Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry最新文献

{"title":"Dysregulation of Synaptic Plasticity Markers in Schizophrenia.","authors":"Neha Keshri, Hanumanthappa Nandeesha","doi":"10.1007/s12291-022-01068-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12291-022-01068-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by cognitive impairment resulting in compromised quality of life. Since the regulation of synaptic plasticity has functional implications in various aspects of cognition such as learning, memory, and neural circuit maturation, the dysregulation of synaptic plasticity is considered as a pathobiological feature of schizophrenia. The findings from our recently concluded studies indicate that there is an alteration in levels of synaptic plasticity markers such as neural cell adhesion molecule-1 (NCAM-1), Neurotropin-3 (NT-3) and Matrix-mettaloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in schizophrenia patients. The objective of the present article is to review the role of markers of synaptic plasticity in schizophrenia. PubMed database (http;//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) was used to perform an extensive literature search using the keywords schizophrenia and synaptic plasticity. We conclude that markers of synaptic plasticity are altered in schizophrenia and may lead to complications of schizophrenia including cognitive dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":13280,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry","volume":"38 1","pages":"4-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9852406/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10578521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal Serum Zinc, Copper, Magnesium, and Iron in Spontaneous Abortions.","authors":"Sairoz, Krishnananda Prabhu, Vidyashree G Poojari, Sahana Shetty, Mahadeva Rao, Asha Kamath","doi":"10.1007/s12291-022-01043-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12291-022-01043-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Twenty five percent of pregnant women have some degree of vaginal bleeding during the first trimester, and about 50% of those pregnancies end in spontaneous abortion (SA) because the fetus is not developing typically. As studies have reported that inadequacies of trace metals such as Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Magnesium (Mg) can predispose to various adverse pregnancy outcomes (PO); multiple micronutrient (MMN) supplementations are given without justifying their deficiency and toxicities on the fetus. Earlier studies on effects of MMN supplementations during pregnancy have not considered the need, duration, dose, and time of initiation of supplementations leading to inconclusive results. So, there is a need to optimize this to prevent their abuse and side effects. This study can help in establishing critical cut-offs of these minerals in maternal serum that can forecast future pregnancy outcomes. Study measured the serum Zn, Cu, Mg, and Fe in pregnant women who presented with (<i>n</i> = 80) and without (<i>n</i> = 100) SA at 5-2 weeks of pregnancy using iron -ferrozine method, magnesium-calmagite method, zinc reaction with nitro-PAPS, copper reaction with Di-Br- PAESA methods, respectively. Data analyzed using the student t test and cutoff value was established using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) by SPSS software. Maternal serum Cu, Mg, Fe, and Zn levels measured were significantly lower in SA as compared to that of controls (<i>p</i> < 0.005) (Fig. 1) and maternal age and Body mass index were not statistically significant different among study group. Maternal serum Cu, Mg, Zn and Iron (Fe) measured in 5-12 weeks of pregnancy has the potential to forecast future occurrence of SA. The study has been registered under \"The Clinical Trials Registry- India (CTRI),\" -REF/2020/01/030393.</p>","PeriodicalId":13280,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry","volume":"38 1","pages":"128-131"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9852411/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10578523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal and Newborn Blood Aluminum Levels and Neurodevelopment of Infants: Is there a Need for Concern?","authors":"Dolat Singh Shekhawat, Pratibha Singh, Vikash Chandra Janu, Praveen Sharma, Kuldeep Singh","doi":"10.1007/s12291-021-01002-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12291-021-01002-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aluminum is a neurotoxic element that enters the human body due to its widespread usage in daily life. It has the potential to affect the neurological development of the fetus and infant adversely. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between maternal and umbilical cord serum aluminum level and infant neurodevelopment. Over a period of March 2018 to September 2019, we conducted a prospective cohort study; 173 Mother-new-born pairs were enrolled. Aluminum levels were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The correlation with Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) -3rd edition score and maternal and cord serum aluminum were assessed via linear regression model. The mean concentration of maternal and cord serum aluminum was 2.58 ± 1.14 µg/dL and 1.44 ± 0.62 µg/dL, respectively. There was a significant correlation in aluminum level between maternal and umbilical cord serum (Pearson's r = 0.591, p < 0.000). There is no significant correlation between maternal and serum aluminum level, and BSID-3^rd edition (cognitive, motor, language, and social-emotion) score at the average age of 6.5 months. In conclusion, maternal and cord serum aluminum levels were significantly correlated but did not correlate with infant neurodevelopment. Thus, low serum aluminum concentration and their association with child neurodevelopment deserve further investigation longitudinally in a large cohort.</p><p><strong>Graphical abstract: </strong></p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12291-021-01002-y.</p>","PeriodicalId":13280,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry","volume":"38 1","pages":"136-141"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9852372/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10585903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of C4b as an adjunct marker in symptomatic RT-PCR negative Covid-19 cases.","authors":"Bandana Kumari,&nbsp;Krishnan Hajela,&nbsp;Asgar Ali,&nbsp;Abhay Kumar Sharma,&nbsp;Rajesh Kumar Yadav,&nbsp;Alok Ranjan,&nbsp;Rathish Nair,&nbsp;Shreekant Bharti,&nbsp;Satish Dipankar,&nbsp;Prabhat Kumar Singh,&nbsp;Sadhana Sharma","doi":"10.1007/s12291-022-01033-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12291-022-01033-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Detecting low viral load has been a challenge in this pandemic, which has led to its escalated transmission. Complement activation has been implicated in pathogenesis of Covid-19 infection. Thus, evaluation of complement activation in suspected Covid-19 infection may help to detect infection and limit false negative cases thus limiting transmission of infection. We speculate that measuring C4b, produced from an activated complement system due to the presence of Covid-19 may help in its detection, even when the viral titers are low.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Plasma C4b levels of symptomatic RT-PCR positive patients (cases, n = 40); symptomatic RT-PCR negative patients (n = 35) and asymptomatic RT-PCR negative controls (n = 40) were evaluated. Plasma C5b-9, IL-6, D-dimer and C1-Inhibitor (C1-INH) were also measured in cases and controls. ELISA kits were used for all measurements. Statistical analyses were carried out using Stata, version 12 (Stata Corp., Texas, USA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>C4b levels were found to be significantly increased in RT-PCR positive patients as compared to asymptomatic RT-PCR negative controls. RT-PCR negative but symptomatic patients still showed increased C4b levels. The significantly higher levels of C4b in cases with a cut-off value of ≥ 116 ng/ml with optimum sensitivity and specificity of 80% and 52% respectively is indicative of its possible use as an adjunct marker. Increased levels of D-dimer, IL6, along with decreased levels of C1-INH were found in cases compared to controls. Whereas, C5b-9 levels were not significantly raised in cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results of our study suggests that plasma C4b may help to detect infection in false negative cases of RT-PCR that escape detection owing to low viral load. However, to confirm it a large-scale study is needed.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12291-022-01033-z.</p>","PeriodicalId":13280,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry","volume":"38 1","pages":"102-109"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9207170/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9120313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Klotho Protein in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Amandeep Birdi, Sojit Tomo, Dharmveer Yadav, Praveen Sharma, Naresh Nebhinani, Prasenjit Mitra, Mithu Banerjee, Purvi Purohit","doi":"10.1007/s12291-022-01078-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12291-022-01078-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuropsychiatric disorders are comprised of diseases having both the neurological and psychiatric manifestations. The increasing burden of the disease on the population worldwide makes it necessary to adopt measures to decrease the prevalence. The Klotho is a single pass transmembrane protein that decreases with age, has been associated with various pathological diseases, like reduced bone mineral density, cardiac problems and cognitive impairment. However, multiple studies have explored its role in different neuropsychiatric disorders. A comprehensive search was undertaken in the Pubmed database for articles with the keywords \"Klotho\" and \"neuropsychiatric disorders\". The available literature, based on the above search strategy, has been compiled in this brief narrative review to describe the emerging role of Klotho in various neuropsychiatric disorders. The Klotho levels were decreased in various neuropsychiatric disorders except for bipolar disorder. A suppressed Klotho protein levels induced oxidative stress and incited pro-inflammatory conditions significantly contributing to the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorder. The increasing evidence of altered Klotho protein levels in cognition-decrement-related disorders warrants its consideration as a biomarker in various neuropsychiatric diseases. However, further evidence is required to understand its role as a therapeutic target.</p>","PeriodicalId":13280,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry","volume":"38 1","pages":"13-21"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9852376/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10580745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) as \"A Window to the Brain\": Potential, Challenges and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Prasenjit Mitra, Shruti Gupta, Praveen Sharma","doi":"10.1007/s12291-023-01111-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12291-023-01111-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13280,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry","volume":"38 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9852378/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10585900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Covishield Vaccination in Terms of SARS CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Expression.","authors":"Rhema Elizabeth Thomas,&nbsp;Ajaikumar Sukumaran,&nbsp;Arun Krishnan R,&nbsp;Thushara Thomas,&nbsp;Biby T Edwin,&nbsp;P R Haritha,&nbsp;Bilha M Varghese,&nbsp;Jofy K Paul,&nbsp;Satheesh Kumar C S,&nbsp;D M Vasudevan","doi":"10.1007/s12291-022-01030-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-022-01030-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The vaccination efficacy can indirectly be assessed through the quantification of neutralizing antibodies. Very few data are available on Covishield efficacy in terms of neutralizing antibody expression upon vaccination. This study is focused on profiling of neutralizing antibody expression during and after the Covishield two shot vaccination and observing COVID-19 infection in vaccinated participants during the period. SARS CoV-2 neutralizing antibody concentrations in samples were estimated using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay kit for Lifotronics eCL8000. The sampling had been done sequentially at 45th, 85th day after 1st dose and 15th day after 2nd dose Covishield vaccination. Parallelly, in order to confirm the total SARS CoV-2 IgG response in COVID-19 infection, measured the IgG using SARS CoV-2 IgG lateral flow immunoassay test kit. The subjects previously infected with COVID-19 before 1st dose vaccination demonstrated high neutralizing antibody (> 10AU/ml). In COVID-19 uninfected subjects, there was a sudden incline in neutralizing antibody after the 2nd dose. Infection with SARS CoV-2 between 1st and 2nd dose of Covishield vaccination implicate that the level of neutralizing antibody in serum after 1st dose was not adequate to combat the virus and prevent infection. We observed COVID-19 infection in participants even after 2nd dose of vaccination. Interestingly, there was no protection against SARS CoV-2 even with a high neutralizing antibody expression of 188.5 AU/mL after the 2nd dose. Findings of Covishield efficacy in different cohort samples before and after 2 doses of Covishield vaccination provide impetus for improvement or development of next generation vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":13280,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry","volume":"38 1","pages":"51-58"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9012865/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9106397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Serum Holotranscobalamin with Serum Vitamin B12 in Population Prone to Megaloblastic Anemia and their Correlation with Nerve Conduction Study.","authors":"Abhishek Verma, Sunita Aggarwal, Sandeep Garg, Smita Kaushik, Debashish Chowdhury","doi":"10.1007/s12291-022-01027-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12291-022-01027-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early detection of megaloblastic anemia and associated neurological complications is crucial for management. This study was conducted to compare serum holotranscobalamin level with serum vitamin B12 level as early biomarker in people prone to megaloblastic anemia and to evaluate co-relation between these biomarkers and nerve conduction study in study patients. 83 adult patients (Hb > 12 gm/dl) prone to megaloblastic anemia were studied for basic haematological investigations, random blood sugar, thyroid function test, liver function test, kidney function test, serum vitamin B12, serum holotranscobalamin and serum folic acid levels. 45 patients among them underwent nerve conduction studies. All study patients were classified in 6 groups on the basis of risk factors for megaloblastic anemia. 29 patients (34.9%) were on antiepileptic drugs, 26 (31.3%) were chronic alcoholic, 10 patients (12%) each, had malabsorption and ileal tuberculosis, 6 (7.22%) had chronic pancreatitis and 2 (2.4%) had ileal resection. 30 patients (36.14%) had low serum holotranscobalamin, including 7 patients (8.43%) with low serum vitamin B12 level also, unmasking vitamin B12 deficiency in 23 patients (27.7%). 7 patients (8.43%) had mean corpuscular volume (MCV) > 100fL and 8 patients (9.63%) had vitamin B12 deficiency related changes on peripheral smear. Serum vitamin B12 and holotranscobalamin levels were significantly low in patients with peripheral smear changes, with p value 0.039 and 0.041 respectively, while no such association seen with MCV. Subclinical peripheral neuropathy was detected in 18 (40%) out of 45 patients on nerve conduction study. Serum holotranscobalamin levels were significantly lower (<i>p</i> = 0.031) than serum vitamin B12 levels (<i>p</i> = 0.2) in patients with neuropathic changes. Rest investigations and serum folic acid levels were normal in all patients. Holotranscobalamin levels can be considered early and reliable marker for vitamin B12 deficiency and deficiency associated peripheral neuropathy, even in patients who are prone to megaloblastic anemia, and not yet anemic or symptomatic for neuropathy.</p>","PeriodicalId":13280,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry","volume":"38 1","pages":"42-50"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9852371/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10580748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of MicroRNA (miR-221-3p, miR-133a-3p, and miR-9-5p) Expressions in Oral Submucous Fibrosis and Squamous Cell Carcinoma.","authors":"Shweta Ukey, Ankit Jain, Shailendra Dwivedi, Chinmayee Choudhury, Jeewan Ram Vishnoi, Ankita Chugh, Purvi Purohit, Puneet Pareek, Poonam Elhence, Sanjeev Misra, Praveen Sharma","doi":"10.1007/s12291-022-01035-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12291-022-01035-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the common types of cancer. Its progression follows a transition from oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) such as oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). Epigenetic modifiers, especially microRNAs (miRNAs), have an appreciable role in the regulation of various carcinogenic pathways which are being used as biomarkers. miRNAs may also be helpful in the differentiation of oral submucous fibrosis from oral squamous cell carcinoma. Three miRNAs, miR-221-3p, miR133a-3p, and miR-9-5p, were found differentially expressed in many cancers in the literature search supported by our preliminary database search-based screening. The literature and our functional enrichment analysis in an earlier study have reported these miRNAs to regulate carcinogenesis at various steps. In the present study, the expression of these miRNAs was examined in 34 histopathologically confirmed OSCC, 30 OSMF, and 29 control (healthy volunteers) human samples. There was a significant downregulation of miRNA-133a-3p in OSCC compared to OSMF and controls, whereas there was up-regulation in oral submucous fibrosis compared to controls. There was no significant difference in the expression of miR-221-3p between OSCC and OSMF, but an upregulation in OSCC compared to controls. miR-9-5p was also found upregulated in both OSCC and OSMF. Further, miR-133a-3p expression was negatively correlated with age, smoking, drinking status, and AJCC staging, whereas miR-9-5p expression was only positively associated with tobacco/ areca nut chewing. The ROC plots, logistic regression model generated, and the correlation between the expression of miR-9-5p and miR-133a-3p in blood and tissue suggests that these could be used as risk stratification biomarkers.</p>","PeriodicalId":13280,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry","volume":"38 1","pages":"73-82"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9852399/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10585904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glutamine-Driven Metabolic Adaptation to COVID-19 Infection.","authors":"Hüseyin Aydın,&nbsp;Yusuf Kenan Tekin,&nbsp;İlhan Korkmaz,&nbsp;Gülaçan Tekin,&nbsp;Sefa Yurtbay,&nbsp;Sami Keleş,&nbsp;Nezih Hekim","doi":"10.1007/s12291-022-01037-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-022-01037-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>COVID-19 is known to be transmitted by direct contact, droplets or feces/orally. There are many factors which determines the clinical progression of the disease. Aminoacid disturbance in viral disease is shown in many studies. İn this study we aimed to evaluate the change of aminoacid metabolism especially the aspartate, glutamine and glycine levels which have been associated with an immune defence effect in viral disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Blood samples from 35 volunteer patients with COVID-19, concretized diagnosis was made by oropharyngeal from nazofaringeal swab specimens and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and 35 control group were analyzed. The amino acid levels were measured with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technology. Two groups were compared by Kolmogorov-Smirnov analysis, Kruskal-Wallis and the Mann-Whitney <i>U</i>. The square test was used to evaluate the tests obtained by counting, and the error level was taken as 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average age of the patient and control group were 48.5 ± 14.9 and 48.8 ± 14.6 years respectively. The decrease in aspartate (p = 5.5 × 10^-9) and glutamine levels (p = 9.0 × 10^-17) were significiantly in COVID group, whereas Glycine (p = 0.243) increase was not significiant.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Metabolic pathways, are affected in rapidly dividing cells in viral diseases which are important for immun defence. We determined that aspartate, glutamine and glycine levels in Covid 19 patients were affected by the warburg effect, malate aspartate shuttle, glutaminolysis and pentose phosphate pathway. Enteral or parenteral administration of these plasma amino acid levels will correct the duration and pathophysiology of the patients' stay in hospital and intensive care.</p>","PeriodicalId":13280,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry","volume":"38 1","pages":"83-93"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8992789/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9120303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}