Immune Network最新文献

{"title":"Exosomes in Action: Unraveling Their Role in Autoimmune Diseases and Exploring Potential Therapeutic Applications.","authors":"Shuanglong Zhou, Jialing Huang, Yi Zhang, Hongsong Yu, Xin Wang","doi":"10.4110/in.2024.24.e12","DOIUrl":"10.4110/in.2024.24.e12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exosomes are double phospholipid membrane vesicles that are synthesized and secreted by a variety of cells, including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, immune cells, are extracellular vesicles. Recent studies have revealed that exosomes can play a significant role in under both physiological and pathological conditions. They have been implicated in regulation of inflammatory responses, immune response, angiogenesis, tissue repair, and antioxidant activities, particularly in modulating immunity in autoimmune diseases (AIDs). Moreover, variations in the expression of exosome-related substances, such as miRNA and proteins, may not only offer valuable perspectives for the early warning, and prognostic assessment of various AIDs, but may also serve as novel markers for disease diagnosis. This article examines the impact of exosomes on the development of AIDs and explores their potential for therapeutic application.</p>","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11076296/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140898353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IL-15 in T-Cell Responses and Immunopathogenesis.","authors":"Hoyoung Lee, Su-Hyung Park, Eui-Cheol Shin","doi":"10.4110/in.2024.24.e11","DOIUrl":"10.4110/in.2024.24.e11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>IL-15 belongs to the common gamma chain cytokine family and has pleiotropic immunological functions. IL-15 is a homeostatic cytokine essential for the development and maintenance of NK cells and memory CD8⁺ T cells. In addition, IL-15 plays a critical role in the activation, effector functions, tissue residency, and senescence of CD8⁺ T cells. IL-15 also activates virtual memory T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells and γδ T cells. Recently, IL-15 has been highlighted as a major trigger of TCR-independent activation of T cells. This mechanism is involved in T cell-mediated immunopathogenesis in diverse diseases, including viral infections and chronic inflammatory diseases. Deeper understanding of IL-15-mediated T-cell responses and their underlying mechanisms could optimize therapeutic strategies to ameliorate host injury by T cell-mediated immunopathogenesis. This review highlights recent advancements in comprehending the role of IL-15 in relation to T cell responses and immunopathogenesis under various host conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10917573/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytokines, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors, and PlGF in Autoimmunity: Insights From Rheumatoid Arthritis to Multiple Sclerosis.","authors":"Young Eun Lee, Seung-Hyo Lee, Wan-Uk Kim","doi":"10.4110/in.2024.24.e10","DOIUrl":"10.4110/in.2024.24.e10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this review, we will explore the intricate roles of cytokines and vascular endothelial growth factors in autoimmune diseases (ADs), with a particular focus on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and multiple sclerosis (MS). AD is characterized by self-destructive immune responses due to auto-reactive T lymphocytes and Abs. Among various types of ADs, RA and MS possess inflammation as a central role but in different sites of the patients. Other common aspects among these two ADs are their chronicity and relapsing-remitting symptoms requiring continuous management. First factor inducing these ADs are cytokines, such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-17, which play significant roles in the pathogenesis by contributing to inflammation, immune cell activation, and tissue damage. Secondly, vascular endothelial growth factors, including VEGF and angiopoietins, are crucial in promoting angiogenesis and inflammation in these two ADs. Finally, placental growth factor (PlGF), an emerging factor with bi-directional roles in angiogenesis and T cell differentiation, as we introduce as an \"angio-lymphokine\" is another key factor in ADs. Thus, while angiogenesis recruits more inflammatory cells into the peripheral sites, cytokines secreted by effector cells play critical roles in the pathogenesis of ADs. Various therapeutic interventions targeting these soluble molecules have shown promise in managing autoimmune pathogenic conditions. However, delicate interplay between cytokines, angiogenic factors, and PlGF has more to be studied when considering their complementary role in actual pathogenic conditions. Understanding the complex interactions among these factors provides valuable insights for the development of innovative therapies for RA and MS, offering hope for improved patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10917575/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing the Power of IL-7 to Boost T Cell Immunity in Experimental and Clinical Immunotherapies.","authors":"Jung-Hyun Park, Seung-Woo Lee, Donghoon Choi, Changhyung Lee, Young Chul Sung","doi":"10.4110/in.2024.24.e9","DOIUrl":"10.4110/in.2024.24.e9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cytokine IL-7 plays critical and nonredundant roles in T cell immunity so that the abundance and availability of IL-7 act as key regulatory mechanisms in T cell immunity. Importantly, IL-7 is not produced by T cells themselves but primarily by non-lymphoid lineage stromal cells and epithelial cells that are limited in their numbers. Thus, T cells depend on cell extrinsic IL-7, and the amount of <i>in vivo</i> IL-7 is considered a major factor in maximizing and maintaining the number of T cells in peripheral tissues. Moreover, IL-7 provides metabolic cues and promotes the survival of both naïve and memory T cells. Thus, IL-7 is also essential for the functional fitness of T cells. In this regard, there has been an extensive effort trying to increase the protein abundance of IL-7 <i>in vivo</i>, with the aim to augment T cell immunity and harness T cell functions in anti-tumor responses. Such approaches started under experimental animal models, but they recently culminated into clinical studies, with striking effects in re-establishing T cell immunity in immunocompromised patients, as well as boosting anti-tumor effects. Depending on the design, glycosylation, and the structure of recombinantly engineered IL-7 proteins and their mimetics, recombinant IL-7 molecules have shown dramatic differences in their stability, efficacy, cellular effects, and overall immune functions. The current review is aimed to summarize the past and present efforts in the field that led to clinical trials, and to highlight the therapeutical significance of IL-7 biology as a master regulator of T cell immunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10917577/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytokines in Follicular Helper T Cell Biology in Physiologic and Pathologic Conditions.","authors":"Jinyong Choi, Shane Crotty, Youn Soo Choi","doi":"10.4110/in.2024.24.e8","DOIUrl":"10.4110/in.2024.24.e8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Follicular helper T cells (Tfh) play a crucial role in generating high-affinity antibodies (Abs) and establishing immunological memory. Cytokines, among other functional molecules produced by Tfh, are central to germinal center (GC) reactions. This review focuses on the role of cytokines, including IL-21 and IL-4, in regulating B cell responses within the GC, such as differentiation, affinity maturation, and plasma cell development. Additionally, this review explores the impact of other cytokines like CXCL13, IL-10, IL-9, and IL-2 on GC responses and their potential involvement in autoimmune diseases, allergies, and cancer. This review highlights contributions of Tfh-derived cytokines to both protective immunity and immunopathology across a spectrum of diseases. A deeper understanding of Tfh cytokine biology holds promise for insights into biomedical conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10917579/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune Cells Are Differentially Affected by SARS-CoV-2 Viral Loads in K18-hACE2 Mice.","authors":"Jung Ah Kim, Sung-Hee Kim, Jeong Jin Kim, Hyuna Noh, Su-Bin Lee, Haengdueng Jeong, Jiseon Kim, Donghun Jeon, Jung Seon Seo, Dain On, Suhyeon Yoon, Sang Gyu Lee, Youn Woo Lee, Hui Jeong Jang, In Ho Park, Jooyeon Oh, Sang-Hyuk Seok, Yu Jin Lee, Seung-Min Hong, Se-Hee An, Joon-Yong Bae, Jung-Ah Choi, Seo Yeon Kim, Young Been Kim, Ji-Yeon Hwang, Hyo-Jung Lee, Hong Bin Kim, Dae Gwin Jeong, Daesub Song, Manki Song, Man-Seong Park, Kang-Seuk Choi, Jun Won Park, Jun-Won Yun, Jeon-Soo Shin, Ho-Young Lee, Ho-Keun Kwon, Jun-Young Seo, Ki Taek Nam, Heon Yung Gee, Je Kyung Seong","doi":"10.4110/in.2024.24.e7","DOIUrl":"10.4110/in.2024.24.e7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Viral load and the duration of viral shedding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are important determinants of the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019. In this study, we examined the effects of viral doses on the lung and spleen of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice by temporal histological and transcriptional analyses. Approximately, 1×10⁵ plaque-forming units (PFU) of SARS-CoV-2 induced strong host responses in the lungs from 2 days post inoculation (dpi) which did not recover until the mice died, whereas responses to the virus were obvious at 5 days, recovering to the basal state by 14 dpi at 1×10² PFU. Further, flow cytometry showed that number of CD8+ T cells continuously increased in 1×10² PFU-virus-infected lungs from 2 dpi, but not in 1×10⁵ PFU-virus-infected lungs. In spleens, responses to the virus were prominent from 2 dpi, and number of B cells was significantly decreased at 1×10⁵ PFU; however, 1×10² PFU of virus induced very weak responses from 2 dpi which recovered by 10 dpi. Although the defense responses returned to normal and the mice survived, lung histology showed evidence of fibrosis, suggesting sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our findings indicate that specific effectors of the immune response in the lung and spleen were either increased or depleted in response to doses of SARS-CoV-2. This study demonstrated that the response of local and systemic immune effectors to a viral infection varies with viral dose, which either exacerbates the severity of the infection or accelerates its elimination.</p>","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11076298/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140900795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innate Type-2 Cytokines: From Immune Regulation to Therapeutic Targets.","authors":"Hye Young Kim, Dongjin Jeong, Ji Hyung Kim, Doo Hyun Chung","doi":"10.4110/in.2024.24.e6","DOIUrl":"10.4110/in.2024.24.e6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The intricate role of innate type-2 cytokines in immune responses is increasingly acknowledged for its dual nature, encompassing both protective and pathogenic dimensions. Ranging from defense against parasitic infections to contributing to inflammatory diseases like asthma, fibrosis, and obesity, these cytokines intricately engage with various innate immune cells. This review meticulously explores the cellular origins of innate type-2 cytokines and their intricate interactions, shedding light on factors that amplify the innate type-2 response, including TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33. Recent advancements in therapeutic strategies, specifically the utilization of biologics targeting pivotal cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13), are discussed, offering insights into both challenges and opportunities. Acknowledging the pivotal role of innate type-2 cytokines in orchestrating immune responses positions them as promising therapeutic targets. The evolving landscape of research and development in this field not only propels immunological knowledge forward but also holds the promise of more effective treatments in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10917574/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimising IL-2 for Cancer Immunotherapy.","authors":"Jonathan Sprent, Onur Boyman","doi":"10.4110/in.2024.24.e5","DOIUrl":"10.4110/in.2024.24.e5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The key role of T cells in cancer immunotherapy is well established and is highlighted by the remarkable capacity of Ab-mediated checkpoint blockade to overcome T-cell exhaustion and amplify anti-tumor responses. However, total or partial tumor remission following checkpoint blockade is still limited to only a few types of tumors. Hence, concerted attempts are being made to devise new methods for improving tumor immunity. Currently, much attention is being focused on therapy with IL-2. This cytokine is a powerful growth factor for T cells and optimises their effector functions. When used at therapeutic doses for cancer treatment, however, IL-2 is highly toxic. Nevertheless, recent work has shown that modifying the structure or presentation of IL-2 can reduce toxicity and lead to effective anti-tumor responses in synergy with checkpoint blockade. Here, we review the complex interaction of IL-2 with T cells: first during normal homeostasis, then during responses to pathogens, and finally in anti-tumor responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10917570/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TNF in Human Tuberculosis: A Double-Edged Sword.","authors":"Jae-Min Yuk, Jin Kyung Kim, In Soo Kim, Eun-Kyeong Jo","doi":"10.4110/in.2024.24.e4","DOIUrl":"10.4110/in.2024.24.e4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>TNF, a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine, is important for protective immunity and immunopathology during <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (Mtb) infection, which causes tuberculosis (TB) in humans. TNF is produced primarily by phagocytes in the lungs during the early stages of Mtb infection and performs diverse physiological and pathological functions by binding to its receptors in a context-dependent manner. TNF is essential for granuloma formation, chronic infection prevention, and macrophage recruitment to and activation at the site of infection. In animal models, TNF, in cooperation with chemokines, contributes to the initiation, maintenance, and clearance of mycobacteria in granulomas. Although anti-TNF therapy is effective against immune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, it carries the risk of reactivating TB. Furthermore, TNF-associated inflammation contributes to cachexia in patients with TB. This review focuses on the multifaceted role of TNF in the pathogenesis and prevention of TB and underscores the importance of investigating the functions of TNF and its receptors in the establishment of protective immunity against and in the pathology of TB. Such investigations will facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies that target TNF signaling, which makes beneficial and detrimental contributions to the pathogenesis of TB.</p>","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10917576/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IL-17 and IL-21: Their Immunobiology and Therapeutic Potentials.","authors":"Choong-Hyun Koh, Byung-Seok Kim, Chang-Yuil Kang, Yeonseok Chung, Hyungseok Seo","doi":"10.4110/in.2024.24.e2","DOIUrl":"10.4110/in.2024.24.e2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies over the last 2 decades have identified IL-17 and IL-21 as key cytokines in the modulation of a wide range of immune responses. IL-17 serves as a critical defender against bacterial and fungal pathogens, while maintaining symbiotic relationships with commensal microbiota. However, alterations in its levels can lead to chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. IL-21, on the other hand, bridges the adaptive and innate immune responses, and its imbalance is implicated in autoimmune diseases and cancer, highlighting its important role in both health and disease. Delving into the intricacies of these cytokines not only opens new avenues for understanding the immune system, but also promises innovative advances in the development of therapeutic strategies for numerous diseases. In this review, we will discuss an updated view of the immunobiology and therapeutic potential of IL-17 and IL-21.</p>","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10917578/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}