52 healthy controls were enrolled and underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition. Bone turnover markers-C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX) and procollagen type 1 N pro-peptide (P1NP), parathormone (PTH) and 25 hydroxy-vitamin D levels were measured in patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of patients with T1DM was 27 years, the median duration of illness was 15 years and the median glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was 8%. BMD at the lumbar spine and hip were similar among patients and healthy controls. Patients with T1DM had decreased levels of CTX compared to controls (cases 0.347 (0.233-0.463) ng/mL, controls 0.440 (0.320-0.684) ng/mL, <i>P</i> = 0.005), whereas both had similar levels of P1NP. One-third of patients with T1DM were obese. Patients with T1DM with disease duration more than 10 years showed higher abdomen fat% (<10 years 20.4% [14-39.5], 10-20 years 37.2% [30.1-41.9], >20 years 41.5% [36.4-42.7] <i>P</i> = 0.013) and trunk fat% (<10 years 22.6% [14.8-37.2], 10-20 years 36.7% [30.1-40.5], >20 years 37.6% [33.55-40.5]).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Young adults with T1DM have normal BMD and low bone resorption markers compared to healthy controls, whereas truncal obesity increases with a longer duration of illness. This may indicate a change in T1DM bone health and body composition characters, probably due to better glycaemic management.</p>","PeriodicalId":13353,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"29 1","pages":"49-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11964363/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143779888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling BURnout Determinants among ENdocrinologists in Indian conText (UNBURDEN-IT).","authors":"Sowrabha Bhat, Sunetra Mondal, Lakshmi Nagendra, Saptarshi Bhattacharya, Hiya Boro, Deep Dutta, Sanjay Kalra, Sanjay K Bhadada, Rakesh K Sahay, Hari Kvs Kumar","doi":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_491_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijem.ijem_491_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Burnout is a growing concern among healthcare providers, with varying prevalence by specialty. While reports suggest that up to half of endocrinologists experience burnout, few systematic studies exist to identify the factors responsible.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted an electronic survey of practicing endocrinologists across India. The survey included demographic information and a modified 10-item Mini-Z questionnaire.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of self-reported professional burnout was 12.1% (<i>n</i> = 41) among 339 endocrinologists (236 males, 103 females) with a mean age of 42.5 years. About 25.4% reported a joyful workplace, 34.5% reported a highly supportive work environment, and 79.6% experienced a high work pace and documentation-related stress. Burnout was associated with younger age, fewer years in practice, increased working days, smoking, and lack of exercise (<i>P</i> < 0.03 for all). On logistic regression, smoking (OR: 8.18, 95%CI 1.97 - 33.9, <i>P</i> = 0.004) was positively associated with burnout, while daily exercise (OR: 0.3, 95%CI 0.11 - 0.78, <i>P</i> = 0.01) was negatively associated. Male endocrinologists (80.9%, <i>P</i> < 0.03) and those affiliated with academic institutions (86.5%, <i>P</i> < 0.03) expressed greater job satisfaction. Mini-Z scores positively correlated with age and years of practice (Pearson's rho = 0.21, <i>P</i> < 0.001) and negatively correlated with daily working hours (Pearson's rho = -0.15, <i>P</i> < 0.003) and days worked per week (Pearson's rho = -0.18, <i>P</i> < 0.003).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Professional burnout was lower among Indian endocrinologists compared to global data. The risk was higher among professionals early in their careers. Embracing a healthy lifestyle including exercise and refraining from smoking are effective coping strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13353,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"29 1","pages":"116-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11964376/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143780040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diabetic Bone Disease - An Indian Snapshot.","authors":"Jubbin J Jacob","doi":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_75_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijem.ijem_75_25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13353,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11964359/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143779977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Clinical, Biochemical, and Radio-Pathological Profiles of 804 Patients - A Retrospective Study from South India.","authors":"Dhalapathy Sadacharan, Mano Z Mathews, Anjali Sathya, Shanmugasundar Gopal, Sruti Chandrasekaran, Sivasubramaniam Murthy, Vijaya B Reddy, Jayashree Gopal, Muthukumaran Jeyapaul, Sakthivel Sivasubramanian, Vignesh Gopalakrishnan, Bharath Ramji, Dinesh Goli, Gokulakrishnan Sundararaman, Shriraam Mahadevan","doi":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_468_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijem.ijem_468_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disorder with variable clinical presentation. We intend to describe the clinical, biochemical, and radio-pathological profiles of PHPT patients managed over 13 years from South India.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analysed all patients who underwent evaluation and surgery for PHPT from July 2011 to April 2024.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 862 PHPT patients underwent parathyroidectomy, with female preponderance (61.2%). Analysis was done on 804 patients (>20 years of age) excluding adolescent and paediatric age groups. The mean age was 43.8 years. The presentation in decreasing order of frequency was weakness and fatigue (84.2%); bone pain (35%); renal disease (20.8%) in the form of nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, or renal dysfunction; and neuropsychiatric manifestations (23.8%). Pathological fractures were observed in 4.5%, hypercalcaemic crisis in 2.6% of patients, and 1% had MEN I (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia) syndrome. The mean albumin adjusted serum calcium level was 12.3 ± 1.01 mg/dl, and the median serum PTH level was 338 (80-3864) pg/ml. The sensitivity of the ultrasound neck and ^99mTc Sestamibi scan was 97.5% and 98.3%, respectively, with a concordance of 93.4%. 25% underwent bilateral neck exploration and parathyroidectomy. Lesions were ectopic in 20 (2.4%) patients. The mean parathyroid gland weight was 1.45 ± 0.75 g. Histopathology revealed parathyroid adenoma (93.5%), parathyroid hyperplasia (1.6%), and parathyroid carcinoma (2.2%). The cure rate was 99.3%, while three patients had persistent disease. Hungry bone syndrome was observed in 12.1%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is a changing trend in the clinical and biochemical profiles of PHPT patients in India to a milder form of the disease. The incidence of parathyroid carcinoma was slightly higher compared to a few other centres in India.</p>","PeriodicalId":13353,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"29 1","pages":"69-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11964361/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143780033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Jaw Tumor Conundrum.","authors":"Lavina Patnaik, Pragya Mangla, Nishant Raizada, Sri V Madhu","doi":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_342_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijem.ijem_342_24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13353,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"29 1","pages":"125-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11964370/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143780038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trabecular Bone Score in Asian-Indian Post-menopausal Women Across the Spectrum of Hyperglycaemia: Insights from a Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Tanushi Aggarwal, Ravi Shah, Rimesh Pal, Ashu Rastogi, Veenu Singla, Sanjay K Bhadada","doi":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_310_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijem.ijem_310_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases the risk of fragility fractures, despite the fact that areal bone mineral density (aBMD) is either increased or normal compared to healthy non-diabetic subjects. Hence, the trabecular bone score (TBS) is under investigation in this patient cohort as an alternative metric for the assessment of bone health. The present study aimed to determine TBS in post-menopausal women diagnosed with T2DM and in non-diabetic individuals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study enrolled 101 individuals with T2DM and 101 individuals without overt T2DM (43 individuals with pre-diabetes and 58 normoglycaemic individuals). Participants underwent a comprehensive history and physical examination, biochemical investigations, and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan with TBS measurement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Post-menopausal women with T2DM did not exhibit any significant difference in aBMD levels in comparison to those with pre-diabetes or normoglycaemic individuals. Although there was no statistically significant difference in aBMD among the three groups, the mean TBS value was significantly lower in the T2DM group when compared to both comparison groups (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Additionally, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and the duration of diabetes demonstrated a significant negative correlation with TBS.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>TBS may serve as a valuable tool for assessing bone health in individuals with T2DM, particularly when aBMD does not accurately predict the risk of fragility fractures. Both glycaemic control and the duration of diabetes significantly impact TBS values. In individuals with T2DM, incorporating TBS measurements alongside aBMD assessments could offer a more comprehensive evaluation of their bone health.</p>","PeriodicalId":13353,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"29 1","pages":"43-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11964362/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143780039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical and Biochemical Markers in Early Pregnancy for Prediction of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Jaya B Kanwar, Ankit Manglunia, Swayamsidha Mangaraj, Jayshree Swain, Abhay Sahoo, Jaspreet Singh, Manisha Sahoo, Sujata Mishra, Samanyoya Gochhait, Subhashree Ray","doi":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_492_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijem.ijem_492_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is associated with an increased risk of feto-maternal and neonatal complications. Many of these complications can be reduced or eliminated, if GDM can be predicted in early pregnancy. Current risk prediction models lack a strong predictive value. In this study, we aim to evaluate the early trimester maternal parameters for future prediction of GDM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective observational study, we screened 581 consecutive healthy women with singleton pregnancy for GDM during their first antenatal visit. After informed consent, fasting blood samples were collected and stored at -80°C. GDM was diagnosed as per IADPSG criteria. During prospective follow-up, a total of 55 patients developed GDM. A total of 110 age and BMI-matched controls were recruited for comparison. In all women, we measured the Oral Glucose Tolerance test with 75 gm anhydrous glucose, fasting insulin, HbA1c, hsCRP, uric acid, and lipid Profile. HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, and QUICKI were also assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The GDM cohort had significantly higher median waist circumference, 2 hr plasma glucose, HbA1c, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, hsCRP, uric acid, and serum triglyceride levels. Multiple regression analysis revealed HbA1c (OR 5.264; <i>P</i> = 0.007), 2 hr PPG (OR 1.026; <i>P</i> = 0.035), QUICKI (OR 1.057; <i>P</i> = 0.016), uric acid (OR 1.931; <i>P</i> = 0.013) and neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio (OR 1.545; <i>P</i> = 0.008) to be independently associated with GDM outcome with combined area under the curve (AUC) of 0.850, a sensitivity of 72.7%, and a specificity of 87.3%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Fasting Insulin, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, hsCRP, and Uric acid levels are significantly increased in early pregnancy in individuals who subsequently develop GDM.</p>","PeriodicalId":13353,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"29 1","pages":"108-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11964373/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143779900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macro-Thyrotropin Syndrome: Prevalence and Clinical Profile of an Under-Recognised Rare Entity in Thyroidology.","authors":"Maitri M Patel, Dhara K Patel, Lalitkumar B Patel, Chetan B Dharaiya, Dhruvkumar M Patel, Ravi M Vasani, Mukundkumar V Patel","doi":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_256_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijem.ijem_256_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Macro-thyrotropin syndrome (macro-TSH) is a rare condition characterised by the formation of a complex between thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and an unknown component, resulting in elevated TSH levels that do not accurately reflect thyroid status. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and clinical profile of macro-TSH among patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 1500 patients were evaluated, with 135 exhibiting elevated TSH levels (>10 IU/mL) and normal free-thyroxine levels. Macro-TSH was diagnosed based on persistent elevated TSH levels despite serial dilutions and confirmed by less than 60% TSH recovery following polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Finally, 115 were diagnosed with SCH, 15 with macro-TSH, and 1245 were categorised into non-thyroid groups. The prevalence of macro-TSH, SCH, and heterophilic antibodies interfering with immunoassay was 1.09%, 8.36%, and 0.36%, respectively. Among macro-TSH patients, 13.33% exhibited classical hypothyroid features, contrasting with the 52.0% observed in SCH patients. Female gender and a family history of hypothyroidism were associated with higher odds of having macro-TSH. Diabetes mellitus, clinical symptoms of hypothyroidism (except lethargy), higher TSH level, and post-PEG TSH recovery were significantly associated with SCH compared to macro-TSH. The mean TSH level was five times higher in macro-TSH compared to SCH.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Macro-TSH syndrome represents a distinct clinical entity within the spectrum of SCH, characterised by disproportionately high TSH levels. Recognising macro-TSH is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of SCH.</p>","PeriodicalId":13353,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"29 1","pages":"95-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11964358/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143779946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Type 2 Diabetic Women with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy.","authors":"Subhash Kumar, Surya K Singh, Saurabh Singh","doi":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_108_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijem.ijem_108_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>There is evidence that diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is associated with increased risk for fractures in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We planned a study to assess the prevalence of osteoporosis and vertebral fractures (VFs) in postmenopausal type 2 diabetic women aged 40-60 years with DPN and to find out their relationship with severity of DPN.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional observational study included sixty-two postmenopausal type 2 diabetic women of age 40-60 years, out of them thirty-two were with DPN and thirty were without DPN. The presence of DPN was established based on history and clinical examination. Plain X-ray spine and bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were used to assess vertebral fracture and osteoporosis, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of osteoporosis in women with DPN was 68.75% at lumbar spine (LS) and 18.75% at femoral neck (FN), and osteoporosis at LS was statistically significant compared to those without DPN (<i>P</i> = 0.002). On subgroup analysis in women with DPN, the osteoporosis at LS showed significant association with lower body mass index (BMI) (<i>P</i> = 0.015), but not with severity of DPN. The prevalence of VFs in women with DPN was 6.25% with no statistical significance in comparison with other group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study revealed high prevalence of osteoporosis at LS in postmenopausal type 2 diabetics with DPN. VFs are most common consequence of osteoporosis, although we could not find significant prevalence of VFs in women with DPN that may be due to small sample size and cross-sectional study design.</p>","PeriodicalId":13353,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"29 1","pages":"55-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11964365/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143780030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevention and Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency in India: An Expert Group Consensus.","authors":"Sanjay Kalra, Abdul H Zargar, Ashok K Das, Arjun Baidya, Arundhati Dasgupta, Chitra Selvan, Ganapathi Bantwal, Nitin Kapoor, Om J Lakhani, Pankaj K Agarwal, Sarita Bajaj, Vijaya Sarathi","doi":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_264_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijem.ijem_264_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in India, yet no standardized guidelines exist for classifying vitamin D status or its prevention and treatment. Even more, there is no consensus specific to vitamin D supplementation for the Indian population, and there are inconsistencies in the cut-off values for deficiency, severe deficiency, and insufficiency across various guidelines, which this evidence-based consensus seeks to resolve, thus guiding healthcare professionals in identifying, preventing, and managing vitamin D deficiency. An expert group of 41 endocrinologists from across India developed the consensus using the DELPHI method, achieving over 90% agreement on all recommendations. The consensus defines vitamin D deficiency, severe deficiency, and insufficiency, recommending supplementation strategies to maintain physiological 25(OH) D levels of 40-60 ng/mL (100-150 nmol/L). Tailored treatment regimens for neonates, infants, children, adolescents, adults, the elderly, pregnant and lactating women, and individuals with co-morbid conditions are provided to ensure optimal health for all age groups in India.</p>","PeriodicalId":13353,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"29 1","pages":"13-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11964374/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143780031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}