Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Defining drug resistance beyond rifampicin: use of Xpert® MTB/XDR assay in tuberculous meningitis","authors":"Kusum Sharma ,&nbsp;Megha Sharma ,&nbsp;Ritu Shree ,&nbsp;Himanshu Joshi ,&nbsp;Neeraj Singla ,&nbsp;Ashish Kumar Kakkar ,&nbsp;Vijeta Patial ,&nbsp;Chamanjot Kaur ,&nbsp;Supriya Sharma ,&nbsp;Manoj Goyal ,&nbsp;Aman Sharma ,&nbsp;Navneet Sharma ,&nbsp;Manish Modi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100912","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100912","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>– The emerging drug resistance in Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) worsens the prognosis and hamper elimination efforts. The need of the hour is a relatively simple, rapid, near point-of-care test that could allow universal drug susceptibility testing, beyond rifampicin (RIF). The current study evaluated performance of Xpert MTB/XDR in defining drug resistant TBM.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>– A total of 45 cerebrospinal fluid samples (29 culture-positive, 16 culture-negative) reported TBM by Xpert MTB/Ultra were subjected to Xpert MTB/XDR to determine susceptibility towards isoniazid (INH), fluoroquinolones (FLQ), second-line injectables (SLID) and ethambutol (ETM). The performance of Xpert MTB/XDR was evaluated against genotypic drug susceptibility testing (line probe assay (LPA) and phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (culture)).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>– There was 100 % concordance between Xpert MTB/XDR and drug susceptibility using both culture and LPA for INH and SLIDs. For FLQ, the sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/XDR was 93 % and 100 %, respectively against both culture and LPA, as there was one case each reported false-susceptible by Xpert MTB/XDR. The sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/XDR for ETM was 93 % and 100 %, respectively against culture and one case of false-resistance was reported.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>– Xpert MTB/XDR can serve as a useful tool to rapidly identify resistance to INH, FLQ, SLID and ETM, thus offering targeted therapy to the patients of TBM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 100912"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144564743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular profiling of vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated from bloodstream infections by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction: A prospective cross-sectional study from Northeast India","authors":"Ankan Chakrabarti ,&nbsp;Sibabrata Bhattacharya ,&nbsp;Rana Pratap Datta ,&nbsp;Tapan Majumdar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100914","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100914","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div><em>Enterococcus</em> spp. Has emerged as a significant cause of bacteremia, often leading to severe complications such as Infective Endocarditis. The rise of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) poses a critical challenge in treating Enterococcal bacteremia, particularly in hospital settings. This study aims to conduct molecular characterization and genotyping of VRE strains isolated from blood samples in a tertiary care hospital.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This hospital-based prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Tripura, Northeast India, from August 2021 to December 2024. Blood samples from both adult and pediatric patients were collected and processed for culture and organism identification following departmental protocols. Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated <em>Enterococcus</em> spp. Was assessed, and vancomycin resistance confirmed through VRE screening. Real-time PCR was employed for VRE gene detection, and ERIC-PCR was used for genotyping the VRE strains.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>During the study, 626 blood samples were analyzed, with 263 (42 %) testing positive for pathogens<em>. Enterococcus</em> spp. Was the third most common isolate (21.7 %), predominantly <em>E. faecalis</em> (63.2 %). Most cases originated from ICU (52.6 %) and the Medicine Department (49.1 %). Linezolid showed 100 % sensitivity, while Vancomycin had 75.4 % sensitivity. Ciprofloxacin exhibited the highest resistance (44 % sensitivity). VRE was detected in 14 strains (24.6 %), all carrying the <em>VanA</em> gene. ERIC-PCR identified three clusters, with most isolates <em>(n=11)</em> in Cluster III, including the ATCC control strain.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study highlighted the prevalence, resistance patterns, and molecular characteristics of Enterococcus spp. Causing bloodstream infections in a Northeast Indian state. The predominance of <em>VanA</em>-mediated resistance and its clustering in critical care settings call for immediate attention to infection control and targeted antimicrobial strategies. Future research should focus on the environmental and epidemiological factors contributing to the spread of VRE in hospital as well as community settings in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 100914"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144579273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breakpoint Withdrawals and Emerging Evidence: Reframing Clinical Decisions for B. cepacia complex and S. maltophilia","authors":"Balaji Veeraraghavan ,&nbsp;Kamini Walia","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100905","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100905","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Burkholderia cepacia complex</em> (BCC) and <em>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</em> are intrinsically resistant non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli increasingly implicated in healthcare-associated infections, especially among immunocompromised patients. Their complex resistance mechanisms and diagnostic ambiguity complicate clinical management. Recent changes in antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) guidelines further complicate clinical management.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To outline the impact of breakpoint withdrawals by CLSI and EUCAST on AST interpretation and treatment strategies for BCC and <em>S. maltophilia</em> and emphasize the need for evidence-based, context-specific treatment strategies.</div></div><div><h3>Content</h3><div>CLSI (2025) and EUCAST (2024) have removed breakpoints for most agents against BCC, requiring MIC reporting based on WT/NWT distributions. For <em>S. maltophilia</em>, CLSI no longer supports monotherapy with Co-trimoxazole or levofloxacin; EUCAST retains a breakpoint only for the Co-trimoxazole.</div><div>Resistance mechanisms, including β-lactamases and RND efflux pumps, limit AST reliability. Diagnostic challenges include species misidentification and distinguishing infection from colonization. Therapeutic options remain limited. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole has reduced efficacy; minocycline, fluoroquinolones, and cefiderocol show inconsistent outcomes. Combination therapy offers no clear advantage and should be individualized. These changes necessitate MIC-based, genomics-informed approaches to guide therapy, particularly in low-resource settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 100905"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144522329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High public demand and acceptance of newer vaccines in private sector immunisation in Vellore, South India: Implications for India's national immunisation program","authors":"Rajeev Zachariah Kompithra ,&nbsp;Leni Grace Mathew ,&nbsp;Valsan Philip Verghese ,&nbsp;Sarah Mathai ,&nbsp;T. Jacob John","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100913","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100913","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>New vaccines licensed, but not included in Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) in India are used exclusively in the private sector. Quantitative data on their public acceptance and demand are lacking. The Well Baby Immunisation Clinic of our private not-for-profit tertiary care teaching institution provides both EPI and new (licensed non-EPI) vaccines giving us the opportunity to document their uptake trends.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The volumes of EPI and non-EPI vaccines delivered during the last two decades (2003–2023) were analysed for relative comparison of their time trends and trendlines.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This long-term analysis shows high public acceptance and demand for several new vaccines. The volume of EPI vaccines was relatively stable, ranging from 44684 to 70499. ‘New vaccines’ uptake rose from 8333 in 2003–110783 in 2015. From 2006 till 2012, Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR), Typhoid, Hepatitis A Vaccine (HAV) and Varicella, and from 2014 Influenza were the new vaccines in most demand. In 2020 despite the COVID pandemic, newer vaccines were in significant demand, especially Influenza vaccine. In 2023, the newer vaccines doses most dispensed in increasing order were HAV, Typhoid, Varicella and Influenza.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Perceived community disease burden is reflected by public acceptance and demand of vaccines against vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs). In the absence of robust case-based surveillance data for most VPDs, public acceptance and demand could be considered a criterion for prioritization of ‘new vaccines’ to be included in routine immunisation schedules. Thus, vaccines against Hepatitis A, Typhoid, Varicella and Influenza can be considered favourably for inclusion into EPI in India.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 100913"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144567386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First molecular confirmed patient of alveolar echinococcosis in India: Case report from a tertiary care hospital in North India","authors":"Reetu Kundu ,&nbsp;Ayush Vasisth ,&nbsp;Falguni Singh Rathore ,&nbsp;Sohil Chauhan ,&nbsp;Aravind Sekar ,&nbsp;Jimil Shah ,&nbsp;Sumeeta Khurana","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100904","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100904","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alveolar echinococcosis, caused by <em>Echinococcus multilocularis</em>, is rare in India. We present the first molecularly confirmed AE case from Kashmir, India who presented with a hepatic mass mimicking metastatic malignancy. Imaging revealed a large liver lesion with intrahepatic biliary obstruction. Cytological examination showed necrosis and laminated membranes without hooklets or brood capsules. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified <em>E. multilocularis</em>. The patient underwent albendazole therapy and right hepatectomy, but her condition deteriorated due to post-hepatectomy liver failure, leading to multiorgan dysfunction and death. This case highlights AE's diagnostic complexity in non-endemic regions and underscores the critical role of molecular diagnostics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 100904"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144587841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Candida glabrata associated primary pleuro-pulmonary infections: A report of two cases","authors":"Mahismita Patro ,&nbsp;Supantha De ,&nbsp;Subarna Acharya ,&nbsp;Manoj Kumar Panigrahi ,&nbsp;Vinaykumar Hallur ,&nbsp;Sarojini Raman ,&nbsp;Sourin Bhuniya ,&nbsp;Prasanta R Mohapatra ,&nbsp;Shakti Bal ,&nbsp;Aneri Parekh","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100907","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100907","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Candida glabrata</em>, a respiratory tract commensal, is an opportunistic pathogen that rarely causes respiratory disease. Primary pleuropulmonary infection caused by <em>Candida glabrata</em> without systemic involvement is extremely uncommon. We report two cases of proven <em>Candida glabrata</em>-associated pleuropulmonary infections in poorly controlled diabetics<em>.</em> A 51-year-old lady with a lung abscess had <em>Candida glabrata</em> identified from a biopsy specimen. Another 42-year-old man had necrotizing pneumonia and empyema due to <em>Candida glabrata</em> identified from repeated pleural fluid cultures. Both patients showed remarkable clinical-radiological improvement with antifungals, reaffirming our diagnosis and underscoring the importance of accurate etiological identification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 100907"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144513751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of BD Phoenix and VITEK 2 for direct and routine antimicrobial susceptibility from positive blood culture bottles","authors":"Naima Sirad ,&nbsp;Mustafa Altay Atalay ,&nbsp;Pınar Sağıroğlu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100906","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100906","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aims to comparatively evaluate the reliability of BD Phoenix and VITEK 2 systems for direct, routine and standard antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of ESKAPE isolates from positive blood culture bottles, with a primary focus on the interpretation of results into susceptible, intermediate, or resistant categories.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 128 ESKAPE isolates from positive blood culture bottles were subjected to direct, routine and standard AST. Direct AST (DAST) and routine AST (RAST) were performed using BD Phoenix and VITEK 2 automated systems. DAST was conducted using a bacterial pellet obtained directly from positive blood cultures, while RAST used a colony after subculture. Results of both were compared based on categorical agreement (CA) and discrepancies. RAST results were further evaluated against standard AST (SAST), performed via the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay using 24 h-grown colonies.</div></div><div><h3>Findings and results</h3><div>The AST categorical agreements (CA) of DAST with the RAST using BD Phoenix automated system for Enterobacterales, Non-fermenting, and Gram-positive cocci (<em>S. aureus</em> and <em>Enterococci</em> spp.) were 95.3 %, 100 %, and 100 % respectively, while 94.8 %, 94.7 %, 80 % and 100 % respectively in VITEK 2.</div><div>CA between RAST and SAST is 86.9 %, 95.3 %, 100 %, and 82.3 % respectively with BD Phoenix, while 91.8 %, 91.9 %, 85.7 %, and 84.6 % respectively with VITEK 2, on the same group of bacteria. The VITEK 2 automated system showed consistency of results with &gt;90 % CA suggesting high reliability for both direct and routine AST in Gram-negative bacteria.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>VITEK 2 demonstrated consistently high reliability for both direct and routine AST in Gram-negative bacteria. The BD phoenix showed high reliability for direct AST only, across all organisms tested. Direct AST protocol established in this study is simple, cost-effective, reliable, and rapid techniques reducing turnaround time (TAT) by 24 h and potentially improving patient's outcome.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 100906"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular and genomic characterization of Leptospira isolates in humans and its relation to disease severity","authors":"Anitha Thattamparambil Ravindranathan ,&nbsp;Aiswarya Mukundan ,&nbsp;Sithara Nasar Thottathil Puthanpurayil ,&nbsp;Bijesh Kavuthodi ,&nbsp;Sunitha Karunakaran ,&nbsp;Reena John","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100910","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100910","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The study was conducted with the aim to find out the genomo species and serovars of <em>Leptospira</em> by gene sequencing among blood samples tested positive for <em>Leptospira</em> PCR and to identify the species associated with highest mortality.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>All samples with Ct value less than 35 were included in the study. After <em>lipL32 PCR</em> amplification and agarose gel electrophoresis, the amplified products were subjected to gene sequencing. Demographic details and mortality data were obtained from records.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>66 out of the 70 samples showed maximum similarity to <em>L.interrogans</em> in sequencing. Other species identified include <em>L</em>.<em>kirschneri</em> and <em>L. noguchi</em> (5 samples). Among those tested positive, 14 patients died. <em>L.interrogans</em> was frequently isolated (13/14)from those who died.</div><div>The different serovars identified include serovar <em>canicola</em>/<em>hardjo</em>/<em>copenhageni</em>, <em>manilae/bataviaea/lai/icterohaemorrhagiae</em>. Of these, serovars identified in death include Serovar <em>canicola/hardjo/copenhageni/ranaram/manila</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Following sequencing, we identified the predominant species as <em>L. interrogans</em> (91 %) with case fatality rate of 19 %. They are found in animal population of our area, pointing the zoonotic potential of <em>Leptospira</em>. This highlights the need for sensitization of those with animal exposure regarding preventive strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 100910"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144553416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic sexually acquired reactive arthritis, associated with extragenital Mycoplasma genitalium infection in an MSM – a case report","authors":"Arkendu Basu ,&nbsp;Jaya Biswas ,&nbsp;Rajat Choudhary ,&nbsp;Benu Dhawan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100899","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100899","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reactive arthritis is included in the spectrum of seronegative spondyloarthritides, occurring secondary to triggers of genitourinary and gastrointestinal tract infections. We describe a case of sexually acquired reactive arthritis in an MSM, associated with extragenital <em>Mycoplasma genitalium</em> infection. <em>Mycoplasma genitalium</em> was detected from rectal swab by Real-Time PCR assays.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 100899"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling mumps prevalence: A cluster sampling approach in Dibrugarh, Assam","authors":"Kimmi Sarmah ,&nbsp;Kishore Sarma ,&nbsp;Krishnarjun Bora ,&nbsp;Nabajyoti Gogoi ,&nbsp;Prasanta Kumar Borah ,&nbsp;Ajanta Sharma ,&nbsp;Jagadish Mahanta ,&nbsp;Biswajyoti Borkakoty","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100911","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100911","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>A serological survey was carried out for assessing mumps immunity in Dibrugarh, Assam, India using previously collected blood serum samples.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study examined the prevalence of mumps-specific IgG in blood serum antibodies across various demographic groups, including different age groups, genders, and urban versus rural populations.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The findings indicated a generally high level of immunity within the population. However, a significant proportion of children under 15 lacked these protective antibodies, highlighting their vulnerability to mumps infection.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This underscores the need for further studies to understand the factors influencing immunity patterns in the region. Additionally, it raises concerns about whether integrating the mumps vaccine into India's national immunization schedule could enhance protection, particularly for children. These insights contribute to a better understanding of mumps epidemiology in Dibrugarh and can guide future vaccination strategies to prevent outbreaks and protect public health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100911"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}