Immune Network最新文献

The Role of B Cells in Tumorigenesis and Immunotherapy. B细胞在肿瘤发生和免疫治疗中的作用。

IF 4.1 4区医学

Immune Network Pub Date : 2026-02-24 eCollection Date: 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.4110/in.2026.26.e14

Guoping Yin, Lingna Qi, Na Kang, Tong Li, Cuifeng Li, Yile E Liu, Jingying Ye, Wanli Liu

{"title":"The Role of B Cells in Tumorigenesis and Immunotherapy.","authors":"Guoping Yin, Lingna Qi, Na Kang, Tong Li, Cuifeng Li, Yile E Liu, Jingying Ye, Wanli Liu","doi":"10.4110/in.2026.26.e14","DOIUrl":"10.4110/in.2026.26.e14","url":null,"abstract":"In the tumor microenvironment (TME), the potential role of B cells in tumor immunotherapy has not been paid enough attention for a long time. In recent years, B cells have been widely infiltrated in the TME of a variety of solid tumors, and their functional status significantly affects tumor progression and immune response. B cells can inhibit tumor progression through inducing and maintaining tertiary lymphoid structures and lympho-myeloid aggregates, Ab-dependent anti-tumor effects, Ag presentation, T cell activation, and direct anti-tumor effects. It can also inhibit anti-tumor immune response by producing tumor-promoting antibodies, secreting immunosuppressive cytokines and chemokines, and expressing immune checkpoint molecules. The factors that influence B cell differentiation and function have not been fully elucidated. The complete analysis of these complex factors is essential for designing more precise B-cell-targeted therapies. In addition, based on their dual effects, immunotherapy strategies targeting B cells have developed rapidly. B cells have become an important target for a new generation of immunotherapy. This review systematically expounds on the dual regulatory mechanisms of B cells in the occurrence and development of tumors, analyzes the key factors affecting their functions, and explores the clinical application prospects of targeted B cell therapy to aid in the precise immunotherapy of tumors.","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":"26 1","pages":"e14"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12962832/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147377389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

From Ex Vivo to In Vivo: Advances in Lentiviral Vector Engineering for CAR-T Therapy. 从体外到体内：用于CAR-T治疗的慢病毒载体工程的进展。

IF 4.1 4区医学

Immune Network Pub Date : 2026-02-23 eCollection Date: 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.4110/in.2026.26.e13

Yejin Baek, Yu Ri Seo, Serin Kim, Sungmin Jung, Chan Hyuk Kim, Young-Ho Lee

{"title":"From Ex Vivo to In Vivo: Advances in Lentiviral Vector Engineering for CAR-T Therapy.","authors":"Yejin Baek, Yu Ri Seo, Serin Kim, Sungmin Jung, Chan Hyuk Kim, Young-Ho Lee","doi":"10.4110/in.2026.26.e13","DOIUrl":"10.4110/in.2026.26.e13","url":null,"abstract":"Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has achieved substantial clinical success in hematological malignancies and has become a key modality in cancer immunotherapy. However, the current ex vivo autologous manufacturing model continues to face high costs, complex logistics, and prolonged production timelines, which collectively limit scalability and patient accessibility. Direct in vivo CAR-T generation could overcome these bottlenecks by bypassing ex vivo manipulation, but systemic administration must address significant safety and efficacy hurdles. In this review, we summarize core principles of lentiviral vector design, including essential genomic elements and the evolution of safety-enhanced, third-generation self-inactivating vector system. We then discuss emerging bioengineering strategies to optimize in vivo gene delivery, including pseudotype engineering for T cell targeting, immune-evasion strategies, transgene/payload engineering, and genetic armoring to enhance therapeutic performance and safety. Finally, we review the current clinical landscape and highlight early evidence supporting the feasibility of in vivo CAR-T generation from ongoing clinical-stage programs. Collectively, these advances are accelerating the maturation of in vivo CAR-T platforms toward scalable modalities with the potential to substantially broaden access to advanced cellular immunotherapies.","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":"26 1","pages":"e13"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12962828/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147377311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Integrating Three Functional Subsets of T Cell Immunity Into an Integrative Model for Cancer Immunotherapy. 将T细胞免疫的三个功能亚群整合到癌症免疫治疗的综合模型中。

IF 4.1 4区医学

Immune Network Pub Date : 2026-02-23 eCollection Date: 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.4110/in.2026.26.e12

Jaeyoun Park, Heeju Ryu

{"title":"Integrating Three Functional Subsets of T Cell Immunity Into an Integrative Model for Cancer Immunotherapy.","authors":"Jaeyoun Park, Heeju Ryu","doi":"10.4110/in.2026.26.e12","DOIUrl":"10.4110/in.2026.26.e12","url":null,"abstract":"Current cancer immunotherapy relies heavily on tumor-Ag specific T cells (TASTs). While checkpoint blockade has redefined the therapeutic landscape of oncology, this single-mechanism strategy shows limitations from stochastic de novo priming and terminal exhaustion. High-dimensional single-cell data reveal the tumor microenvironment as a heterogeneous immune ecosystem where virus-specific T cells (VSTs) and bystander T cells often predominate over TASTs. We propose an integrative model built on three functional subsets: 1) classical TASTs; 2) VSTs acting as TASTs via viral etiology or molecular mimicry; and 3) bystander T cells representing a tumor-independent compartment. Characterizing these subsets by ontogeny and transcriptional programs suggests their potential utility as predictive biomarkers for checkpoint inhibitor responses and as distinct platforms for adoptive cell transfer strategies. This explains resistance mechanisms in immunologically cold tumors and guides mechanistically distinct therapeutic approaches-from classical priming to in situ viral activation and off-the-shelf cellular products.","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":"26 1","pages":"e12"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12962829/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147377289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tumor Cells as Architects of Immune Refractoriness: Dismantling Intrinsic Programs of Tumor Cells for Clinical Translation. 肿瘤细胞作为免疫难治性的建筑师：拆除肿瘤细胞的内在程序用于临床翻译。

IF 4.1 4区医学

Immune Network Pub Date : 2026-02-23 eCollection Date: 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.4110/in.2026.26.e11

Hyo-Jung Lee, Eunho Cho, Kwon-Ho Song, Tae Woo Kim

{"title":"Tumor Cells as Architects of Immune Refractoriness: Dismantling Intrinsic Programs of Tumor Cells for Clinical Translation.","authors":"Hyo-Jung Lee, Eunho Cho, Kwon-Ho Song, Tae Woo Kim","doi":"10.4110/in.2026.26.e11","DOIUrl":"10.4110/in.2026.26.e11","url":null,"abstract":"T cell-based immunotherapies have transformed cancer treatment, yet only a minority of patients achieve durable remission because tumors display primary or acquired resistance. While most frameworks attribute therapeutic failure to impaired T-cell activity or immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), growing evidence indicates that a deeper layer of refractoriness originates within tumor cells themselves. Oncogenic mutations endow tumor cells with survival, and immune-evasive programs, establishing a molecular foundation for multi-malignant and immune-refractory behavior. Under sustained immune pressure and crosstalk with stromal and immune components, these programs are reinforced through epigenetic remodeling and hyperactivation of oncogenic signaling. Importantly, tumor cell-encoded programs extend beyond the cell, orchestrating fibroblast activation, abnormal angiogenesis, suppressed Ag presentation, and recruiting suppressive immune subsets. In this way, tumor cells construct a microenvironment that perpetuates their own resistant state. This review proposes a paradigm shift from an immune-centric to a tumor cell-centric framework, arguing that durable therapeutic control will require dismantling the regulatory networks within tumor cells that couple oncogenesis with immune evasion. By decoding how tumor cells establish and stabilize multilayered immune refractoriness, we outline strategies to identify actionable vulnerabilities and design next-generation therapies that reprogram tumor cells and recondition the TME toward sustained anti-tumor immunity.","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":"26 1","pages":"e11"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12962834/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147377391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Regulatory T Cell Heterogeneity in the Steady State and Tumor. 稳态和肿瘤中的调节性T细胞异质性。

IF 4.1 4区医学

Immune Network Pub Date : 2026-02-19 eCollection Date: 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.4110/in.2026.26.e10

Dahae Kim, Nahong Lee, Sang-Jun Ha

引用次数: 0

Dual Roles of MAIT Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for Cancer Immunity and Therapy. MAIT细胞在肿瘤微环境中的双重作用：对肿瘤免疫和治疗的影响。

IF 4.1 4区医学

Immune Network Pub Date : 2026-02-19 eCollection Date: 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.4110/in.2026.26.e8

Junghwan Choi, You Jeong Lee

{"title":"Dual Roles of MAIT Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for Cancer Immunity and Therapy.","authors":"Junghwan Choi, You Jeong Lee","doi":"10.4110/in.2026.26.e8","DOIUrl":"10.4110/in.2026.26.e8","url":null,"abstract":"Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate T cells that recognize riboflavin metabolites with canonical TCRs and develop in the thymus as memory cells. They account for 1%-10% of peripheral blood T cells in humans and are frequently observed within the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, their functional roles remain controversial. In certain tumors, infiltrated MAIT cells upregulate cytotoxic receptor NKG2D and effector cytokines, including IFNγ, TNFα, and granzyme, contributing to tumor control. In other settings, they exhibit reduced cytokine production, increased expression of inhibitory receptors such as PD-1, CTLA-4, and TIM-3, and are associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes. These discrepancies are influenced by the source of MR1 ligands, cytokine composition, and metabolic conditions within the TME. Meanwhile, due to the innate cytotoxicity and lack of alloreactivity, MAIT cells are attractive candidates for cellular immunotherapy. This review summarizes the functional dichotomy of MAIT cells in cancers and outlines strategies to harness their anti-tumor properties.","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":"26 1","pages":"e8"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12962835/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147377298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dynamic Interplay Between Tumor Cells and the Immune System. 肿瘤细胞与免疫系统之间的动态相互作用。

IF 4.1 4区医学

Immune Network Pub Date : 2026-02-19 eCollection Date: 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.4110/in.2026.26.e9

Yoontae Lee, You Jeong Lee, Tae Jin Kim

引用次数: 0

Harnessing the Gut Microbiota to Improve Cancer Immunotherapy: Focus on Lung Cancer. 利用肠道微生物群改善癌症免疫治疗：以肺癌为重点。

IF 4.1 4区医学

Immune Network Pub Date : 2026-02-19 eCollection Date: 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.4110/in.2026.26.e7

Uni Park, Jun-Yeong Heo, Seung-Min Chun, June-Chul Lee, Se-Hoon Lee, Seung-Woo Lee

{"title":"Harnessing the Gut Microbiota to Improve Cancer Immunotherapy: Focus on Lung Cancer.","authors":"Uni Park, Jun-Yeong Heo, Seung-Min Chun, June-Chul Lee, Se-Hoon Lee, Seung-Woo Lee","doi":"10.4110/in.2026.26.e7","DOIUrl":"10.4110/in.2026.26.e7","url":null,"abstract":"The gut microbiota has emerged as a key orchestrator of systemic immunity, capable of reshaping the tumor microenvironment and modulating responses to cancer immunotherapy via the gut-lung axis. While immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized lung cancer treatment, a significant proportion of patients fail to respond. Accumulating evidence suggests that intestinal microbial composition modulates antitumor immunity, yet clinical associations between specific microbial taxa and ICB outcomes often show inconsistencies across cohorts. In this review, we synthesize current mechanistic insights into how gut microbial metabolites and structural components modulate pulmonary immune surveillance. We critically examine the clinical landscape of microbiome signatures in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), highlighting how species- and strain-level heterogeneity contributes to divergent findings. Finally, we discuss translational strategies-ranging from fecal microbiota transplantation to rationally designed bacterial consortia and engineered probiotics-and propose a roadmap for integrating multi-omics with microbiome engineering to overcome current limitations and optimize precision immunotherapy.","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":"26 1","pages":"e7"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12962831/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147377351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Advances in IL-2 Family Cytokine-Based Cancer Therapies: Overcoming Challenges Through Molecular Engineering and Delivery Strategies. 基于IL-2家族细胞因子的癌症治疗进展：通过分子工程和递送策略克服挑战。

IF 4.1 4区医学

Immune Network Pub Date : 2026-02-13 eCollection Date: 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.4110/in.2026.26.e6

Hyunseo An, Jiwon Oh, Joonbeom Bae

{"title":"Advances in IL-2 Family Cytokine-Based Cancer Therapies: Overcoming Challenges Through Molecular Engineering and Delivery Strategies.","authors":"Hyunseo An, Jiwon Oh, Joonbeom Bae","doi":"10.4110/in.2026.26.e6","DOIUrl":"10.4110/in.2026.26.e6","url":null,"abstract":"Cytokines of the common γ-chain family (IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21) are pivotal in regulating immune responses and hold significant promise for cancer immunotherapy. However, their clinical efficacy has been hindered by short serum half-life, pleiotropic off-target effects, and dose-limiting systemic toxicities such as cytokine release syndrome. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements designed to overcome these limitations. Molecular engineering strategies, including PEGylation, Fc-fusion, muteins, and next-generation approaches like pro-cytokines and split-cytokines, which aim to enhance stability and receptor specificity. To minimize systemic toxicity and achieve high, tumor-localized cytokine concentrations, a variety of innovative delivery systems have been developed, ranging from polymer- and lipid-based nanoparticles to biological vehicles such as oncolytic viruses and cell-based therapies. Furthermore, these delivery systems are designed to respond to both intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli, enabling spatial and temporal control over cytokine activity. By synthesizing current progress and remaining challenges, this review outlines the future trajectory of cytokine-based therapeutics in achieving precise and safe anti-tumor immunity.","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":"26 1","pages":"e6"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12962837/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147377363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Balancing Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors in CD8⁺ T Cell Therapy. 平衡CD8+ T细胞治疗的内在和外在因素。

IF 4.1 4区医学

Immune Network Pub Date : 2026-02-12 eCollection Date: 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.4110/in.2026.26.e5

Dongwook Lee, Yoontae Lee

{"title":"Balancing Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors in CD8+ T Cell Therapy.","authors":"Dongwook Lee, Yoontae Lee","doi":"10.4110/in.2026.26.e5","DOIUrl":"10.4110/in.2026.26.e5","url":null,"abstract":"Persistent Ag exposure in tumors, chronic infections, and autoimmune diseases progressively drive CD8+ T cell dysfunction-a process known as T cell exhaustion. During this process, progenitor exhausted CD8+ T (Tpex) cells represent an early subset with stem cell-like properties and serve as key mediators of immune checkpoint blockade responses. Despite their longevity and proliferative capacity, Tpex cells display limited cytotoxicity. Upon sustained TCR stimulation, they differentiate into exhausted CD8+ T (Tex) cells that express high levels of granzyme B and contribute critically to tumor elimination. Accumulating evidence indicates that Tex cells are functionally heterogeneous, as defined by diverse surface markers and transcriptional programs, and their states are further shaped by tissue- and context-specific cues within the tumor or inflammatory microenvironment. Such extrinsic signals can compromise CD8+ T cell function and limit the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy. A comprehensive understanding of this heterogeneity, integrating both intrinsic transcriptional regulation and extrinsic modulatory signals, is crucial for developing more effective immunotherapeutic strategies. Finally, T cell exhaustion should not be viewed solely as a pathological endpoint but also as an adaptive mechanism that restrains immunopathology, underscoring its context-dependent roles across cancer, infection, and autoimmunity.","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":"26 1","pages":"e5"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12962830/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147377356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0