Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Synergistic approach of ertapenem and flucloxacillin or cefazolin for addressing persistent methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia","authors":"Yamuna Devi Bakthavatchalam ,&nbsp;Rajiv Karthik ,&nbsp;Anand Ashok ,&nbsp;Kamini Walia (Scientist G) ,&nbsp;Harathi Ragothaman ,&nbsp;Soniya Krishnamoorthy ,&nbsp;Yuvasri Manokaran ,&nbsp;Balaji Veeraraghavan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100755","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100755","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present study, we determine the synergistic activity of ertapenem with cefazolin and flucloxacillin against type A beta-lactamase producing Methicillin susceptible <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> isolate. In the time kill assay, at standard inoculum, ertapenem with cefazolin showed &gt;1 log kill and ertapenem with flucloxacillin demonstrated &gt;2 log kill. When tested at high inoculum, both combinations achieved &gt;1 log kill at 1x MIC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100755"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142644149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chandipura virus resurgence: Insights from Indian outbreaks and the path forward","authors":"Rahul Garg ,&nbsp;Abhijit Kumar Prasad ,&nbsp;Pragya Agarwala","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100749","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100749","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>First isolated in 1965 from a case of febrile encephalopathy, the Chandipura virus (CHPV) causes sporadic cases as well as periodic outbreaks of encephalitis in parts of India. Transmitted by sandflies and mosquitoes, CHPV infection has high mortality within 48 h of hospitalization, with children bearing the brunt of the illness. The virus garnered global attention in the middle of 2024 as India witnessed its largest outbreak in the last two decades.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This article aims to synthesise the existing knowledge on various aspects of CHPV and outline current actions needed as well as potential directions for future research.</div></div><div><h3>Content</h3><div>Between early June and August 15th, 2024, India reported 245 cases of encephalitis from the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan, 64 of which were laboratory-confirmed CHPV infections. The mortality toll of the outbreak was 82, accounting for a case fatality rate of 33 %. With this outbreak, the virus has expanded its niche from central and southern to north-western India. Significant advancements in the understanding of the neuropathogenesis of the virus and the development of diagnostic assays have been made in the 21st century. However, no specific antiviral drugs or vaccines are available. A G-protein-based recombinant vaccine and an inactivated vaccine have shown favourable results in pre-clinical trials. The need of the hour is to fast-track the development of an effective vaccine. A high suspicion for early identification and prompt referral of cases, decentralized diagnostic facilities, sensitization of healthcare workers, integrated vector management and effective reporting and surveillance systems are all needed to curb the menace of this perilous pathogen. The current outbreak should serve as a wake-up call to foster intersectoral collaboration between policymakers, public health experts, epidemiologists, virologists, neurologists, paediatricians, and anthropologists to develop and implement effective strategies against the virus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100749"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the necessity of molecular detection for Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp equisimilis: Often misdiagnosed, and emerging pathogen","authors":"Rosemol Varghese ,&nbsp;V. Aravind ,&nbsp;K. Kirubanandan ,&nbsp;Purva Mathur ,&nbsp;V. Balaji","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100744","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100744","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Streptococcus dysgalactiae</em> subsp <em>equisimilis</em> (SDSE) is an emerging pathogen causing pharyngitis and post-streptococcal sequelae like <em>S. pyogenes</em>. SDSE was initially considered a commensal microorganism inhabiting the upper respiratory tract and skin. However, recently it has gained attention due to an increase in the invasive SDSE infections, which were reported in the early 20th century.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The aim of this review is to bring awareness of SDSE in the medical microbiologists because often its ignorance leads to the under reporting or misdiagnosis of SDSE. This also highlights the clinical spectrum of infections and the molecular epidemiology of SDSE.</div></div><div><h3>Content</h3><div>Diagnosis of SDSE in clinical laboratories is challenging, because SDSE can be seen expressing either of the three Lancefield antigen Groups, Group A, C, and G. While MALDI-TOF (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight) is a discriminatory method for identifying SDSE, its high cost can limit its use in many laboratories. Currently, there is limited data on SDSE, and further studies are required to associate the disease outcome and the <em>emm</em> type/ST of SDSE in India and other developing countries. This review highlights the importance of recognizing SDSE as an emerging pathogen, and to screen for SDSE in infections similar to <em>S.pyogenes</em>, especially in regions such as India with a high incidence of Streptococcal diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100744"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142464210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Histoplasmosis to Cryptococcosis: A diagnostic journey of pediatric scalp abscess","authors":"Diptanu Paul ,&nbsp;Amit Satpathy ,&nbsp;Pritinanda Mishra ,&nbsp;Punyatoya Kar ,&nbsp;Rumita Dey ,&nbsp;Pritika Gahlot ,&nbsp;Mukund Sable ,&nbsp;Madhuchhanda Das ,&nbsp;Vinaykumar Hallur","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100753","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100753","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 3-year-old boy being treated for disseminated tuberculosis with antitubercular drugs and steroids developed scalp swelling. Needle aspirate revealed yeasts inside macrophages, initially diagnosed as Histoplasmosis but later confirmed as Cryptococcosis. Treatment with liposomal amphotericin B and fluconazole resulted in lesion resolution.</div><div>Here we report a rare instance of disseminated cryptococcosis with skin involvement, possibly the first documented pediatric case of cryptococcosis from Odisha.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100753"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142619358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracy of various matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)-based rapid identification methods—As a tool to augment diagnostic stewardship in blood culture laboratory, South India","authors":"Sonali Padhy ,&nbsp;Ketan Priyadarshi ,&nbsp;Sarumathi Dhandapani ,&nbsp;Apurba Sankar Sastry","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Blood stream infection is a medical emergency associated with high morbidity and mortality. Prompt identification of bloodstream infection-causing microorganisms directly from positive blood culture will significantly enhance patient care by reducing the turnaround time of pathogen recognition.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 256 freshly flagged positive blood culture bottles were subjected to Gram staining. Direct MALDI-TOF MS analysis was performed following sample preparation techniques such as lysis centrifugation, lysis filtration and VITEK® MS BC kit to directly identify microorganisms from positive blood cultures. Along with these short-term incubation methods of Choco spot and minute colony(8–10h) were also performed. All those positive bottles were identified by the routine (reference) laboratory method.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>177 isolates (69.14 %) were correctly identified by Lysis centrifugation, 163 isolates (63.67 %) were correctly identified by Lysis filtration, 206 isolates (80.47 %) were correctly identified by Choco spot,250 isolates (97.65 %) were correctly identified from minute colony (8–10h) of incubation. Of 162 isolates,115 isolates (70.99 %) were correctly identified by VITEK® MS Blood culture kit, (BioMérieux). VITEK® MS BC kit method revealed higher agreement with the kappa value of 0.697 than lysis centrifugation (0.672) followed by lysis filtration (0.611).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In house method of lysis centrifugation is found to be equivalent to VITEK® MS BC kit method and superior to lysis filtration method in correct direct identification of bacteria from positive blood cultures by MALDI-TOF MS analysis. As lysis centrifugation requires only 10 min of processing time as compared to overnight incubation, thus it offers a less expensive substitute for the VITEK® MS BC kit in the clinical laboratory. As a consequence of this study, we have implemented direct MALDI-TOF-based identification from positive BCs in our daily routine diagnostic management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100747"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142499370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Papulaspora equi keratitis in an infant","authors":"Harsimran Kaur ,&nbsp;Imola Jamir ,&nbsp;Sonam Yangzes ,&nbsp;Haseen Ahmad ,&nbsp;Sourav Agnihotri ,&nbsp;Sunita Gupta ,&nbsp;Anup Ghosh ,&nbsp;Shivaprakash M. Rudramurthy","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100748","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100748","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100748"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142499371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinico-microbiological profile of Burkholderia pseudomallei infections in a tertiary care hospital in South India","authors":"Priya Ramachandran ,&nbsp;K. Sandhya Bhat ,&nbsp;Sheela Devi Chandrakesan ,&nbsp;R.P. Swaminathan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100745","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Melioidosis, caused by <em>Burkholderia pseudomallei</em>, is known for its diverse clinical presentations and high mortality rate. This brief communication reports the clinico-microbiological profile of twenty cases of melioidosis in a tertiary care hospital over three years. We have analyzed demographic data, clinical presentations, microbiological findings, and treatment outcomes to enhance the understanding and management of this under-recognized infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100745"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142464211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Varicella zoster among sero-immune, vaccinated and unvaccinated health care workers in Mumbai","authors":"Sweta Shah,&nbsp;Tanu Singhal,&nbsp;Reshma Tejam,&nbsp;Priyanka Sakhare,&nbsp;Ganesh Madhu,&nbsp;Havovi Fouzdar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100743","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100743","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100743"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of electric current in viability, biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A systematic review","authors":"Corinna Aimee Chavez-Manini,&nbsp;Sandra Alicia Reza-López,&nbsp;Carlos Arzate-Quintana,&nbsp;Celia María Quiñonez-Flores,&nbsp;María Alejandra Favila-Pérez,&nbsp;Javier Camarillo-Cisneros,&nbsp;Alva Rocío Castillo-González","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100735","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100735","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The bactericidal effect of electric current has been studied in various microorganisms such as <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>. The objective of this review is to identify the experimental parameters with the greatest antibacterial effect in the shortest time.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Only original articles published between 2014 and 2023 were included, where the effect of electric current on viability, biofilm formation, and/or antibiotic resistance in <em>P. aeruginosa</em> was analyzed. Quality control criteria considered included specifying control and experimental groups, replicates performed, experimental parameters, and study limitations.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Ten studies were included, which involved the strains Xen5, Xen41, PAO1 persistent cells, and PA14. An average reduction of 3.5 log in biofilm formation was observed in the included studies. The electric current parameters that achieved the greatest effect were 500 μA DC with platinum electrodes for 4 days [5.2–5.5 log], 200 μA intermittent with titanium electrodes for 4 days [4.99 log], and 150 ± 60 μA with silver electrodes for 24 h [4 log]. Complete eradication of PAO1 persistent cells was achieved in 1 h with a treatment of 70 μA/cm2 DC followed by 1.5 μg/mL tobramycin for 1 h each.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The bactericidal effect of electric current is proportional to the exposure time and current intensity. The electrode material influences the effectiveness of the treatment, possibly because of redox reactions, while differences are observed in the effect on the cell membrane and gene expression when using metallic or carbon electrodes, suggesting differences in the mechanism of action.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100735"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142345832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serratia marcescens outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit associated with contaminated handwashing sinks","authors":"Qiaozhi Guo ,&nbsp;Xiaopeng Zhao ,&nbsp;Jingxiang Ma ,&nbsp;Yi Zhou ,&nbsp;Fei Gao ,&nbsp;Wei Huang ,&nbsp;Li Sun ,&nbsp;Sufei Zhu ,&nbsp;Lijuan Li ,&nbsp;Huimin Sun ,&nbsp;Wei Jia ,&nbsp;Huayan Zhang ,&nbsp;Danyang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100741","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100741","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This article describes the origin of a <em>S. marcescens</em> outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>A retrospective case-control study including 12 <em>S. marcescens</em>-positive and 22 <em>S. marcescens</em>-negative neonates in the NICU was performed to identify the source of the outbreak. <em>S. marcescens</em> isolates were collected during the outbreak and analyzed using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). IQ-Tree software, BEAST2 software package and SCOTTI software were used to construct a phylogenetic tree and a propagation path map.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The index case occurred on February 21st and outbreak ended on March 9th, 2021, affecting a total of 12 neonates (2 with <em>S. marcescens</em> infection and 10 with <em>S. marcescens</em> colonization). Multivariate logistic regression identified that the distance of &lt;0.8 m between the bed unit and the sink (odds ratio [<em>OR</em>], 20.50; 95 % confidence interval [<em>CI</em>], 1.09–384.86), a large number of rotating nurses within a week (<em>OR</em> 2.58, 95 % <em>CI</em>, 1.09–6.11) and use of humidification water in the incubator (<em>OR</em> 189.70, 95 % <em>CI</em>, 2.76–13027.31) were significant increased risk factors for <em>S. marcescens infection or colonization</em> in the outbreak. WGS sifted out a predominant clone between contaminated handwashing sinks and patients, suggesting that cross-transmission was involved in the dissemination of <em>S. marcescens</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Contaminated handwashing sinks can be a communication intermediary of <em>S. marcescens</em> infection or colonization of neonates in the NICU. A distance of &lt;0.8 m between the bed unit and the sink, and a large number of rotating nurses might play important roles in this outbreak. Attention should be paid to sinks contamination and contact transmission to prevent outbreaks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100741"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142377817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}