IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques最新文献_第4页

Continuously Reconfigurable and High-Efficiency 70 W Power Amplifiers for 1–5 GHz 1-5 GHz的连续可重构和高效率70w功率放大器

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-04-24 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3560230

Garrett Shaffer;W. Joel D. Johnson;Thomas R. Jones;Abbas Semnani;Dimitrios Peroulis

{"title":"Continuously Reconfigurable and High-Efficiency 70 W Power Amplifiers for 1–5 GHz","authors":"Garrett Shaffer;W. Joel D. Johnson;Thomas R. Jones;Abbas Semnani;Dimitrios Peroulis","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3560230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3560230","url":null,"abstract":"Two continuously reconfigurable and high-efficiency 1–5 GHz, 70 W, Class AB power amplifiers (PAs) are introduced and experimentally investigated in this article. Both designs use gallium nitride (GaN) high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) and coupled high quality factor (high-<italic>Q) evanescent-mode (EVA) cavity resonators for their output matching networks (OMNs). The first design is partially reconfigurable, with a traditional static input matching network (IMN), while the second design is fully reconfigurable, using a single high-<italic>Q EVA cavity resonator for its IMN. Each cavity has a piezoelectric bending actuator to independently change its resonant frequency. Both reconfigurable matching network designs provide optimal impedances to the transistor over a wider range of frequencies than traditional matching networks, significantly outperforming static matching amplifier designs and achieving state-of-the-art performance. Large signal gain is above 10 dB for the entire frequency range at the maximum output power of 48.5 dBm. The drain efficiency of the partially reconfigurable design peaks at 74% and is above 50% from 1 to 4 GHz, dropping to 30% by 5 GHz. In the fully reconfigurable design, the drain efficiency peaks at 75% and stays above 50% for the entirety of the 1–5 GHz range. Compared to existing technologies, this performance exhibits a broader frequency range and higher output power, while maintaining similar percentages for drain efficiency.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6825-6835"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10975841","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Low-Cost Compact Inline Single-/Dual-Band Filters Based on Dual-Mode Dielectric Resonators With Highly Integrated and Flexible Mixed Couplings 基于高集成柔性混合耦合的双模介质谐振器的低成本紧凑型内联单/双带滤波器

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-04-24 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3556090

Wei Sheng Tang;Yi-Ming Zhang;Shao Yong Zheng;Yong Mei Pan

{"title":"Low-Cost Compact Inline Single-/Dual-Band Filters Based on Dual-Mode Dielectric Resonators With Highly Integrated and Flexible Mixed Couplings","authors":"Wei Sheng Tang;Yi-Ming Zhang;Shao Yong Zheng;Yong Mei Pan","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3556090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3556090","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a novel approach to integrating mixed electric and magnetic couplings (MEMCs) into dual-TE11-mode dielectric resonators (DRs), enabling the design of inline single- and dual-band filters with multiple transmission zeros (TZs), low manufacturing cost, and high design flexibility. The electric couplings are realized through dielectric junctions connected between DRs, while the magnetic couplings are achieved via inductive irises embedded in the enclosure walls. Both the dielectric junctions and inductive irises are seamlessly integrated into the multicoupled DRs and their enclosures, thereby eliminating the need for additional coupling components. Moreover, the introduction of dielectric junctions enables the monolithic integration of multicoupled DRs, simplifying the manufacturing and assembly processes. Based on this foundation, two MEMC configurations are proposed for single- and dual-band applications, allowing the inline construction of filters with multiple TZs. More importantly, the coupling coefficients in each configuration can be independently controlled by strategically dimensioning the irises and junctions, according to the field orthogonality of dual modes. This allows high flexibility to accommodate diverse filter specifications. For validation, several filters are designed, and two of them are fabricated and measured. The results demonstrate significant reductions in volume and cost, along with enhanced design flexibility compared to previous works.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6589-6602"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Chipless RFID Tag Detection Based on Continuous Wavelet Transform and Convolutional Neural Networks 基于连续小波变换和卷积神经网络的无芯片RFID标签检测

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-04-24 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3559537

J. Junior Fodop Sokoudjou;Pablo García-Cardarelli;Ainhoa Rezola;Daniel Valderas;Javier Díaz;Idoia Ochoa

{"title":"Chipless RFID Tag Detection Based on Continuous Wavelet Transform and Convolutional Neural Networks","authors":"J. Junior Fodop Sokoudjou;Pablo García-Cardarelli;Ainhoa Rezola;Daniel Valderas;Javier Díaz;Idoia Ochoa","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3559537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3559537","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we propose a novel approach for the detection of chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) signals. The method is based on the application of transformations to the measurement, in conjunction with the utilization of Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms. In the initial stage of the process, frequency-related features are measured. Subsequently, a time-frequency representation of these measurements is generated through the application of the inverse Fourier transform (IFT), a time-gating strategy, and the continuous wavelet transform (CWT). The resulting representation is then used as input to a shallow convolutional neural network (CNN), which is able to learn complex patterns while being able to generalize to new measurements. Furthermore, the proposed scheme incorporates a filtering process, based on the probabilities derived from the model, to filter out low-confidence predictions. To assess the performance of the proposed method, we consider a population of 16 tags. We collected 4800 measurements for the training phase and 2400 measurements for the testing phase in a real-world environment. These measurements are recorded on different days and within a distance range of 50–140 cm from the tag to the antenna. The proposed method exhibited accuracies of 94% in the 110–140 cm range, 99% in the 80–110 cm range, and 100% in the 50–80 cm range, showcasing its suitability for chipless RFID detection. All the code and datasets used in this work are publicly available on GitHub and the IEEE dataport, respectively.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6260-6274"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analysis and Design of Ultra-Wideband mm-Wave Injection-Locked Frequency Multiplier Based on Complementary-Phase Cascade-Parallel Resonator 基于互补相位级联并联谐振器的超宽带毫米波锁注入倍频器分析与设计

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-04-23 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3559895

Youming Zhang;Xinyi Chu;Zhennan Wei;Xusheng Tang;Yunqi Cao;Fengyi Huang

{"title":"Analysis and Design of Ultra-Wideband mm-Wave Injection-Locked Frequency Multiplier Based on Complementary-Phase Cascade-Parallel Resonator","authors":"Youming Zhang;Xinyi Chu;Zhennan Wei;Xusheng Tang;Yunqi Cao;Fengyi Huang","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3559895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3559895","url":null,"abstract":"A complementary-phase resonator (CPR) consisting of two parallel sub-networks based on complementary-phase concept is presented, whose phase frequency responses are designed to counteract each other so as to obtain an ultra-wide continuous phase plateau with small ripples and an injection current boosting (ICB) characteristic, allowing significant extension of the locking range (LR) for the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) injection-locked frequency multipliers (ILFMs). Subsequently, the widely used output buffer (cascaded with the ILFM core and incorporating a transformer as its load) is merged into the CPR to form a complementary-phase cascade-parallel resonator (CP2R), which poses a cascaded signal transmission path and a parallel complementary structure similar to the CPR, inheriting the advantages of complementary phases and facilitating an increased resonator impedance magnitude and a compact chip area. The proof-of-concept design of an injection-locked frequency doubler relying on the CP2R is fabricated in a 40-nm CMOS process. It achieves a LR of 41.7% from 72 to 110 GHz under 0-dBm injection power, covering the entire W-band without resonator tuning or multi ratio mode switching. As the injection power is reduced to −3 dBm, the LR of the CP2R-ILFM remains competitive, spanning from 78 to 106 GHz. The measured output power is above −12 dBm from 80 to 102 GHz with a maximal output power of −6.2 dBm at 88 GHz. The chip occupies a core area of 0.039 mm2 and dissipates 9.4 mW from a 0.9-V voltage supply.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6491-6503"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Highly Linear Wideband Low-Noise Amplifiers for Sub-6 GHz Using Cascode and Diode-Connected Postdistortion Circuits 采用级联码和二极管连接后失真电路的6ghz以下高线性宽带低噪声放大器

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-04-23 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3558333

Ali Bahadir Ozdol;Tahsin Alper Ozkan;Hüseyin Kaya;Mehmet Emre Cakir;Ilker Kalyoncu;Yasar Gurbuz

{"title":"Highly Linear Wideband Low-Noise Amplifiers for Sub-6 GHz Using Cascode and Diode-Connected Postdistortion Circuits","authors":"Ali Bahadir Ozdol;Tahsin Alper Ozkan;Hüseyin Kaya;Mehmet Emre Cakir;Ilker Kalyoncu;Yasar Gurbuz","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3558333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3558333","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents two types of postdistortion (PD) circuits—diode-connected PD (DCPD) and cascode PD (CPD)—positioned subsequent to low noise amplifiers (LNAs) operating in the 2.2–5-GHz frequency range. Each LNA with PD design, performance, and comparison is based on a core two-stage cascode topology, using identical transistor dimensions and bias voltages. The purpose of this study was to compare the linearity performance and linearity bandwidth of DCPD and CPD and achieve optimum performance in gain, noise figure (NF), bandwidth, and linearity simultaneously. The auxiliary circuits were designed to cancel third-order nonlinearities, thereby improving the third-order input intercept point (IIP3). Both LNAs achieved a gain of 30.5 dB, an NF of 0.85 dB, and an output power of 14 dBm at 1-dB compression at a center frequency of 3.5 GHz with a power consumption of 240 mW. The auxiliary circuits used in the LNA design showed varying IIP3 based on the type of PD circuit employed. The CPD circuit demonstrated a linearity improvement at the center frequency, achieving an IIP3 of 1.5 dBm. On the other hand, the DCPD circuit delivers an IIP3 of 10 dBm, one of the highest values reported in current state-of-the-art designs. In addition, a low-power mode of operation is measured with a power consumption of 68 mW for both LNAs. In this mode, the CPD circuit achieves an IIP3 of 5 dBm at 4.5 GHz, while the DCPD circuit demonstrates an IIP3 of 3 dBm across the 4–4.5-GHz range.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6353-6362"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Wideband, High Isolation, Shared-Aperture MIMO IBFD Front End With CMS Balun and Fewer Multitap Cancellers 一种宽带、高隔离、共享孔径MIMO IBFD前端与CMS平衡和更少的多分接取消器

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-04-23 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3556403

Hongji Fan;Yiqiu Liang;Weiheng Chen;Wanjing Huang;Zhaoyi Wang;Zhiqiang Yu;Jianyi Zhou;Wei Hong

引用次数: 0

Fully Adaptive and Semi-Adaptive Frequency Sweep Algorithm Exploiting Loewner-State Model for EM Simulation of Multiport Systems 利用低状态模型的全自适应和半自适应扫频算法在多端口系统电磁仿真中的应用

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-04-23 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3557208

T. N. Shilpa;Rakesh Sinha

{"title":"Fully Adaptive and Semi-Adaptive Frequency Sweep Algorithm Exploiting Loewner-State Model for EM Simulation of Multiport Systems","authors":"T. N. Shilpa;Rakesh Sinha","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3557208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3557208","url":null,"abstract":"This article employs a fully adaptive and semi-adaptive frequency sweep (AFS) algorithm using the Loewner matrix (LM)-based state model for the electromagnetic simulation. The proposed algorithms use two LM models with different or the same orders with small frequency perturbation for adaptive frequency selection. The error between the two models is calculated in each iteration, and the next frequency points are selected to minimize maximum error. With the help of memory, the algorithm terminates when the error between the model and the simulation result is reached within the specified error tolerance. In the fully AFS algorithm, the method starts with the minimum and maximum frequency of simulation. In the semi-adaptive algorithm, a novel approach has been proposed to determine the initial number of frequency points necessary for system interpolation based on the electrical size of the structure. The proposed algorithms have been compared with the Stoer-Bulirsch (SB) algorithm and Pradovera’s minimal sampling algorithm for electromagnetic simulation. Four examples are presented using MATLAB R2024b. The results show that the proposed methods offer better performance in terms of speed, accuracy, and the requirement of the minimum number of frequency samples. The proposed method shows remarkable consistency with full-wave simulation data, and the algorithm can be effectively applicable to electromagnetic simulations.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6245-6259"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A 318–342-GHz Microbump-Antenna-Integrated CMOS Transmitter With Spatial Multiplexing for Short-Range OOK Communication 一种用于近距离OOK通信的318 - 342 ghz空间复用集成微凸天线CMOS发射机

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-04-23 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3558318

Zhenghuan Wei;Yizhu Shen;Zhen Lin;Sanming Hu

{"title":"A 318–342-GHz Microbump-Antenna-Integrated CMOS Transmitter With Spatial Multiplexing for Short-Range OOK Communication","authors":"Zhenghuan Wei;Yizhu Shen;Zhen Lin;Sanming Hu","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3558318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3558318","url":null,"abstract":"Microbump antenna integrated with active circuits opens the pathway to miniaturized terahertz (THz) short-range communication devices. In this article, a 318–342-GHz spatial multiplexing on-off keying (OOK) CMOS transmitter (TX) with a dual-polarized microbump antenna is presented. First, compared with conventional postprocessing technologies, the solder-ball-based dual-polarized microbump antenna features a low profile, small aperture, and high efficiency. Excellent port isolation and cross-polarization discrimination are achieved. Second, a proposed on-chip switch-based modulator supports Gbps-level data rates above 300 GHz. It maintains constant impedance in <sc>on/off states at 300–400 GHz. Third, a proposed harmonic oscillator with intercoupling inductors is synthesized based on the two-stage matching network. A high-power THz carrier is provided and less affected by the load variations. The chip is fabricated using a 40-nm CMOS process. The total chip area is 0.3 mm2, primarily consisting of the aperture. A maximum equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of −7.1 dBm is achieved at 323 GHz. It provides a 7.2% tuning range, spanning 318–342 GHz. The TX features a recorded switching ratio of 25 dB at 323 GHz, and a total efficiency of 0.16% including dc-to-THz efficiency with aperture efficiency. A 2-Gbps data rate at a 5-cm range in a single channel under dual-polarization concurrent communication is demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"5778-5790"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Tunable 0.2–1.2-GHz N-Path Bandpass Filter With Improved Harmonic and Out-of-Band Rejection 一种改进谐波抑制和带外抑制的可调谐0.2 - 1.2 ghz n径带通滤波器

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-04-23 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3558245

Jingzhi Yang;Zhiqiang Gao

{"title":"A Tunable 0.2–1.2-GHz N-Path Bandpass Filter With Improved Harmonic and Out-of-Band Rejection","authors":"Jingzhi Yang;Zhiqiang Gao","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3558245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3558245","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a novel cascaded <italic>N-Path filter architecture is proposed to enhance both out-of-band rejection and harmonic rejection (HR) of conventional <italic>N-Path filter. An active gain-boosted <italic>N-Path filter front end for signal amplification and noise suppression, and a passive <italic>N-Path filter with harmonic rejection switch backend provide high out-of-band and harmonic rejection and enhance linearity after cascade. The resulting filter is fabricated in a 180-nm process and operates under a six-phase nonoverlapping clock with a duty cycle of 16.7%. The measurement results show that in the tunable frequency range of 0.2–1.2 GHz, the filter achieves more than 32 dB of second and third harmonic rejections, a maximum of 55-dB out-of-band rejection, a bandwidth of 20–40 MHz, an in-band gain of 0–5 dB, and an in-band matching of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$S 11lt -15$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB. The in-band noise figure (NF) is 4.5–5.2 dB. As for linearity, the in-band P1dB is −2.8 to −0.9 dBm, and the out-of-band input third-order intercept point (OOB-IIP3) is +10.9 and +24.6 dBm at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> BW and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$5times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> BW, respectively. The entire filter consumes 12.6–23.4 mW of power with an area of 0.45 mm2.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6363-6371"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Nonlinear Frequency-Domain Model of Passive Intermodulation in Microstrip Lines Supporting 3-D Topology 支持三维拓扑结构的微带线无源互调非线性频域模型

IF 4.5 1区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Pub Date : 2025-04-23 DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3558262

Wenbo Wang;Wenchao Chen;Yimin Wang;Huali Duan;Shuai S. A. Yuan;Wei E. I. Sha

{"title":"A Nonlinear Frequency-Domain Model of Passive Intermodulation in Microstrip Lines Supporting 3-D Topology","authors":"Wenbo Wang;Wenchao Chen;Yimin Wang;Huali Duan;Shuai S. A. Yuan;Wei E. I. Sha","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3558262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3558262","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional modeling of passive intermodulation (PIM) for microstrip transmission lines is limited by the form of nonlinear source, the topology of the microstrip transmission line, and the computational complexity of the model. In this work, we propose a nonlinear coupled-wave model based on typical PIM modeling frameworks, in which the distributed nonlinear sources are rigorously derived using nonlinear mixing theory and formulated in the frequency domain to facilitate structural extension. Moreover, a self-consistent solution to the nonlinear model is proposed to efficiently capture complex nonlinear mixing and interaction in the microstrip transmission lines. The validity of the developed model is confirmed by the near-field measurements of PIM distribution along the microstrip transmission line, and the reverse and forward PIMs are also measured on various samples to further validate the accuracy of the proposed model. Finally, the nonlinear coupled-wave model is extended to a more general form with the aid of full-wave simulation in multiphysics software COMSOL, and the consistency between the nonlinear coupled-wave model and the full-wave version demonstrates the feasibility of structural extension. The PIM distribution and variation at the different bending positions in bent microstrip transmission lines are also analyzed.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6287-6295"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0