Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Microbiology: Foundational science of modern medicine","authors":"T Jacob John","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100856","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100856","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100856"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143863405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"India's universal immunization program: A review of successes, challenges, and future directions","authors":"T. Jacob John ,&nbsp;Rajeev Zachariah Kompithra","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100854","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100854","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Universal Immunization Program (UIP) is the cornerstone of India's disease prevention endeavour, aimed at protecting children and pregnant women from Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (VPDs). The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was designed and launched by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 1974, with BCG, OPV, DPT and Measles Vaccine (MV) in children and Tetanus Toxoid in pregnant women, all given free of cost. India adopted EPI in 1978 without MV. MV was rolled out nationally during 1985–1990 following which EPI was re-named Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP). In 2000 the National Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (NTAGI) was established and under its recommendations, newer vaccines have been systematically included in UIP. India introduced targeted immunization drives, and digital platforms for vaccine logistics management. This paper reviews UIP's major achievements, discusses emerging concerns, and proposes ways forward to address these gaps.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100854"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143863284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standard protocols for performance evaluation of typhoid fever in-vitro diagnostic assays in laboratory and field settings","authors":"Rajlakshmi Viswanathan ,&nbsp;Labanya Mukhopadhyay ,&nbsp;Archana Angrup ,&nbsp;Pratibha Kale ,&nbsp;Krittika Bhattacharyya ,&nbsp;Suman Kanungo ,&nbsp;V.T. Jeromie Wesley ,&nbsp;Shafeeq K. Shahul Hameed ,&nbsp;M. Sella Senthil ,&nbsp;Pramod Meshram ,&nbsp;Arti Kapil ,&nbsp;V. Balaji ,&nbsp;Jacob John ,&nbsp;V. Ravi ,&nbsp;Nivedita Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100857","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100857","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Typhoid fever is a leading public health problem in India and other South East Asian countries. Its diagnosis traditionally relies on culture methods with poor sensitivity, and serological methods with limited role in endemic areas. Incorrect diagnosis results in antibiotic misuse, disease complications, emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant strains. There is a need to develop quality diagnostic tests for effective and early diagnosis of typhoid fever. This will help in early patient management, disease burden estimation, and assessing the impact of public health interventions including vaccines.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>This paper describes standard protocols for conducting pre-licensure (analytical) and field (clinical) performance evaluation of in-vitro diagnostic tests that detect S. Typhi antigens or antibodies or gene segments in blood/serum/plasma samples.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>The analytical performance evaluation protocol describes diagnostic accuracy studies for three different IVD formats using well-characterized clinical samples, and the field validation protocol describes the methodology for conducting a cross-sectional study for assessing IVD performance in acute undifferentiated febrile illness. The latter may also be used to establish a typhoid sample biobank. Both the protocols use statistically significant sample size and describe a detailed sample panel (including cross reactive specimens).</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>These protocols will help in robust evaluation of IVDs for typhoid, especially in endemic areas and in absence of a predicate device. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such comprehensive guidance document of their kind, which may be adapted across similar settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100857"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Group A Streptococcus vaccine Development: An Indian public health imperative","authors":"Vijay Moses ,&nbsp;Joel B ,&nbsp;Rani D. Sahni ,&nbsp;Binesh Lal ,&nbsp;Jacob John ,&nbsp;Venkata Raghava ,&nbsp;Indranil Biswas ,&nbsp;Nisha Dhar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Group A <em>Streptococcus</em> (GAS) is a significant pathogen responsible for a wide range of diseases, including severe complications such as Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD), which predominantly affect low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like India. GAS infections impact over 800 million individuals annually, resulting in approximately 639,000 deaths due to RHD complications. Despite significant advancements, developing an effective GAS vaccine has faced several challenges, including the complexity of GAS virulence mechanisms, the diversity of <em>emm</em> types, and the lack of suitable preclinical models. Recent vaccine research has focused on both M protein-based and non-M protein-based vaccines, with several candidates showing promising results. However, current vaccines only address 50 % of the prevalent <em>emm</em> types in India, highlighting the need for further research and development.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This review aims to examine the historical and current progress in GAS vaccine development, identify key challenges, and explore future strategies, with a focus on the Indian public health context.</div></div><div><h3>Content</h3><div>A comprehensive review of existing literature on GAS and its complications was conducted, focusing on the global and Indian burden of GAS infections, the resurgence of scarlet fever, and the emergence of virulent strains such as M1UK. The study also reviewed recent global initiatives like the Cairo Accord and the 71st World Health Assembly's resolution on RHD to emphasize the need for international collaboration in vaccine development. Continued global cooperation, intensified research efforts, and targeted public health initiatives are essential for overcoming the challenges in GAS vaccine development. Advocacy and investment in this area are crucial for reducing the global burden of GAS infections and their associated complications. This study aims to provide comprehensive genomic data on GAS isolates from India, enabling comparisons with global findings, highlighting regional differences, and contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of GAS epidemiology and pathogenicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100855"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143855112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concordance of dengue viral load with disease severity and different clinical manifestations: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Diksha Mohapatra ,&nbsp;Baijayantimala Mishra ,&nbsp;Prabhudutta Mamidi ,&nbsp;Sailendra Panda","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100852","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100852","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Dengue is a common arboviral disease of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the globe with high prevalence rate in South-East Asian region. Association of viral load with dengue disease severity is dependent on various factors like dengue serotype, primary or secondary infection and immune response of an individual. The objective of the study was to evaluate the association of dengue viral load with dengue disease severity like dengue fever (DF), dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS), dengue serotypes and different clinical manifestations detected during dengue like thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and increased liver enzymes.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>The systematic review and meta-analysis [PROSPERO (CRD42024601682)] is prepared by abiding to PRISMA checklist. It includes twenty-nine observational cross-sectional studies, which has compared association of dengue viral load with dengue disease severity, dengue serotypes and different clinical manifestations in dengue patients.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>A total of 3983 dengue patients were included in the studies out of which 1758 were diagnosed with DF and 2225 were diagnosed with DHF/DSS. Most of the studies were from South-East Asian countries followed by America and Europe. Meta-analysis of the studies revealed that, high viral load was mostly detected in DHF/DSS as compared to DF. Regarding co-relation of viral load, chances of high viral load was more in female patients than male patients. On comparing viral load with different clinical manifestations, it was seen that, the odds of high viral load were more in patients diagnosed with thrombocytopenia and leukopenia, whereas the odds of high viral load were lower in patients diagnosed with increased secretion of liver enzymes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>High Viral load had significant association with dengue disease severity. Female patients had high viral load as compared to male patients. Therefore, viral load may be regarded a potential prognostic tool in detecting dengue severity in patients, and studies need to be conducted with sufficient sample size, abiding to a single classification system and measure of outcome to prevent heterogeneity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100852"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transmission dynamics of multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae from an Indian hospital","authors":"Mamta Puraswani ,&nbsp;Ashita Ashita ,&nbsp;Neha Kumari Ambashta ,&nbsp;Richa Aggrawal ,&nbsp;Kapil Dev Soni ,&nbsp;Subodh Kumar ,&nbsp;Sushma Sagar ,&nbsp;Amit Gupta ,&nbsp;Kamran Farooque ,&nbsp;Purva Mathur","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100848","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100848","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Object</h3><div>The dissemination of <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> is becoming a major concern, as this organism is responsible for a significant proportion of hospital acquired infections. Due to complexity of this organism adequate knowledge on the epidemiology and infection control practices associated with the dissemination is highly required. Therefore, this study designed to include consecutive samples from environment and patients to assess the similarity pattern among isolates from different sources.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>We included patients with hospital acquired infections with <em>K. pneumonaie</em> and environment isolates. To obtain the complete sequence forty-eight isolates were sequenced on Illumina MiSeq 250 2 × 250 bp paired end (Illumina, USA) and Nanopore (Oxford). These includes 30 BSI cases, 13 environment and 5 from water. Assembly of good quality reads were prepared using Unicycler. AMR gene detection was done using Resfinder of Abricate and sequence similarity was observed by SNP based phylogenetic analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The most common sequence type of organism among all was ST 231 and ST 395. ST 29 was common between water and clinical isolates. Average (range) number of AMR genes present in clinical isolates were 16 (3–24). The antimicrobial genes belong to 41 classes and fosA was highly prevalent. The frequency of <em>blaNDM</em> was present 55.4 % (27/48) and <em>blaOXA</em> in 61.6 % (30/48). The strain ST 395 and ST 16 carried highest no. of replicons n = 10 and n = 9. The predominant plasmid replicon Col440I (N = 58) followed by IncFII_1_pKP91 (N = 34) and ColRNAI (N = 29). The phylogenetic analysis showed high similarity between clinical and environmental samples.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study concludes that environment play essential role in disseminating the infectious strains of organism resulting in increased rates of hospital acquired infections. Therefore, there is an imperative necessity for implementing infection control practices to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100848"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pertussis in India: Vaccine-driven evolution, waning immunity, and the urgent need for Tdap boosters","authors":"Madhumathi Irulappan ,&nbsp;Jobin John Jacob ,&nbsp;Jayaprakasam Madhumathi ,&nbsp;S. Lydia Jennifer ,&nbsp;Vedhagiri Kumaresan ,&nbsp;Rajesh Kumar ,&nbsp;Balaji Veeraraghavan ,&nbsp;Lucky Sangal ,&nbsp;Sangeetha Nithiyanandam ,&nbsp;Ankur Mutreja","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100846","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100846","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Pertussis, once controlled by whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines, has resurged due to the shift to acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines, waning immunity, antigenic variation, and macrolide resistant Bordetella pertussis strains. Despite high DTwP coverage, India continues to face a significant burden and this review synthesizes current knowledge and advocates for enhanced surveillance, updated vaccination strategies, and targeted interventions to reduce the clinical and public health impact of pertussis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Epidemiological data, genetic studies, and immunological insights from global and Indian contexts were reviewed. Information was obtained from PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and WHONET. Particular attention was given to genomic surveillance, vaccine-induced antigenic shifts, and real-world outcomes of DTwP and aP vaccines.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Despite high DTwP vaccine coverage, India accounts for 26.5 % of global pertussis cases, driven by waning immunity, low booster uptake, and the spread of vaccine-escaped <em>ptxP3</em> strains. The emergence of macrolide resistance further challenges disease control, with selective pressures influencing genetic shifts in <em>B. pertussis</em>. While wP vaccines provide long-lasting immunity, aP vaccines offer shorter protection and induce linked-epitope suppression, contributing to the resurgence of pertussis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>There is an urgent need for Tdap booster programs in adolescents and adults to address waning immunity and evolving strains. Strengthened genomic and immunological surveillance, alongside innovative vaccine formulations and delivery systems, are critical forsustainable pertussis control in India.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100846"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HPV vaccines – A game changer for preventing HPV-related cancers","authors":"John Dickson Calvin Devadasan ,&nbsp;Karthick Nithyanandhan ,&nbsp;Gnanadurai John Fletcher,&nbsp;Rajesh Kannangai,&nbsp;Priya Abraham","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100847","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100847","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause almost all cervical cancer cases globally, with the high-risk genotypes 16/18 causing at least 70 % of cancers, of which most cases occur in low-to-middle-income countries. Prophylactic vaccination plays a major role in the prevention of cervical cancer, which could effectively prevent the incidence of HPV infection. The L1 protein, which, when assembled into virus-like particles, induces HPV-type-specific neutralizing antibodies, which form the basis of all currently licensed HPV vaccines. There are six approved prophylactic HPV vaccines. All these vaccines are designed to prevent HPV 16 and 18-associated cervical precancers, thereby preventing approximately 70 % of the cancers. This review looks at the current HPV prophylactic vaccines, their mechanism of action, vaccination schedules, and the cost of different vaccines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100847"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143855113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Rapid identification of carbapenemases and in vitro synergy testing of ceftazidime-avibactam with aztreonam in extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens: Establishing the realm of promise”","authors":"Debasish Biswal ,&nbsp;Maitrayee Narayan ,&nbsp;Sarita Mohapatra ,&nbsp;Hitender Gautam ,&nbsp;Benu Dhawan ,&nbsp;Bimal Kumar Das ,&nbsp;Virinder Kumar Bansal ,&nbsp;Naveet Wig ,&nbsp;Seema Sood","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100834","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100834","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the effectiveness of ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) alone and in combination with aztreonam (ATM) against 50 extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) isolates using disk stacking method. New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM) was the predominant carbapenemase, detected in 50% of isolates showing synergy. The CZA-ATM combination demonstrated synergy in 40% of isolates, with 75% of patients receiving this combination achieving microbiological clearance. This simple, rapid synergy testing method can guide effective therapeutic decisions in resource-limited settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100834"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and evaluation of real-time recombinase polymerase amplification assay for fast identification of Rhizopus arrhizus","authors":"Vinaykumar Hallur ,&nbsp;Mukund Sable ,&nbsp;Pradipta Parida ,&nbsp;Supriya Sahu ,&nbsp;Malati Tudu ,&nbsp;Subhasmita Bahinipati ,&nbsp;Malaya Sahoo ,&nbsp;Ashutosh Lenka ,&nbsp;Rumita Dey ,&nbsp;Pritika Gahlot ,&nbsp;Saurav Sarkar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100845","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100845","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Timely diagnosis of mucormycosis is challenging as the disease is rare and confusing to laboratory physicians without experience or expertise. Molecular tools like real-time PCR have been developed to diagnose mucormycosis and can circumvent these issues. However, their use requires an expensive thermocycler. Hence, there is a need for an alternative rapid, sensitive, and specific low-cost molecular test. Here, we developed and evaluated a real-time recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) based test for detection of <em>R. arrhizus</em><em>,</em> the principal cause of mucormycosis in patient samples with and without COVID-19 associated mucormycosis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Primers and probes targeting <em>Rhizopus arrhizus</em> for RPA-based assay were designed using PrimedRPA and screened per the manufacturer's guidelines. DNA from 40 clinically relevant bacteria and molds were used to determine the analytical specificity of the assay, and probit regression analysis using plasmid DNA standards were used to determine the analytical sensitivity of the assay. The developed assay was evaluated on 110 tissue samples from patients with suspected mucormycosis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The developed assay was able to detect 9 mucorales viz. <em>R. arrhizus, R. microsporus, R. stolonifer, R. homothallicus, S. racemosum, M. indicus, M. circinelloides, A. variabilis</em> and <em>Cunninghamella</em> spp. and did not cross-react with the remaining 31 molds or bacteria. Its limit of detection at 95 % probability was 18.58 copies. The test demonstrated a sensitivity of 96 % (95 % CI: 86.3 %–99.5 %) and specificity of 95 % (95 % CI: 86.1 %–98.9 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The developed RPA assay for <em>R. arrhizus</em> demonstrates high diagnostic sensitivity(96 %), specificity(95 %), and low detection limit(18.58 copies). While initial testing using stored unfixed tissue showed promise, comprehensive clinical validation studies are needed to establish the assay's diagnostic utility across diverse clinical settings and specimen types.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100845"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}