IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics最新文献

{"title":"Minimal-Sensor Sleep Monitoring for Consumer Devices via Robust EOG Encoding and Adaptive Calibration","authors":"Ming Huang;Bin Huang;Osuke Iwata;Kiyoko Yokoyama;Kota Kodama","doi":"10.1109/TCE.2026.3660871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCE.2026.3660871","url":null,"abstract":"Single-channel electrooculogram (EOG) signals are attractive for wearable sleep monitoring because they can be easily integrated into headbands and consumer devices. However, their high susceptibility to noise and motion artifacts demands robust algorithms for reliable sleep staging. We propose a lightweight and physiologically inspired framework that combines spectrum derivative features with the Flexible Variational Information Bottleneck (FVIB). Spectrum derivatives enhance time–frequency representations of ocular dynamics, while FVIB provides strong regularization and post-hoc calibration, ensuring robustness under noisy conditions. Experimental results demonstrate stable and balanced performance across sleep stages, highlighting improved discrimination of both transitional and stable sleep states under noisy conditions. By avoiding Electroencephalography (EEG) and targeting low-power, embedded deployment, our method enables continuous and personalized sleep analysis via personal or home monitoring systems, paving the way for accessible consumer health technologies.","PeriodicalId":13208,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","volume":"72 3","pages":"6069-6076"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Wide Range CV DWPT Systems With Multi-Receiver Architecture Featuring Mobile-Powered Electronics","authors":"Jia Li;Chong Zhu;Junyi Ji;Tenghui Dong;Hua Zhang;Xi Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TCE.2026.3679516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCE.2026.3679516","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) systems for mobile-powered electronic platforms require constant voltage (CV) output. However, maintaining CV characteristics across wide power ranges remains challenging due to increased equivalent series resistance (ESR) of coils and power variations, causing efficiency degradation and component stress. Unlike existing solutions with limited operating ranges, this paper first develops an ESR-aware analytical model for single and multi-receiver DWPT systems, quantitatively revealing the influence of ESRs. Leveraging these theoretical insights, a configurable modular multi-receiver DWPT system using LCC-S compensation topology is proposed, where receiver units are integrated through series-connected AC terminals and parallel-connected DC links. This architecture achieves near-linear power scaling without redesign, unchanged CV outputs across the entire power range, and communication-free current/power sharing. Experimental validation on a 24V/400W prototype under diverse conditions including load variations (10-400W) and multi-receiver scenarios demonstrates exceptional performance. The system maintains 24V output with only 3.13% fluctuation while achieving >90% peak efficiency, significantly advancing DWPT technology for voltage-sensitive applications.","PeriodicalId":13208,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","volume":"72 3","pages":"6276-6287"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Optimized Half Bridge Type Single-Phase 5-Level Switched Capacitor Inverter With Charging State Availability in Each Switching Period","authors":"Amit Kumar Singh;Arpan Hota;Venu Sonti;Sachin Jain;Yam P. Siwakoti;Vivek Agarwal","doi":"10.1109/TCE.2026.3688233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCE.2026.3688233","url":null,"abstract":"Half Bridge (HB) type 5-level inverters (5LI) are gaining popularity due to negligible ground leakage current and improved harmonic performance. They often use a switched-capacitor (SC) network to prevent the loss of dc-bus utilization in a compact manner while incorporating HB feature. However, the existing SC-based 5LIs either have a high switch count or there is a lack of SC charging states in each switching cycle. To overcome these drawbacks, this paper presents a novel HB type 5LI with low switch count for transformer-less solar PV applications where the SC can be charged during each switching cycle. Other advantages of the proposed topology include reduced total blocking voltage of the switches, maximum DC-bus utilization, low SC voltage ripple, symmetric operation, reduced SC charging current and low losses. All the modes of operation and SC design method are presented. A thorough comparison has been carried out with the existing topologies to showcase the advantages of the proposed topology. Key experimental results obtained from a laboratory prototype are presented to justify the various theoretical claims.","PeriodicalId":13208,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","volume":"72 3","pages":"5800-5807"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MMCF-Net: A Micro-Motion Context Fusion Framework for Pedestrian Crossing Intention Recognition in Urban Scenes","authors":"Menghao Li;Weiwei Zhang;Wenfeng Guo;Hao Chen;Wangpengfei Yu;Jiejie Xu;Jun Li","doi":"10.1109/TCE.2025.3605791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCE.2025.3605791","url":null,"abstract":"As advanced vision sensors and edge computing platforms become increasingly integrated into modern vehicles as consumer technologies and electronics, how to accurately recognize pedestrian crossing intentions in urban environments is a noteworthy consideration. Existing research largely relies on skeletal features or trajectory prediction, which demonstrates limited performance in complex scenarios. A Micro-Motion Context Fusion Network (MMCF-Net) is proposed to address these limitations. First, a high-resolution spatiotemporal attention module is constructed that captures sub-pixel-level micro-motion features such as head direction shifts, center of gravity adjustments, and limb pre-activation through deformable convolution and dual attention mechanisms. Second, a hierarchical multi-modal context encoder is designed that adaptively fuses traffic element semantics, vehicle dynamics, and perspective-corrected spatial relationships. Finally, a dynamic weight allocation network is introduced that implements optimal combination of micro-motion features and contextual information based on scene complexity. Experiments demonstrate that MMCF-Net achieves an F1 score of 92.3%, an 7.0% improvement over existing methods like PIE, with enhanced robustness in low-light and occluded scenarios, providing a novel approach to pedestrian safety in complex urban environments.","PeriodicalId":13208,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","volume":"72 3","pages":"5270-5281"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An LLM-Enhanced Weakly Supervised Framework for Securing Video Anomaly Detection in Consumer Devices","authors":"Jingbin Que;Kefei Chen;Zhide Chen;Xu Yang;Wencheng Yang;Xiaoding Wang;Junho Jeong;Md. Jalil Piran","doi":"10.1109/TCE.2026.3659900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCE.2026.3659900","url":null,"abstract":"With the evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) in urban environments, smart surveillance has become a vital security tool; it prevents minor irregularities from spiraling into major risks for both citizens and city systems. Video anomaly detection (VAD) confronts dual challenges: the complexity of anomalous events and the scarcity of labeled data, further compounded by environmental noise in real-world deployments. To address these issues, we propose a weakly supervised VAD framework that leverages Large Language Models (LLMs) for enhanced semantic understanding. The proposed model integrates Sequential Context-Aware Temporal (SCAT) modeling to capture spatiotemporal patterns while suppressing noise through refined attention mechanisms, and Multi-Perspective Semantic Label Generation (MPSLG) to produce semantically rich labels via LLM-based prompt engineering. SCAT strengthens temporal feature learning and noise resilience, while MPSLG provides high-quality semantic supervision, jointly enabling accurate and interpretable anomaly detection. Extensive experiments demonstrate substantial performance gains, achieving 83.82% average precision on XD-Violence for coarse-grained detection and 30.79% average mean average precision for fine-grained localization, outperforming state-of-the-art methods and validating effectiveness in both urban surveillance and consumer applications.","PeriodicalId":13208,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","volume":"72 3","pages":"7250-7265"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive Negative Sequence Control Strategy Based on VSG Under Unbalanced Load","authors":"Shengqing Li;Xin Li;Xiaobao Li;Bowen Liu;Zhifei Zhou","doi":"10.1109/TCE.2025.3631960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCE.2025.3631960","url":null,"abstract":"When the inverter is carrying an unbalanced load, the output voltage imbalance of the traditional VSG control strategy is too large. A virtual synchronous generator (VSG)-based adaptive negative sequence control method is suggested for a three-phase unbalanced load. First, the inverter’s mathematical model is developed to examine the reasons behind the excessive output voltage imbalance. Second, the negative sequence VSG regulates the phase angle of the negative sequence voltage and suppresses the negative sequence component of the output voltage through adaptive negative sequence control, while the positive sequence VSG regulates the amplitude and phase angle of the positive sequence voltage to achieve the power control of the load.","PeriodicalId":13208,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","volume":"72 3","pages":"7059-7070"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148836379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RISCS: RIS-Aided Integrated Sensing and Communications–A Cyber-Physical Security Perspective","authors":"Saber Hassouna;Muhammad Zubair;Ali Raza;Mujeeb Ahmed;Jalil Kazim;Muhammad Ali Imran;Qammer H. Abbasi","doi":"10.1109/TCE.2026.3674062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCE.2026.3674062","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a comprehensive framework for modeling, detecting, and mitigating cyber-physical threats in wireless communication systems, spanning two architectures: Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS)-assisted systems, and RIS-enabled Integrated Sensing and Communication (RIS-ISAC) systems. We first classify common attack vectors, including jamming, spoofing, eavesdropping, and data injection, and evaluate their impact across different system architectures. We then highlight system-specific vulnerabilities and assess corresponding mitigation strategies based on feasibility and implementation complexity. We present a Secure Integrated Sensing and Communication (SISAC)-enabled RIS framework designed to improve localization, sensing, and communication in RIS-assisted systems. Unlike traditional radio localization methods that depend on synchronized Base Stations (BS) and Time of Arrival (TOA) or Angle of Arrival (AOA) estimates, the introduction of RIS offers additional geometric reference points, thereby significantly enhancing localization accuracy. In the sensing domain, we focus on RIS-assisted localization and highlight that the Fisher Information Matrix (FIM) is employed to determine the theoretical lower bound on the estimation accuracy of sensing metrics, which in turn guides RIS placement and configuration for improved coverage. Simulation results demonstrate that RIS directional selectivity significantly enhances the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and the secrecy rate for the intended user while degrading performance for unintended locations. Specifically, simulation results quantify the impact of RIS configuration on SNR, MSE, secrecy-related metrics, and localization bounds, while experimental measurements using an RIS-assisted OFDM testbed validate the proposed anomaly detection mechanism under realistic propagation conditions. To validate the proposed framework, we implement a practical RIS-assisted anomaly detection testbed using pilot-aided OFDM and 4096 discrete RIS configurations. A novel detection algorithm jointly evaluates received SNR and Mean Squared Error (MSE) of channel estimation to flag potential eavesdroppers without requiring prior knowledge of their positions. Experimental results confirm that the proposed method enhances physical-layer security by achieving a consistently positive secrecy rate for legitimate users, while degrading the performance of detected eavesdroppers.","PeriodicalId":13208,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","volume":"72 3","pages":"7579-7601"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148836624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Task Offloading in SDN-Fog Architecture Utilizing Hybrid Deep Learning Models for Internet of Medical Things","authors":"Qazi Mazhar ul Haq;Sajid Ali","doi":"10.1109/TCE.2026.3689155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCE.2026.3689155","url":null,"abstract":"The critical, complex, and dynamic nature of Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) devices poses significant challenges to traditional network architectures, particularly in terms of security, latency, throughput, and energy. Identifying efficient fog nodes and minimizing unnecessary data transmissions further complicates these issues. Software-defined networking (SDN), with its decoupling of control and data planes, offers a robust solution to address the heterogeneous and dynamic nature of IoMT systems. This study integrates deep learning into an SDN controller to improve fog-node selection and task scheduling in consumer IoMT networks. Using patient medical histories, the DL model improves data transfer efficiency to the fog layer and strengthens general security measures. The proposed scheme aligns with emerging trends in healthcare, incorporating advanced technologies such as DL to improve patient care, optimize resource management, and protect sensitive data. The simulation results indicate that the proposed method outperforms previous techniques, achieving a low latency of 10 ms, an efficiency energy of 60 W, and an optimal Fog Node (FN) selection rate of 90%. These results highlight the significant potential of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) in facilitating smart, energy-efficient, and low-latency delivery of services.","PeriodicalId":13208,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","volume":"72 3","pages":"7602-7609"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148836660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-Enabled Adversarial Attacks Resistant Post-Quantum Secure Authentication Protocol for Consumer Applications","authors":"Prithwi Bagchi;Basudeb Bera;Sayan Rakshit;Ashok Kumar Das;Sujit Biswas;Mohammad Kamrul Hasan;Biplab Sikdar","doi":"10.1109/TCE.2026.3689339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCE.2026.3689339","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in consumer applications has significantly improved automation and user experiences. However, it has introduced emerging security challenges, particularly AI-driven adversarial attacks. Conventional cryptographic mechanisms are increasingly susceptible to these attacks and to the growing risks associated with quantum computing. To mitigate these challenges, this paper presents an AI-enabled, adversarial attack-resistant, post-quantum secure authentication protocol designed for consumer applications. The proposed protocol combines post-quantum lattice-based cryptographic techniques to provide strong and adaptive user authentication against evolving threats. Comprehensive formal security analysis and experimental evaluations confirm that the protocol effectively mitigates quantum and adversarial attacks, including classical attacks, while maintaining comparable computational and communication overhead with the existing competing authentication schemes. As a result, the proposed scheme becomes ideal for resource-constrained consumer environments, such as smart devices, Internet of Things (IoT) systems, and mobile platforms. Finally, an experimental investigation on radio frequency fingerprinting for consumer devices is conducted using an AI-driven model called TinyMLP, and our model achieves <inline-formula> <tex-math>$approx 97%$ </tex-math></inline-formula> authentication accuracy by resisting adversarial attacks.","PeriodicalId":13208,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","volume":"72 3","pages":"7417-7429"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148836760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deployment and Beamforming Design for RIS-Assisted Indoor Wireless Communication in Smart Home","authors":"Shuang Liang;Guangliang Ren","doi":"10.1109/TCE.2026.3670401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCE.2026.3670401","url":null,"abstract":"Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) assisted indoor wireless communication for smart home is investigated to improve the communication coverage efficiency and spectral efficiency by designing deployment and beamforming. A two-stage communication scheme is proposed. In the first stage, RIS deployment is designed with the location information of long-term stationary obstacles to maximize the normalized effective coverage efficiency (NE-CE). Three RIS deployment algorithms are proposed, which are the Heuristic Deployment (H-D) algorithm, the Simulated Annealing Angle Optimization-based Deployment (SAAO-D) algorithm, and the Simulated Annealing-based Deployment (SA-D) algorithm. In the second stage, partial channel state information (CSI)-based beamforming is designed to ensure spectral efficiency while reducing the complexity of channel estimation. In this stage, terminal association and passive beamforming are designed based on the deployed RISs and terminal location information. Additionally, closed-form active beamforming is derived based on partial CSI. Simulation results demonstrate that the NE-CE of the proposed algorithm is 1.45 times higher than that of the existing scheme when deploying 2 RISs with 64 elements each. The spectral efficiency of the partial CSI-based beamforming scheme reaches 96.5% that of the perfect-CSI-based scheme with 3 obstacles and 3 RISs.","PeriodicalId":13208,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","volume":"72 3","pages":"5444-5457"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148836780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}