Zhaohao Ding;Qiyuan Lu;Xuan Wei;Zhiyuan Xu;Xinran Li;Shan Guo;Chengming Gong;Yingjian Hu;Yaning Han
{"title":"Forecasting Flexible Regulation Capabilities of Electric Vehicles: A Probabilistic Approach With Bayesian Neural Networks and Transformer","authors":"Zhaohao Ding;Qiyuan Lu;Xuan Wei;Zhiyuan Xu;Xinran Li;Shan Guo;Chengming Gong;Yingjian Hu;Yaning Han","doi":"10.1109/TIA.2025.3548578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2025.3548578","url":null,"abstract":"Inrecent years, the rapid increase of electric vehicles (EVs) has significantly enhanced the potential for flexible regulation capabilities (FRC) within the power grid. However, the stochastic nature of EV charging behavior poses significant challenges to the accurate evaluation and prediction of FRC. This study introduces a probabilistic prediction method that employs Bayesian Neural Networks combined with Transformer models to achieve FRC prediction under uncertainty. Initially, battery capacity and energy demand for EVs are considered to quantify the FRC of an individual EV, with the aggregated regulation capability obtained using the Minkowski sum method. Subsequently, feature engineering techniques are applied to identify features associated with the flexibility of EVs. Finally, a prediction model is constructed based on the Transformer architecture to forecast FRC of EVs. This model incorporates the ideas of Bayesian Neural Networks by defining the weights and bias parameters in the neural network as probability distributions, thus achieving probabilistic prediction. This study conducts experimental validation using real-world data, and the results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms other algorithms in terms of prediction accuracy while effectively capturing uncertainty.","PeriodicalId":13337,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications","volume":"61 4","pages":"5468-5478"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Second Harmonic Induced Resonant Modes of Fixed-Frequency Operated LLC Converters","authors":"Tianyu Wei;Andrea Cervone;Drazen Dujic","doi":"10.1109/TIA.2025.3548605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2025.3548605","url":null,"abstract":"The fixed-frequency operated LLC converters can provide a fixed voltage gain with galvanic isolation between the input and output. However, when applied in two-stage AC/DC converters, the equivalent current that flows through the LLC converter, which corresponds to the power flow, contains not only a DC current but also a second harmonic current (SHC) at the double line frequency. This paper reveals that the LLC converter has three different resonant modes with different SHC transfer characteristics. With improper parameter design, the SHC transferred by the LLC converter could be even higher than the SHC from the AC/DC stage, leading to discontinuities of resonant operation in every half AC cycle. This phenomenon increases the DC link ripple voltage and current stress of switching devices, reduces efficiency, and should be avoided in practice. To mathematically model the behavior of LLC converters, an equivalent circuit model considering the unidirectional power transfer characteristic of LLC converters is employed in this paper. The equivalent model can be used to calculate the SHC distribution with different DC link designs and provides better modeling accuracy than typical equivalent models. The analysis is verified by simulations and experimental measurements on a two-stage input-series-output-parallel solid-state transformer.","PeriodicalId":13337,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications","volume":"61 4","pages":"6547-6555"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influence of 3D Printed Surface Texturing on the Tribocharging Process of Polymer Slabs in Conformal Contact","authors":"Cosmina Chiujdea;Thami Zeghloul;Mohamed Sofiane Bendilmi;Sorin Cananau;Lucian Dascalescu","doi":"10.1109/TIA.2025.3548027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2025.3548027","url":null,"abstract":"Polymers are frequently used as contact materials in industrial applications that exploit the triboelectric effect. The aim of this paper is to investigate, with the help of 3D printing manufacturing technologies, how tribocharging of polymers is affected by their surface morphology. The experiments were performed using a linear tribometer to create the electric charge through friction between two samples. To highlight the correlation of surface texture with the level of triboelectric charge, the Polylactic acid (PLA) samples were manufactured with three different surface geometries, referred to as “lines”, “zigzag” and “waves”. The first series of experiments consisted in charging the surface of the PLA samples with the tribocharging bench for 20 and 40 cycles, with an Aluminum bar. The cartography of the electric potential at the surface was then performed, using a 2D mapping system to entrain the capacitive probe of an electrostatic voltmeter. In the second series of experiments, after tribocharging, the PLA samples were placed under the probe of the electrostatic voltmeter for 10 min to determine the surface potential decay (SPD) curve. The range of surface potential values was smaller for the “lines”-textured samples than for the other two, pointing out that the geometry of the texture significantly influences the outcome of the triboelectric charging. When comparing the SPD curves of the three textures for 20 cycles, it can be noted that ones for PLA with “lines” and “zigzags” are almost the same, but different from those of “waves”-type samples.","PeriodicalId":13337,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications","volume":"61 4","pages":"6011-6021"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robert M. Orndorff;Genesis B. Alvarez;Gad M. Ilunga;Micah J. Till;Katelynn D. Vance
{"title":"Enhancing Fault Location Accuracy by Addressing Flashovers in Segmented Static Wires","authors":"Robert M. Orndorff;Genesis B. Alvarez;Gad M. Ilunga;Micah J. Till;Katelynn D. Vance","doi":"10.1109/TIA.2025.3548498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2025.3548498","url":null,"abstract":"Accurately locating faults on 500 kV lines using impedance-based methods has long been a challenge for Dominion Energy Virginia. Systems methods that were implemented to mitigate the fault location errors worked well; however, single-ended, impedance-based methods kept returning inaccurate fault locations. In early 2020, we experienced an “ah-ha” event that changed the way we determine fault location for 500 kV lines. While static wires are continuous on our 115 and 230 kV lines, for 500 kV lines they are segmented to reduce losses. When a fault in a substation caused the remote end of a 500 kV line to trip on Zone 1, the digital fault recorders (DFRs) incorrectly reported the fault location as being on the line. While using the known location to analyze the fault, we discovered that during certain faults segmented static wires would flash over at their segmentation points, causing the segments to appear continuous. The resulting zero-sequence impedance was vastly different than the system model. Based on this information, Dominion is developing a process to calculate the fault current levels required for flashover for each of its 500 kV lines. This paper describes the steps to our discovery, reviews our fault location methods, and discusses other methods of determining fault location based on a known location. We conducted a PSCAD study to analyze induced voltage under various conditions.","PeriodicalId":13337,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications","volume":"61 2","pages":"1984-1991"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dev Paul;Peter E. Sutherland;Claudio S. Mardegan;Paul Lewin
{"title":"Update on Transient Surge Arresters (SA) and Insulators at Medium-Voltage Power Distribution System","authors":"Dev Paul;Peter E. Sutherland;Claudio S. Mardegan;Paul Lewin","doi":"10.1109/TIA.2025.3544980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2025.3544980","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of renewable energy resources, a step forward for decarbonization, has posed trivial power system protection and reliability challenge for power supply to I&CPS facilities. Such switching surges and power system harmonics generated by the power electronics used by the renewable energy resources. Severe weather changes, extreme heat, across the insulators, lightning thunderstorms breaking overhead bare line conductors falling on ground to cause fire endangering safety of public and animals. Severe lightning and switching surges injecting additional harmonics to harmonics from renewable energy resources integrated into the grid, makes power system protection at the PCC challenging. This paper reviews application of power system surge arresters, insulators, surge limiters, protection of wood poles from fire by insulators flashover to poles metallic support structure. IEEE and IEC standards on surge arresters and insulators are included to establish difference of these devices’ selection methods. This paper ends with practical application recommendations of surge protection devices based upon power system equipment configuration, insulation level, and surge propagation theory.","PeriodicalId":13337,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications","volume":"61 4","pages":"5962-5970"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christine Crites;Kola Y V Bhargav Reddy;Balakrishna Pamulaparthy;Ravindranauth Ramlachan
{"title":"Relay-Based Electrical Signature Analysis for Incipient Motor Failure Detection – Field Successes","authors":"Christine Crites;Kola Y V Bhargav Reddy;Balakrishna Pamulaparthy;Ravindranauth Ramlachan","doi":"10.1109/TIA.2025.3547702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2025.3547702","url":null,"abstract":"Unexpected motor failures cause a significant impact to facility operations. To improve personnel safety, minimize unplanned shutdowns, reduce maintenance expenses, and maximize operational revenue, industry worldwide has largely shifted to an enhanced approach to motor maintenance – one that focuses on proactive, preventative maintenance rather than reactionary repair. One prevalent motor failure detection technique used is Electrical Signature Analysis (ESA). While historically cost-prohibitive to apply to smaller machines or less crucial processes, technological advancements have given rise to various much more economical and accessible options to implement ESA technology. This paper will discuss one option: the application of ESA as part of an existing motor protection & control relay. The general concept of ESA will be outlined as well as the benefits ESA incorporated into a protection relay offers. It will also address the types of mechanical faults it can effectively detect. Several case studies will be presented.","PeriodicalId":13337,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications","volume":"61 4","pages":"6822-6832"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Fast Neural Network-Based Battery SOH Estimation Using Load Surge Response Characteristics","authors":"Yuhang Fan;Qiongbin Lin;Ruochen Huang;Huiyang Hong;Yufeng Lin;Jia Wang;Qingrong Huang","doi":"10.1109/TIA.2025.3548606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2025.3548606","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring the performance of lithium-ion batteries is crucial for the manufacture and operation of various industrial applications. The state of health shows the health status of the batteries. This paper proposes a novel method for fast estimation of battery state of health by leveraging response characteristics during load surges and optimizing the process through a genetic algorithm-extreme learning machine model. Traditional estimation techniques often rely on complete charge/discharge profiles, which are inefficient for online monitoring and real-time applications. The proposed method extracts key features from voltage response curves during inrush currents, thereby eliminating the need for full charge/discharge data. Techniques such as discrete wavelet transform and differential voltage analysis are employed to capture vital health indicators. The genetic algorithm-extreme learning machine algorithm significantly reduces computational complexity while ensuring high estimation accuracy by optimizing the parameters of the extreme learning machine. Experimental results demonstrate that the model achieves high accuracy (within 3%) in estimating state of health across various states of charge. This method is particularly suitable for applications requiring rapid and non-invasive battery health assessments, such as backup power systems and electric vehicle startups.","PeriodicalId":13337,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications","volume":"61 4","pages":"5479-5488"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdul Basit Mirza;Andrew Castiblanco;Abdul Muneeb;Yang Xie;Sama Salehi Vala;Fang Luo
{"title":"Impact of PCB Parasitic Capacitance on Switching Transients in Chopper and Half-Bridge Configurations Utilizing TO-247 SiC Devices","authors":"Abdul Basit Mirza;Andrew Castiblanco;Abdul Muneeb;Yang Xie;Sama Salehi Vala;Fang Luo","doi":"10.1109/TIA.2025.3547708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2025.3547708","url":null,"abstract":"Silicon Carbide (SiC) MOSFETs and Schottky diodes in the TO-247 package are economical options for chopper (buck/boost) and half-bridge configurations, which are fundamental building blocks for various power converter topologies. However, the fast switching of SiC implies high <inline-formula><tex-math>$text{d}boldsymbol{v}/text{d}boldsymbol{t}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math>$text{d}boldsymbol{i}/text{d}boldsymbol{t}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, imposing a constraint on the PCB portion of power loop inductance in minimizing voltage overshoot during the turn-OFF transient. Although the vertical PCB power loop layout effectively reduces the PCB loop inductance, it increases the PCB parasitic capacitance. Due to the considerable lead inductance of the TO-247 package, this PCB capacitance is paralleled to the device's output capacitance through the package lead inductance, altering the switching transient. This article analyzes the effect of PCB capacitance on turn-OFF switching transient and ringing in chopper and half-bridge configurations with SiC devices in the TO-247 package. Initially, small-signal models incorporating PCB capacitance are derived. Subsequently, these models are validated in the frequency domain, and the switching transients are compared through double pulse test (DPT) on two PCB prototypes with the same layout but different stack-ups, yielding different PCB capacitances. Further, a comparative study of the proposed models with direct parallel approximation of PCB and device output capacitance is presented. Finally, the proposed small-signal models are analyzed to establish criteria, in terms of TO-247 lead and PCB loop inductance, for minimizing the impact of PCB capacitance on switching transients.","PeriodicalId":13337,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications","volume":"61 4","pages":"6618-6631"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shaohua Zhang;Xian Wang;Ziyan Zhang;Jingjie Ma;Shengqi Zhang;Fei Wang
{"title":"A Market Framework Considering Cooperation Between Renewable Generators and Shared Energy Storage","authors":"Shaohua Zhang;Xian Wang;Ziyan Zhang;Jingjie Ma;Shengqi Zhang;Fei Wang","doi":"10.1109/TIA.2025.3546599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2025.3546599","url":null,"abstract":"Renewable energy producers, such as wind and photovoltaic (PV) power generators, are increasingly participating in electricity markets. Nonetheless, severe uncertainties of renewable sources can introduce significant bid deviations, impacting their competitiveness in the market. In this context, collaborating with shared energy storage system (SESS) shows huge potentials for renewable generators to tackle the problem. In this study, we propose a novel market framework that involves a cooperative hybrid resource coalition (HRC), formed by wind and PV power producers cooperating with SESS, competing in the day-ahead market with thermal power generators. By allowing power sharing within the coalition and empowering the SESS to mitigate bid deviations and leverage market arbitrage, the market framework significantly boosts the utilization rate of energy storage. Based on the market framework, a multi-period game-theoretic model is developed to examine the price-making behaviors of the HRC and SESS. Scenario generation and reduction methods are used to simulate the uncertainties associated with wind and PV. Furthermore, using the Shapley value method, profits are fairly allocated among the coalition members within the HRC. Finally, numerical examples are used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed market framework.","PeriodicalId":13337,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications","volume":"61 4","pages":"5714-5724"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hillary C. Idoko;Udochukwu B. Akuru;Olawale Popoola;Wasiq Ullah;Faisal Khan;Lesedi Masisi
{"title":"Parametric Evaluation and Electromagnetic Performance Comparison of Conventional and Double-Stator Wound-Field Flux Switching Machines","authors":"Hillary C. Idoko;Udochukwu B. Akuru;Olawale Popoola;Wasiq Ullah;Faisal Khan;Lesedi Masisi","doi":"10.1109/TIA.2025.3547286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2025.3547286","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a comprehensive electromagnetic performance comparison of the conventional wound field flux switching machine (WFFSM) and the double stator WFFSM (DSWFFSM) is undertaken for high torque density applications, based on finite element analysis (FEA). The initial design study reveals superior specific density and torque density of the DSWFFSM over WFFSM. Parametric analysis is then used to systematically vary key structural variables to study their influence on average torque, torque ripple, efficiency and power factor, while a multi-objective optimisation based on normalised weighted objectives is used to select the optimal designs upon which a comparative evaluation is performed to reiterate the intrinsic advantages of DSWFFSM in achieving elevated torque performance. The results show that specific torque and torque density of the DSWFFSM finally increased by 43.5% and 30.4% over the WFFSM, respectively. The torque ripple of the DSWFFSM is also finally reduced by 75.9% . To validate the FEA results, an experimental analysis is provided based on a pre-existing DSWFFSM prototype.","PeriodicalId":13337,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications","volume":"61 4","pages":"6261-6271"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}