IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques最新文献

{"title":"3-D-Printed Monolithically Integrated Waveguide Polarizer","authors":"Yunhao Fu;King Yuk Chan;Maurizio Bozzi;Rodica Ramer","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3557107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3557107","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes three monolithically integrated waveguide polarizer novel designs, Devices I–III, using masked stereolithography (MSLA) additive manufacturing (AM) technology. A customized waveguide acts as a standard transmission line (TL), and septa are introduced at various locations within the waveguide to convert the linear polarization (LP) to circular polarization (CP). Device I demonstrates the successful proposed fabrication, with the largest size and the broadest axial ratio (AR) bandwidth. Device II brings compactness versus Device I, with the smallest size and the narrowest AR bandwidth. Device III features a comparable AR bandwidth to Device I, with reduced dimensions. Our novel configuration approach, realized by a single MSLA fabrication run, simultaneously employs the resin’s mechanical and dielectric properties, permitting the avoidance of additional fixtures and assembly misalignments in the standard metallic polarizers. An in-house conductive spraying and copper coating followed the MSLA process, and all Devices I–III exhibit reasonable agreement between measurements and simulations in the Ku band. The proposed polarizers offer a new way of using the material in emerging processing technologies.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"5696-5710"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Broadband Extraction of Sample Permittivity From Microwave Planar Transmission Lines","authors":"Petr Kůrka;Daniel Havelka;Michal Cifra","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3557666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3557666","url":null,"abstract":"Electric fields and their interactions with living organisms and molecular components are central to the development of novel biomedical diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. The electric field interaction with biomaterials is dictated by their dielectric permittivity. However, progress in this field is often hindered by the need for large sample volumes to determine complex permittivity or by lengthy measurement times. Here, we introduce a universal method for extracting broadband complex dielectric permittivity, demonstrated using a conductor-backed coplanar waveguide (CBCPW). This method enables rapid, broadband characterization of microliter-scale (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>L) biomolecular solutions in high-permittivity, water-based buffers across a broad frequency range. First, the technique is validated through <italic>S</i>-parameters obtained from full-wave electromagnetic simulations. It is then applied to experimentally measured <italic>S</i>-parameters of aqueous solutions containing specific biomolecules at varying concentrations. Comparisons with an independent reference method confirm the accuracy of the extracted permittivity values. Overall, this new method provides a fast, precise, and sample-efficient means of measuring broadband complex permittivity, demonstrating its potential as a powerful tool for biomedical research.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6707-6718"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved On-Wafer Probing of High-Frequency Components Based on Optical Recognition of the Probe Positions","authors":"Domenico Vitali;Alessandro Chillico;Wojciech Samek;Olof Bengtsson","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3557081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3557081","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes a novel method for on-wafer probing of high-frequency components based on optical recognition of probe skating and positions. The method enables a more accurate automatic probing of on-wafer structures and is developed to increase precision and accuracy in radio frequency (RF) measurements. The presented real-time optical recognition of the probe touchdown enables an estimated probe skating precision of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$pm ~3~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m on the evaluated probe system. Optical identification of the probes’ position is used for verification of the measurement distance. Wafer mapping of S-parameters conducted on microstrip (MS) lines on a GaN wafer are evaluated with regard to accuracy and precision in the 0.5–50 GHz range using metrology software for S-parameter analysis. The developed probing method is verified by comparing it to a standard procedure with fixed <italic>Z</i>-height probing and to a bow-compensated method, with all measurements conducted on the same setup and the same device. It is shown that the optically recognized probe skating and position detection can improve the accuracy of S-parameter measurements by up to 50% for devices positioned across a wafer, assuming a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.5sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> acceptance margin for the probe distance.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6554-6566"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10973306","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring Out-of-Plane Permittivity of Thin Films to Millimeter Wave Frequencies","authors":"Florian Bergmann;Meagan C. Papac;Ben F. Jamroz;Bryan T. Bosworth;Nicholas R. Jungwirth;Anna Osella;Lucas Enright;Kristen L. Steffens;Rob Jones;Tomasz Karpisz;Eric J. Marksz;Angela Stelson;Christian J. Long;Nathan D. Orloff","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3558477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3558477","url":null,"abstract":"Modern microchips utilize multilayer stack-ups with many interstitial layers of dielectrics. Optimizing device performance and maximizing yield requires precise measurements of the out-of-plane permittivity of these dielectric layers. At the same time, high-performance microchips are pushing operating frequencies into the millimeter-wave range, requiring precise materials property knowledge at these frequencies to perform as intended. With this context, one outstanding challenge is to accurately measure the out-of-plane permittivity of thin films. Unfortunately, the conventional method to extract this property, the metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitor technique, produces inconsistent and therefore unreliable material data for frequencies above a few gigahertz. To address these inconsistencies, we designed an experiment with on-wafer devices of varying topology and varying geometry. We chose to study silicon nitride for this experiment because it is a ubiquitous dielectric in microchips, widely accepted as approximately dispersionless, and available with established processes in our cleanroom. Our experiment resulted in an out-of-plane permittivity of thin film silicon nitride of <inline-formula> <tex-math>${varepsilon }_{r} = 7.0~pm ~0.1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and a loss tangent of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$tan delta lt 0.03$ </tex-math></inline-formula> up to 90 GHz. Our key findings about improving on-wafer calibrations and modeling of the MIM devices will help material scientists and microchip designers obtain reliable permittivity data on thin films at millimeter wave frequencies.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6504-6515"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency-Tunable 40–44-GHz Butler Matrix","authors":"Paige Danielson;Laila Marzall;Zoya Popović","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3556648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3556648","url":null,"abstract":"This article details a monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4 times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> switched beamforming feed network, tunable in frequency from 40 to 44 GHz. The completely integrated on-chip Butler matrix is fabricated in the WIN Semiconductors’ gallium arsenide (GaAs) PP10-20 pHEMT process. For frequency tunability, a reflective phase shifter is used in the middle section of the Butler matrix. A fixed-frequency beamforming network is characterized separately at 44 GHz. The reflective phase shifter is also characterized separately from 38 to 46 GHz, as well as over input power. The tunable Butler matrix measurements closely match simulations showing a return loss better than 18 dB and a transmission loss between 3.8 and 6.3 dB in the tuning range. Multibeam performance and leakage are also quantified in simulations, as well as the effects of saturation with increased input power.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 6","pages":"3085-3095"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 2-kW High-Efficiency and Broadband GaN Linear RF Power Amplifier for Multinuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging","authors":"Xing Yang;Shang Gao;Jiasheng Wang;Shahzeb Hayat;Xinwei Rong;Lixian Zou;Chao Zou;Liwen Wan;Xiaoliang Zhang;Hairong Zheng;Xin Liu;Ye Li","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3557471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3557471","url":null,"abstract":"Multinuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) requires high-power, broadband radio frequency (RF) amplification to transmit signals efficiently and linearly. In this study, we propose an innovative 2-kW highly efficient broadband gallium nitride (GaN) linear power amplifier designed for multinuclear MRI at 5.0 T, showing its first application in multinuclear MRI. The amplifier design is optimized through a multiobjective optimization load–pull analysis, enabling optimal impedance matching across a wideband range (30–300 MHz) to achieve high power, efficiency, and gain flatness. In addition, a broadband high-power combiner with compensation inductors was developed to enhance phase and amplitude consistency while optimizing return loss, insertion loss, and isolation. Furthermore, an adaptive frequency-based pre-compensation linearization technique was implemented to improve amplitude linearity. Experimental validations were performed for ¹H and ²H spectroscopy and imaging at 5.0T MRI. The amplifier achieves{break} 2-kW output power across 30–300 MHz with efficiencies of 68.1% (¹H), 70.3% (²H), 63.7% (²³Na), and 64.8% (³¹P). Furthermore, gain variation and phase changes remain within ±0.9 dB and 10° over a 40-dB dynamic range. The proposed GaN amplifier offers broadband amplification and high efficiency, making it a suitable candidate for multinuclear MRI.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6695-6706"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated Linear Crosstalk Reduction System for European Spallation Source Cavity Simulator","authors":"Maciej Grzegrzółka;Bartłomiej Kola;Krzysztof Czuba","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3558352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3558352","url":null,"abstract":"Multichannel radio frequency (RF) devices often suffer from signal crosstalk between channels. This article presents an active automated crosstalk reduction solution. It was designed for a Cavity Simulator for the European Spallation Source (ESS)—a device with seven independent RF outputs operating at a 704.42-MHz carrier. This solution utilizes digital correction techniques to reduce the effective crosstalk between the channels. The worst case was improved from −44.2 to −73.3 dB, resulting in a 29.1-dB improvement. The first part of the article provides an overview of the Cavity Simulator. The theory of operation for the crosstalk reduction follows. <xref>Section V</xref> discusses the hardware used for self-calibration. The software controlling the calibration and operation of the crosstalk reduction is also discussed. <xref>Section VII</xref> presents the system operation measurements. It is followed by conclusions, and plans for further improvements.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6017-6028"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonharmonic Dual-Band Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer Receiver Based on Signal Reflection","authors":"Zhen Yue;Yu Xin Kang;Si Hui Wu;Cheng Peng;Xin Xu;Xian Qi Lin","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3558886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3558886","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces a nonharmonic dual-band receiver architecture based on signal reflection for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) systems. The architecture includes a dual-band 3 dB hybrid coupler (operating at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$omega _{1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$omega _{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), rectifiers (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$omega _{1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), and information processing devices (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$omega _{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). Leveraging the property that radio frequency (RF) signals are transmitted in the passband and reflected in the stopband, along with the coupler’s port reciprocity, RF power and information signals at different frequencies can be output between the through/coupled and isolation ports with high isolation. This arrangement can effectively reduce the interference of high-power RF energy on information signals while maximizing the utilization of RF energy improving the overall system efficiency. To validate the proposed architecture, a dual-frequency SWIPT receiver operating at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz was designed and fabricated. The simulations and experimental validations confirm that the proposed receiver can achieve 80.4% power conversion efficiency (PCE) with 25 dBm input power, and the isolation between the power and information signals reaches up to 55 dB. The receiver can achieve efficient energy conversion with minimal interference to the information signal. Additionally, we further discuss the feasibility of the signal reflection-based SWIPT receiver architecture for broadband information signal processing, expanding the practical application value of the receiver in SWIPT systems.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6944-6955"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-Identifying Amplify-and-Forward Relay for Localization Assistance","authors":"Subhan Zakir;Ebrahim M. Al Seragi;Waleed Ahmad;Alireza Kiyaei;Saeed Zeinolabedinzadeh","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3558130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3558130","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces a self-identifying relay that can assist in localization by adding unique code to the retransmitted data. The relay has an amplify-and-forward (AF) architecture that provides amplification and phase shift to the received signal and is capable of beamforming if utilized in multiple channels. The relay consists of a low noise amplifier (LNA), a vector modulation-based phase shifter (PS) capable of providing 360° of continuous phase tuning, and two power amplifiers (PAs). The proposed active relay was custom-designed and implemented on a 130-nm SiGe BiCMOS process. The circuit demonstrates a gain of 25 dB, <inline-formula> <tex-math>${P}_{1,text {dB}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>${P}_{text {sat}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> output power of 8.5 and 12.4 dBm, respectively, at 30 GHz, a 3-dB bandwidth of 5.2 GHz from 27.8 to 33 GHz, and a noise figure (NF) of 5.2 dB at 30 GHz. The proposed relay adds a unique binary phase shift keying (BPSK)-based identification code in the relayed signal by switching two PAs. Based on these codes, the user can be localized by measuring the time difference of arrival (TDoA) of signal coming from different relays.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6809-6824"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photonic-Assisted Joint Radar and Communication System Using Overlapped Spectrum for High-Resolution Ranging and High-Speed Data Transmission","authors":"Jingxu Chen;Haikun Huang;Ruiqi Zheng;Baohang Mo;Zhenzhao Yi;Jianghai Wo;Jiejun Zhang;Xudong Wang;Xinhuan Feng;Jianping Yao","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3556855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3556855","url":null,"abstract":"We propose and demonstrate a photonic-assisted joint radar and communication (JRC) system using a JRC signal with overlapped spectrum to support simultaneous wideband ranging and high-speed communications. For radar ranging, an electrical linearly-frequency-modulated (LFM) waveform is modulated on an optical carrier at a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) biased at the null point to generate odd-order sidebands. By filtering out the first-order sidebands, two third-order sidebands are obtained. By beating the two sidebands at a photodetector (PD), a frequency-sextupled electrical LFM with sextupled bandwidth is generated. For wireless communications, a binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) or quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) signal is modulated on one of the third-order sidebands. By beating the modulated sideband with the other unmodulated sideband, a frequency upconverted wireless signal is generated. The JRC signals are radiated to free space. At the radar receiver, the echo signal is applied to another MZM where the signal is optically dechirped to extract the target information. At the communication receiver, the JRC signal is received and applied to an MZM, where the radar and the communication signals beat to generate the original communication signal. Since no local oscillator (LO) signal is employed, the system is greatly simplified. The dual functions of the system are evaluated by an experiment. For radar ranging, a wideband LFM radar signal with a 9.6-GHz bandwidth is generated, and radar ranging with a high range resolution of 2.5 cm is obtained. For wireless communication, a 4-GBaud/s BPSK and a 2-GBaud/s QPSK signal are transmitted over 20 m, with the bit error rates (BERs) of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.82times 10^{-5}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.96times 10^{-5}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, respectively, which are below the forward error correction (FEC) limit for error free communications.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6749-6758"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}