Indian journal of public health最新文献

{"title":"Establishing Priorities for the Effective Implementation of Tobacco Control Program at National and Subnational Level in India: A Delphi Study.","authors":"Sonu Goel, Diksha Walia, Prakash Chandra Gupta, Rana Jugdeep Singh, Leimapokpam Swasticharan","doi":"10.4103/ijph.ijph_126_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijph.ijph_126_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>India faces unique challenges in tobacco control, with 266.8 million adults using tobacco. Despite these challenges, the country has made progress with the National Tobacco Control Program (NTCP). Effective execution of these policies is crucial to combat the growing tobacco epidemic. This study aims to establish consensus on national and subnational NTCP priorities using a modified Delphi technique.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A three-stage modified Delphi process involved 21 experts from government, nongovernmental organizations, and academia. In the first stage, experts identified key tobacco control priorities. In the second stage, they rated these priorities on a Likert scale (0-4), and the top 10 were determined using a weighted mean. The final stage included an in-depth discussion and ranking of these top priorities by the expert panel.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the initial round, experts proposed 20 national and 17 subnational priorities, which were then rated and ranked to achieve consensus on the top 10 for each level. The top three national priorities identified were amending the National Tobacco Control Legislation (COTPA), monitoring NTCP implementation, and protecting health policy from tobacco industry interference. The top three subnational priorities were: enforcing COTPA and the e-cigarette ban (PECA), engaging civil society in tobacco control efforts, and promoting tobacco-free schools and villages.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While national policies and legislation are vital for strengthening the overall tobacco control framework, effective implementation and enforcement at both national and subnational levels are essential for curbing the tobacco menace in India.</p>","PeriodicalId":13298,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of public health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145080340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between Tobacco Use and Hypertension among Women of Prime Childbearing Age (20-34 Years) in India: Insights from National Family Health Survey-5 Data.","authors":"S Rahini, Sonika Raj, Piyasa Mal, Madhu Gupta, Sonu Goel","doi":"10.4103/ijph.ijph_943_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijph.ijph_943_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hypertension and tobacco use are significant public health concerns with detrimental effects during pregnancy.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study was conducted to assess the association between tobacco use and hypertension among women of prime childbearing age (20-34 years) in India using a representative survey, the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-5.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Secondary data from the NFHS-5 conducted between June 2019 and April 2021 were utilized. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to analyze the association between tobacco use and hypertension, adjusting for sociodemographic factors, illness, physical characteristics, and state-wise data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Tobacco users had a significantly higher prevalence of hypertension (8.8%) compared to nonusers (6.57%). Women using tobacco were 1.16 times more likely to have hypertension than nonusers (95% confidence interval: 1.05-1.28).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study highlights the increased risk of hypertension among tobacco-using women of childbearing age in India. Comprehensive interventions addressing both tobacco control and hypertension management are urgently needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":13298,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of public health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145080463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Effectiveness of Double-fortified Salt in Improving Iron Biomarkers and Hemoglobin Concentration among Adolescent Girls in the Chandauli District, Uttar Pradesh, India.","authors":"Ravi Shankar, Bhavna Sharma, Priyanshu Rastogi, Afreen Sultana, Hari Shankar, Manushi Srivastava, Sandip Kumar, Lalit Prashant Meena, Shantanu Sharma","doi":"10.4103/ijph.ijph_865_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijph.ijph_865_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Double fortified salt (DFS) is an innovative new fortified food product that provides humans with small but critical amounts of iodine and iron through their diet.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The present study involved assessing the effectiveness of DFS in improving the status of iron biomarkers and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration among adolescent girls in Chandauli district, Uttar Pradesh.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted in 26 villages of the Chandauli district among 602 adolescent girls (15-19 years). Venous blood samples were collected from anemic adolescent girls, followed by a baseline survey. One group received DFS along with nutrition education, whereas the other group received iodized salt and nutrition education. An end line survey was conducted to compare the outcomes. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was employed to evaluate the differences in median values of biochemical parameters, and a regression test was used to assess the association of DFS with the change in serum iron levels from baseline to end line.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Hb levels among girls increased by 1.7 g% from baseline to end line (P < 0.001), and serum iron levels rose by 8.4 µg/dL (P < 0.001). After adjusting for covariates and confounders, the DFS was positively associated with a greater increase in serum iron levels compared to iodized salt (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study identified an easy and economical solution to mitigate iron deficiency without causing side effects such as toxicity or stomach upset as with iron tablets. DFS is shown to be an effective public health strategy for enhancing the nutritional status and overall health among adolescent girls.</p>","PeriodicalId":13298,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of public health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145080535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wake-up Call for India on Sleep Health: Systematic Review Findings.","authors":"Karuna Datta, Anna Bhutambare, Hruda Nanda Mallick","doi":"10.4103/ijph.ijph_504_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijph.ijph_504_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>An Increased burden of noncommunicable diseases and their association with sleep problems exists.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of sleep problems in India.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A meta-analysis of the studies conducted on Indian data was planned using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. To assess the methodological quality, a 10-point Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist for prevalence studies was used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pooled estimates of 100 eligible studies showed the prevalence was 25.7% for insomnia (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.3%-38.0%, I2 = 99.4%), for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 37.4% (95% CI: 27.8%-48.2%, I2 = 98.3%), and for restless leg syndrome (RLS) was10.6% (95% CI: 7% to 15.9%, I2 = 97.3%). An increased prevalence was seen in patients with diabetes, heart disease, and other conditions. JBI checklist scores ranged from 4 to 9, with a median score of 7. Subgroup analysis showed that both patients and the general population had sleep disorders; prevalence of insomnia 32.3% (95% CI: 18.6%-49.9%, I2 = 99.4%) and 15.1% (95% CI: 8.0%-26.6%, I2 = 99.1%), OSA 48.1% (95% CI: 36.1%-60.3%, I2 = 97.4%) and 14.6% (95% CI: 9.2-22.5%, I2 = 97.4%), and RLS 13.1% (95% CI: 8.7%-19.3%, I2 = 91.9%) and 6.6% (95% CI: 2.4%-16.4%, I2 = 99.1%) in patients and general population, respectively. Excessive daytime sleepiness was a common symptom. Different methodologies and diverse population groups were studied, thus increased heterogeneity was seen.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Increased prevalence of sleep problems existed in noncommunicable diseases and the general population. A need to recognize the allostatic load of sleep problems in noncommunicable diseases is highlighted.</p>","PeriodicalId":13298,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of public health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145080484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Associated Factors among Injecting Drug Users of 18-25-year Age Group of Tripura: A Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Anjan Datta, Shib Sekhar Datta, Srabani Datta","doi":"10.4103/ijph.ijph_320_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijph.ijph_320_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Injection drug use is a global issue with almost one-fifth of them being human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The present study is aimed at finding out the burden of HIV infection and associated factors among injecting drug users (IDUs) between 18 and 25 years of age of Tripura and to compare with the registered prevalence of infection among them.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 80 young IDUs in West and Dhalai district of Tripura. Respondent driven sampling was done identifying hotspots with the help of targeted intervention-NGOs, to interview the respondents.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most of the respondents were male (92.5% and 85% respectively from West and Dhalai district) and between 22 and 23 years age. The self-reported seroprevalence of HIV among IDUs was 53.8% (in comparison to 38% among Tripura State AIDS Control Society (TSACS) registered seroprevalence) in West district and 57.9% (in comparison to 50.6%) in Dhalai district. Most of them (81% and 91%, respectively) are currently on antiretroviral therapy and socioeconomic status of IDUs from Dhalai district was found to be significant predictor of HIV infection among them.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Self-reported prevalence of HIV among IDUs in both the study districts was higher than TSACS reported HIV prevalence among IDUs in the same districts. Socioeconomic status was a significant predictor of HIV infection among the IDUs with scope for improvement among practice related to regular use of condoms during sexual intercourse.</p>","PeriodicalId":13298,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of public health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145080390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence, Structure, and Perception of the Local Population Regarding Consanguineous Marriages in the Rural Areas of Southern India: A Community based Mixed Methods Study.","authors":"Dakshita Narayanam, Mishu Mangla, Gomathi Ramaswamy, Remya Mary John","doi":"10.4103/ijph.ijph_190_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijph.ijph_190_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Southern India has one of the highest prevalence of consanguineous marriages in Asia. Limited research has been conducted to understand the reasons behind this in the rural areas of South India, despite the potential risks associated with consanguinity.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The present community-based mixed-methods study was conducted in selected villages of Telangana, with an aim to determine the prevalence and pattern of consanguineous marriages and also to find out why the population native to this region prefer such marriages.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Two hundred and fifty-two married couples aged 18-75 years, native to this region, were interviewed by doing house to house survey, for achieving the aim, and focused group discussions were conducted, to find out why people of this region prefer or oppose consanguineous marriages, to understand their \"mind-set,\" influencing consanguinity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The present study found a prevalence of 36.51% consanguinity in this region, with an inbreeding coefficient of 0.014028. The wife's education level is the only sociodemographic factor significantly affecting the prevalence of consanguineous marriages, while factors such as age, socioeconomic status, time spent in the region, religion, employment, husband's education, family structure, and age at first birth show no impact. The continuation of consanguineous marriages in this region is driven by social factors such as marital security and cultural practices, along with economic factors such as inheritance and dowry.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Consanguinity is highly prevalent in this region, and there is an urgent need community-based campaigns to raise the awareness of the general population regarding its negative effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":13298,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of public health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145080457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring Survey of Cancer Risk Factors and Health System Response in Northeast Region, Mizoram.","authors":"Eric Zomawia, Sang Zuala, Evelyn V L Hmangaihzuali, Lalawmpuii Pachuau","doi":"10.4103/ijph.ijph_244_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijph.ijph_244_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The incidence of mortality and cumulative risk of developing cancer has been consistently high in the northeastern Region of India. Cancer is among the leading causes of death in Mizoram. This survey is an approach to implement a baseline monitoring system to drive us in understanding the linkage between exposures to risk factors, other noncommunicable diseases, and cancer incidence.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 2880 households from 60 primary sampling units who were selected using a multistage cluster sampling technique. The data were collected using household level interview, adult interview, cancer patient interview, and health facility interview.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nearly half of the respondents had a clustering of >3 cancer risk factors. The prevalence of current tobacco use (smoked or smokeless) was as high as 77.1%. Over 80% of the respondents consumed fermented products. Nearly half of the respondents were prehypertensive. 35.9% of the respondents were overweight. Nearly 41.3% of the respondents had central obesity. Around 42.8% of the respondents were aware of cancer screening. Less than 25% of the surveyed primary health cares provided cancer screening services.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The high prevalence of cancer risk factors underscores the urgent need for comprehensive and sustained efforts toward prevention, education, and intervention. The challenges posed by a poor health system for cancer prevention are grave and demand urgent attention from all stakeholders involved in health-care delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":13298,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of public health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145080416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do Private Practitioners in Puducherry, South India, Adhere to World Health Organization Drug Prescribing Standards? Need for Antimicrobial Stewardship in Private Sector.","authors":"Abinandhan Murugan, Jayalakshmy Ramakrishnan, Palanivel Chinnakali, Sadhana Subramanian, Kesavan Ramasamy, Gautam Roy","doi":"10.4103/ijph.ijph_618_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijph.ijph_618_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Private practitioners play a key role in addressing the healthcare needs of a large proportion of the Indian population. While several studies have explored drug prescribing practices in India, a gap exists in understanding the drug prescribing patterns of private practitioners.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study described the drug prescribing patterns of private practitioners using World Health Organization (WHO) prescribing indicators, with a focus on estimating the proportion of antibiotics prescribed based on AWaRe (ACCESS, WATCH, and RESERVE) classification.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The study used a cross-sectional descriptive design. The prescriptions of private practitioners were collected from customers at 20 pharmacies in Puducherry, South India from September to November 2023.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 600 prescriptions were included in the analysis. About one-third (33.7%) of prescriptions collected were for individuals aged 31-45 years, whereas least (6.3%) were for those <18 years. The antibiotic prescription rate was 38.8%, exceeding WHO standards (20%-26.8%), with 61.4% falling in the WATCH category, below the WHO target of ≥60% ACCESS category. Polypharmacy was observed, averaging 3.6 drugs per prescription, exceeding the WHO standards (1.6-1.8 drugs). Generic name prescription was only 0.2%, deviating from the WHO's 100% standard. Injections were prescribed in only 3.5% of prescriptions, below the WHO standards (13.4%-24.1%). Furthermore, only 52.8% of prescribed drugs were on the National Essential Medicine List (NEML) of India, 2022, below the WHO's 100% NEML prescription standards.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study has highlighted the practice of polypharmacy, higher preference for branded drugs and antibiotics, and a lesser utilization of NEML-listed medications by the private practitioners in Puducherry.</p>","PeriodicalId":13298,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of public health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145080532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Status and Associated Factors among Cancer Patients of West Tripura District: A Community-based Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Paramita Barman, Subrata Baidya, Rituparna Das","doi":"10.4103/ijph.ijph_347_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijph.ijph_347_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cancer patients experience deterioration in their functional status and it is regarded as an important cancer patient outcome metric.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>(1) To assess the functional status of cancer patients of West Tripura District using the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Scale. (2) To study the sociodemographic factors associated with functional status of cancer patients. (3) To study the disease-related factors associated with functional status of cancer patients.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted among 180 randomly selected cancer patients (≥18 years of age) in West Tripura District. The functional status was assessed using ECOG performance status scale.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study highlighted that majority of the participants were in the age group of 55-64 years (40.0%), had squamous cell carcinoma (59.40%), and TNM Stage II of cancer (34%). Bivariate analysis showed that age, religion, caste, body mass index, blood pressure, site of cancer, pathological type of cancer, and TNM staging were significantly associated with functional status of cancer patients (P < 0.05). Multiple logistic regression showed factors such as religion, caste, site of cancer, pathological type of cancer, and TNM staging of cancer patients significantly affected the functional status in cancer patients (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The current study highlighted that majority of the cancer patients had poor functional status with site, type, and TNM staging of the cancer significantly affecting the functional status. Hence, targeted interventions with palliative care should be more focused on certain types and advanced stages of the disease to enhance functional performance and health outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13298,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of public health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145080319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk Factors for Measles Outbreak in Pune City: A Case-Control Study.","authors":"A S Ajinsha, Malangori Abdulgani Parande, Ashish Bharati, Ganesh Rajendra Jagdale, Muralidhar P Tambe, Jagannath Dixit, Mangesh Nanaware, Pradip S Borle, Nandkumar Salunke, Poonam Vijay Sancheti, Priyanka Salunke, Dastagir Jamadar","doi":"10.4103/ijph.ijph_240_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijph.ijph_240_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The first case of measles outbreak in Pune was reported on November 14, 2022; since then, there were a total of 266 cases from Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective is to find out risk factors associated with measles during an outbreak in Pune city.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a 1:1 unmatched case-control study conducted from February 2023 to September 2023 in PMC. Cases were immunoglobulin M-positive laboratory-confirmed measles cases and a control was any child who did not have any rash in the study period and not living in the same household with a case. Face-to-face interview of cases and controls were carried out by visiting houses to obtain information on sociodemographic characteristics and immunization history, including Vitamin A supplementation. The sample size was 200.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a statistically significant difference among the mean age of cases (53.18 ± 18.08) and controls (30.08 ± 18.08). Father's and mother's education, immunization, and Vitamin A supplementation were also significant. Those who had not received any dose of measles-rubella (MR) vaccine had a higher chance of having infection with an odds ratio of 3.093 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.37-4.037) and those who were partially immunized with 1 dose of MR showed odds ratio of 2.027 (95% CI: 1.328-3.096) for having measles infection. COVID-19 lockdown was the reason given by majority (29.3%) for unimmunized of the measles vaccine.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this study, the main cause of this measles outbreak was under immunization. It is important to maintain high levels of under 5 immunization even during emergencies to prevent future measles outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":13298,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of public health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145080384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}