Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Candidozyma auris: Identification, antifungal susceptibility, and caspofungin-induced paradoxical growth","authors":"Gülşah Ece Özmerdiven,&nbsp;Arzu İrvem","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of VITEK®2 and CHROMagar™ <em>Candida</em> Plus agar in the identification of <em>C. auris</em>, using MALDI-TOF MS results as the reference standard. Additionally, to assess antifungal susceptibility, the study compares the results of two widely used commercial methods in routine laboratory practice: VITEK®2 and Sensititre™ YeastOne™ (SYO).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 63 <em>C. auris</em> isolates were included in the study. VITEK®2 results were evaluated in comparison to SYO, and categorical agreement, major error (ME), and very major error (VME) rates were calculated. MIC50, MIC90 values and resistance rates determined by both methods were compared. The Eagle effect was also investigated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The VITEK®2 results (74 %) and the morphological characteristics of colonies grown on CHROMagar™ <em>Candida</em> Plus (100 %) were found to be consistent with MALDI-TOF MS identification. In the SYO method, the MIC values for amphotericin B, fluconazole, and voriconazole were found to be higher compared to those obtained by VITEK®2. No resistance was detected against micafungin and anidulafungin. Resistance observed in relation to caspofungin MIC values was identified as the Eagle effect. MIC50 and MIC90 values determined by VITEK®2 were lower than those obtained by SYO, except for amphotericin B, for which VITEK®2 showed a higher MIC90 value.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In our study, it was observed that CHROMagar™ <em>Candida</em> Plus can be used as a screening method for the identification of <em>C. auris</em> in hospitals without access to MALDI-TOF MS. Incompatibility was detected in antifungal susceptibility testing, and the rates of major error (ME) and very major error (VME) were found to be high. For caspofungin, the high dilution range in the SYO method was determined which also detected the Eagle effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101065"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146040574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors and outcome associated with the acquisition of colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: A matched case-control-control study","authors":"Prakash Shastri ,&nbsp;Yamuna Devi Bakthavatchalam ,&nbsp;Vijit Jaiswal ,&nbsp;Chand Wattal ,&nbsp;Balaji Veeraraghavan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Carbapenem resistance in <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> (Kp) has led to increased use of colistin-based therapy in the intensive care units (ICUs). Lately however, colistin resistance among <em>K. pneumoniae</em> has been widely reported. This study aims to investigate the prevalence, and the potential risk factors associated with colistin resistant <em>K. pneumoniae</em> (ColRKp) in the intensive care unit (ICU).</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>All ICU patients, above 18 years of age, with a culture positive blood stream infection were included. A case–control–control design was used. Patients with colistin resistant <em>K. pneumoniae</em> (ColRKp) blood stream infections (BSI) were defined as cases. These were compared to two control populations, Control Group A had Kp infections moderately sensitive to colistin (ColMSKp); and control group B who had other bacterial infections. 50 ColRKp isolates were subjected to whole genome sequencing (WGS).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Lungs as the source of infection (13.9 % vs 6.4 %, p ≤ 0.05) and longer hospital stay (26 days vs 22 days, p ≤ 0.05) were the significant risk factors which correlated with acquisition of colistin resistance in <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em>. An increased 28-day mortality was noticed in control groups who were given colistin based upon their in vitro sensitivity, (group A, 79 % and group B, 75.8 %) compared to cases (56.9 %). From among the ColRKp isolates subjected to WGS, 72 % (n = 36) carried NDM with OXA-48 like (OXA-181/232) carbapenemases. Mutations were found in pmrA, in pmrB, pmrC and pmrABC gene. None of the isolates had insertion in mgrB gene, all isolates were negative for mcr gene variants.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Both NDM and OXA-48 like carbapenemases were present in ColRKp. Patients receiving colistin therapy based on their in vitro sensitivity had increased risk for developing resistance to colistin and 28-day mortality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101052"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146043548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A rising threat: Emergence of Listeria monocytogenes infection from hilly terrain of North India","authors":"Pratiksha Kamboj,&nbsp;Vanya Singh,&nbsp;Priyal Anand,&nbsp;Balram Ji Omar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Listeria monocytogenes</em> is a foodborne pathogen capable of causing severe invasive infections, particularly meningitis, in neonates, immunocompromised individuals, and pregnant women. This report represents a neonate with multiple complications including meningitis. This case underscores the diagnostic difficulties and therapeutic challenges posed by <em>L. monocytogenes</em>, especially in high-risk populations. Early recognition, timely antimicrobial therapy, and close long-term follow-up are critical for improving outcomes in affected patients and minimizing the risk of neurological sequelae or fatal progression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101048"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145989046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pseudoparalysis paradox: Think of ‘SCORTCH’","authors":"Harit Prasad ,&nbsp;Chinmay Chetan ,&nbsp;Saikat Patra ,&nbsp;Shoham Majumder ,&nbsp;Girish Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is recent resurgence in incidence of congenital syphilis (CS) in developing and developed countries. Diagnosis of CS can be difficult because approximately two-thirds infants affected are asymptomatic at birth. Pseudoparalysis due to bony pain is often not a sign but symptom, obvious not only to healthcare providers but also parents. We report a case of CS, observed to have excessive crying episodes on handling with no obvious changes on radiograph. Evaluation with ‘SCORTCH’ profile clinched the diagnosis. Neonate was treated with ceftriaxone due to non-availability of crystalline or procaine penicillin with good outcome at 1year of age.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101069"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146092916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urine as a non-invasive alternative for HPV DNA detection: A comparative study with cervical swabs in Northeast India","authors":"Biswajyoti Borkakoty ,&nbsp;Nargis K. Bali ,&nbsp;Munmun Gohain ,&nbsp;Mousumi Dutta ,&nbsp;Sobnom Gogoi ,&nbsp;Pesona Grace Lucksom ,&nbsp;Jaharlal Baidya ,&nbsp;Tapan Mazumdar ,&nbsp;Catherine Manguri ,&nbsp;Basumoti Apum ,&nbsp;Paresh Shyam ,&nbsp;Harpreet Kaur","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study assessed urine as a non-invasive alternative to cervical swabs for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA detection using nested PCR in 350 paired samples from women across five Northeastern Indian states. HPV DNA was found in 27.4% of urine and 38.3% of cervical swabs, with 21.1% concordant positives. Urine identified 22 additional positives missed by swabs, while 60 were swab-only. Using cervical swabs as the reference, urine showed 55.2% sensitivity, 89.8% specificity, and moderate concordance (κ = 0.48). Despite modest sensitivity, urine sampling may serve as a feasible, culturally acceptable adjunct for HPV screening in under-screened populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101081"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147276155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracking antimicrobial resistance in typhoidal Salmonella, 2020-2024: Output from an antimicrobial resistance surveillance network in New Delhi, India","authors":"Saxena Sonal ,&nbsp;Aggarwal Prabhav ,&nbsp;Saxena Arpita ,&nbsp;Andrews A. Amala ,&nbsp;Anugula Amritha ,&nbsp;Sharma Anuj","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Enteric fever remains a major health problem in India. Continuous monitoring of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is essential to guide therapy and control emerging threats.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study aims at analysing the data of <em>Salmonella</em> isolates reported in Delhi NCR over past five years (2020-24). The study has data from 24 laboratories participating in the antimicrobial resistance surveillance network of Delhi. The identification of pathogen and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed in each lab using standard methods and the data was compiled and collated using WHONET software and shared to the network on a monthly basis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 10,689 isolates were analysed: 8371 (78.3%) <em>S. Typhi</em>; 2295 (21.5%) <em>S. Paratyphi</em> A; and 23 (0.2%) <em>S. Paratyphi</em> B. Annual isolates rose from 522 (during 2020) to 3679 (during 2024). Children aged 1–12 years accounted for 46% of cases. Over 5 years period, among <em>S. Typhi</em>, resistance declined for ampicillin (9.6% to 4.1%) and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (8.7% to 3.5%).Chloramphenicol resistance remained ≤5.3%, however, ciprofloxacin non-susceptibility persisted (≈48–60%). Ceftriaxone resistance was rare (3 isolates). Multidrug resistance fell to 1% by 2024. <em>S. Paratyphi</em> A showed similar but generally lower resistance to first-line drugs, yet higher fluoroquinolone resistance (88–98%). No isolate was confirmed by nodal centre as being resistant to azithromycin or carbapenems.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Susceptibility to traditional first-line agents is improving, and multidrug resistance is low; however, fluoroquinolone resistance remains high. Ongoing AMR surveillance and prudent antibiotic use are essential to sustain treatment efficacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101074"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146124808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping cervical microbiome diversity and inflammatory milieu and its perturbation in asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis and Candida infections: Insights from a community clinic in Mumbai","authors":"Deepti Tandon ,&nbsp;Jyoti Suresh Batgire ,&nbsp;Zabiya Bharmal ,&nbsp;Kalyani Karandikar ,&nbsp;Anushree D. Patil ,&nbsp;Kiran Munne ,&nbsp;Clara Aranha ,&nbsp;Vikrant M. Bhor","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The interplay between the local microbiome and inflammatory environment is crucial in modulating the immune response. This research addresses the paucity of studies in the Indian context by mapping the cervical microbiome and associated inflammatory milieu in 43 apparently healthy women and <strong>evaluating its perturbations with various asymptomatic vaginal infections.</strong></div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Cervical microbiome was mapped for forty three participants, aged 18-45, who were enrolled <strong>from a community clinic</strong> as a part of longitudinal contraceptive study from October 2021 to September 2023. Sociodemographic data, clinical history, and cervical and cervicovaginal lavage specimens were collected. Microbiome analysis involved nanopore sequencing of the <strong>entire</strong> 16S rRNA region amplicon, while cytokine assessment in cervicovaginal lavage specimens utilized multiplex immunoassays.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Fusobacteria appeared as dominant phyla with 32.55% having asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis (BV),16.27% asymptomatic Candida, and 13.95% coinfections. The cervical microbiome was dominated by <em>Lactobacillus iners</em> (45.69%), followed by <em>Lactobacillus helveticus</em> (6.53%) and <em>Lactobacillus reuteri</em> (5.86%). Women with BV exhibited an increased abundance of Prevotella and Streptococcus, while Candida infections were associated with elevated Atopobium and Collinsella species. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8) showed variable levels, <strong>with Lactobacillus</strong> positively correlating with the <strong>regulatory</strong> cytokine <strong>TNF-α</strong> in <strong>in Candida infections</strong>. <strong>In BV Lactobacillus species such as L. agilus, L.iners and <em>L. salivarius</em> showed positive correlation with TNF-α</strong>. Additionally, <em>Lactobacillus manihotivorans</em> <strong>was</strong> negatively associated with IL-1β, while <em>Lactobacillus brevis</em> and <em>Lactobacillus</em> <strong><em>zeae</em></strong> showed negative correlations with IL-8.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study maps the cervical microbiome and cytokine profile of healthy Indian women and demonstrates that asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis and Candida infections induces variations, highlighting the complex host–microbe interactions that govern vaginal health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101067"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146131742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plazomicin activity against carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli: A brief report","authors":"Priti Kambli ,&nbsp;Shaoli Basu ,&nbsp;Susan Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Patricia J. Simner ,&nbsp;Matthew L. Robinson ,&nbsp;Jennifer Lu ,&nbsp;Camilla Rodrigues","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbapenem-resistant <em>Escherichia coli</em> (CR-<em>E. coli</em>) pose major therapeutic challenges. We evaluated the activity of plazomicin against 52 CR-<em>E.coli</em> isolates from a Mumbai tertiary hospital. Plazomicin demonstrated potent activity (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] 0.19-2 mg/L) against isolates, including those harboring NDM or OXA-48-like carbapenemases, with or without aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs). In contrast, isolates carrying 16S rRNA methyltransferases (RMTs) (e.g., <em>rmtB1</em>, <em>rmtC</em>, <em>rmtF1</em>) exhibited high-level resistance (MICs of ≥256 μg/mL). These findings not only highlight the advantage of plazomicin in AME-positive, RMT-negative strains, but also warn about the threat of emerging 16S RMT-mediated resistance that limit its clinical utility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101078"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melioidosis in sickle cell hemoglobinopathies in eastern India: Cavitating pneumonia and immune susceptibility – a case series-based insight","authors":"Prasanta Raghab Mohapatra ,&nbsp;Aneri Parekh ,&nbsp;Bijayini Behera ,&nbsp;Siddarth Singh ,&nbsp;Supantha De","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Melioidosis, caused by <em>Burkholderia pseudomallei</em>, is an emerging infection in the tropics. Most of the melioidosis patients have underlying co-morbidities or occupational exposures. Hemoglobinopathies, such as thalassemia, are established risk factors for melioidosis; however, the association of SCD with melioidosis is infrequently reported. We report two culture-confirmed melioidosis cases from eastern India: a 58-year-old male with SCD on hydroxyurea and another 44-year-old with sickle cell trait, both presenting with cavitary lung lesions mimicking tuberculosis. SCD-related functional asplenia may heighten susceptibility. These cases emphasise the need for clinical vigilance in endemic areas and further research into SCD/SCT-associated immune vulnerabilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101075"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146131710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aims and Scope","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0255-0857(26)00048-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0255-0857(26)00048-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101090"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147538413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}