IEEE Photonics Journal最新文献

{"title":"MCIR-YOLO: White Medication Pill Classification Using Multi-Band Infrared Images","authors":"Mohan Wang;Yang Jiang;Baohui Xu;Mengqiang Huang;Xu Xue;Xu Wu;Wenjian Kuang;Xiang Liu;Harm Tolner","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3426929","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3426929","url":null,"abstract":"The identification and categorization of pills constitute critical tasks within a contemporary hospital, particularly for avoiding medication errors. Conventional approaches to visual recognition and classification predominantly rely on visible light imagery, proving inadequate for discerning white pills with similar visual characteristics. However, white pills exhibit distinctive infrared properties across various spectral bands. Building upon these observations, this paper introduces the MCIR-YOLO algorithm, a multi-band infrared image object detection system, which enhances the YOLOv5s model through multimodal fusion techniques. This study presents a novel dataset comprising IR images of white round pills captured across six channels, with peak wavelengths ranging from approximately 1400 nm to 1650 nm. Furthermore, a multimodal fusion strategy is proposed, facilitating multi-level feature integration across the six IR channels. This fusion technique exploits the scale features inherent to each IR modality, thereby enabling comprehensive information fusion across multiple modalities. Additionally, the model incorporates an auxiliary detection branch, independent of the backbone, which utilizes fused feature information to calculate a distinct loss, effectively mitigating overall loss. Attention mechanism modules are integrated after two distinct fusion points to enhance feature precision. Leveraging mean and scaling of IR features, these attention mechanisms significantly boost detection accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that the improved model outperforms the baseline YOLOv5s model, particularly evident in a self-constructed dataset of white round pill IR images, where mAP0.5 increased by 5.47% and 7.96% for single-channel (peak at 1650 nm) and six-channel configurations, respectively. Notably, the utilization of the MCIR-YOLO model for six-channel recognition yields a substantial advantage of 12.05% over the best-performing single-channel IR image recognition.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 4","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10595466","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141610315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"16-Channel Hybrid WDM-PDM-MDM (de) Multiplexer for Multi-Band Large-Capacity Optical Transmission System Based on Thick Si$_{3}$N$_{4}$ Platform","authors":"Deyue Ma;Xiwen He;Chen Zhou;Mingyue Xiao;Jiqiao Liu;Weibiao Chen;Zhiping Zhou","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3426933","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3426933","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a novel design of hybrid multi-band wavelength/polarization/mode (de)multiplexer based on 800 nm thick Si\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000N\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{4}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 platform. The 16 channels are enabled by asymmetric rib polarization beam splitters, subwavelength polarization rotators and asymmetric directional couplers, consisting of two operating frequency bands, dual polarization and four transmission modes (2\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$times 2times$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u00004). A broad bandwidth range from 930 nm to 1600 nm is supported simultaneously on a same chip. This chip can achieve low insertion loss and crosstalk in the 100 nm range near the center wavelength (1550 nm and 980 nm). Our results demonstrate that all channels of the (de)multiplexer have an average insertion loss of less than −1.1 dB. In addition, the crosstalk in the same band is less than −20 dB, while less than −15 dB in different frequency bands. This hybrid (de)multiplexer chip has a great potential for application in multi-band large-capacity optical communication systems, especially in integrated multi-band (de)multiplexing systems.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 5","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10595402","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141610318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Class 1 Eye-Safe Formally Invisible Underwater Optical Wireless Communication System","authors":"Ayumu Kariya;Keita Tanaka;Fumiya Kobori;Kiichiro Kuwahara;Shogo Hayashida;Takahiro Kodama","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3426284","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3426284","url":null,"abstract":"When using underwater optical wireless communication in areas close to human habitats— such as shallow sea areas—specifications for highly-secure, large-capacity optical transceivers are required. Real-time transmission of 850 nm, direct-current optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signals for full-duplex underwater invisible light communication has been achieved. We experimentally confirmed that subcarrier adaptive modulation could transmit at maximum capacity depending on the transmission distance, while changing the transmission distance in shallow seawater channels. We confirmed that there was no disturbing influence due to sunlight by using a honeycomb structure for sunlight shielding. Moreover, we found that the effect of disruption caused by the sea surface vibrating due to the 3 m/s wind speed did not affect the signal quality. 4K video streaming is also done on a 1.2 m underwater channel transmission. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of full-duplex transmission of invisible-band underwater optical wireless communication for shallow waters.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 4","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10594719","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141585371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design Guidelines for Optical Camera Communication Systems: A Tutorial","authors":"Anqi Liu;Wenxiao Shi;Majid Safari;Wei Liu;Jingtai Cao","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3424885","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3424885","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) has put great challenges on the next generation's communication technologies. Optical Camera Communication (OCC), with its advantages of the green principle, less electromagnetic interference, and harmonious integrations, can serve as a complementary, and sometimes viable alternative technology to mainstream Radio Frequency (RF)-based one. Designing efficient OCC platforms crucially involves accurate modeling of the OCC system and evaluating the efficiency of OCC-based techniques, which then stimulates related practical applications. This paper aims to provide a systematic perspective to understand OCC and to present design guidelines for OCC systems from theory to practice. First, the main parameters and analytical models for OCC basic components are presented to provide guidance on hardware parameter selection and system simulations. Next, typical implementation procedures and common performance evaluation criteria for an overall OCC system are provided. Then, detailed goal-oriented OCC enhancement solutions are summarized aiming to provide systematic guidelines for system performance enhancement. Finally, OCC designed examples are presented based on the results of our OCC experimental platform and some future research directions are discussed.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 4","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10590729","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141570006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noise Reduction Method for Partial Discharge Fluorescence Fiber Sensors Based on Optimized Empirical Wavelet Transform","authors":"Chengyong Hu;Yi Huang;Chuanlu Deng;Ming Jia;Qi Zhang;Peng Wu;Yuncai Lu;Qun Li;Xiaobei Zhang;Tingyun Wang","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3424439","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3424439","url":null,"abstract":"A novel self-adaptive denoising method utilizing optimized empirical wavelet transform (EWT) is proposed to enhance the sensitivity of partial discharge (PD) fluorescence fiber sensors. The optimized EWT enhances the spectrum segmentation capability of conventional EWT via spectral kurtosis (SK). The SK at the optimal window length of noisy PD fluorescence signal is calculated to determine compact support of the Fourier spectrum for subsequent signal decomposition. Frequency components with SK value over the statistic threshold are used to rebuild the PD fluorescence signal. Subsequently, residual noise in the reconstructed signal is removed through adaptive wavelet threshold denoising. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method in denoising numerically simulated and experimentally obtained noisy PD fluorescence signals, outcomes are compared to those of the novel adaptive ensemble empirical mode decomposition (NAEEMD) method, EWT method, EWT joint with kurtogram (KEWT) method, and correlation spectral negentropy (CSNE)-based method. Quantitative metrics and running time are used to assess denoising performance and execution efficiency, respectively. Simulated and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method possesses a superior noise reduction effect compared to the other four methods while restoring the detail of the PD fluorescence signal flooded by serious noise and consuming reduced computational cost.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 4","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10588988","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141570007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Partial Discharge in Liquid via Interferometry","authors":"Liang Xue;Hao Zhou;Wenjing Wang;Junjie Chen;Lunming Qin;Chao Jiang;Haoyang Cui","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3423782","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3423782","url":null,"abstract":"Partial discharge (PD) is the main cause of insulation breakdown in high voltage electrical equipment, which poses a potential threat to the safety and reliability of equipment. Traditional PD detection methods have limitations in liquid insulation systems. In this paper, an interferometric method for detecting PD in liquid is proposed. Through the experimental platform based on the Michelson interference method, the PD in the water sample is excited by the voltage applied by the lightning surge generator, and the interference fringes distorted are collected by the CCD camera. The experimental results show that the peak value of the phase distribution recovered from interferogram increases when the voltage increases. In addition, when the liquid contains particles that degrade the insulation properties, the effect on the insulation properties can be judged according to the interferometry. This study verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of PD detection in liquid based on Michelson interferometry, and provides a new idea for condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of liquid insulation system.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 5","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10587049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141570008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on Characteristics of 3–5 μm Mid-Infrared Optical Parametric Amplification in LiInS2","authors":"Jingjing Zhang;Feng Yang;Yuanzhai Xu;Hongwei Gao;Yong Bo","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3422989","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3422989","url":null,"abstract":"The optical parametric amplification process in the mid-infrared (MIR) 3–5 μm region of nonlinear crystal LiInS\u0000₂\u0000 (LIS) has been investigated. The LIS crystal was pumped by a 1064 nm laser with a pulse width of 30 picoseconds and seeded by a tunable laser generated from a KTP-OPG/OPA pumped by the second harmonic (SH) of the same 1064 nm laser. In the experiment, the 3.28–5.50 μm tunable idler was realized. When the fixed pump energy is 8.75 mJ, the idler energy obtained is 72.2 μJ at 3.28 μm and 63.3 μJ at 5.50 μm. The maximum idler energy of 179.4 μJ at 4.70 μm is reached at a pump energy of 12.5 mJ, and the optimal photon conversion efficiency is 6.36% at the pump energy of 11.5 mJ. Finally, the optical parametric frequency conversion parameters and performance in the 3–5 μm of several typical new crystals (BGSe, LISe, AGS, HGS, and LGS) developed in recent years are briefly compared and summarized.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 5","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10585286","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141550482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Variational Multi-Scale Error Compensation Network for Single-Pixel Imaging","authors":"Jian Lin;Qiurong Yan;Quan Zou;Shida Sun;Zhen Wei;Hua Du","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3421574","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3421574","url":null,"abstract":"Single-pixel imaging is an advanced computational imaging technique based on compressive sensing that offers higher signal-to-noise ratio and broader application scope compared to traditional imaging techniques. However, conventional reconstruction algorithms suffer from issues such as long processing time and low reconstruction accuracy during the sampling and reconstruction processes. Deep learning-based compressed reconstruction networks can circumvent the complex iterative computations of traditional algorithms and achieve fast, high-quality reconstruction. In this paper, we propose a Variational Multi-Scale Error Compensation Network (VMSE) based on variational autoencoders. VMSE designs an error compensation network to enhance the feature representation capability of the sampling reconstruction network. We employ multiple latent variables to generate error features at different scales in the intermediate layers of the error compensation network, compensating the reconstructed image. Additionally, we design a module that simultaneously learns in the spatial and frequency domains, which is used for upsampling and complementing the missing high-frequency information in the frequency domain. On the MNIST dataset, when the sampling rate is 0.025, VMSE achieved higher Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index(SSIM) scores, especially with an SSIM score of 0.963, significantly surpassing Reconnet and DR2Net's scores of 0.930 and 0.920, respectively. This was further corroborated by practical experiments, where at low sampling rates, VMSE could reconstruct outlines more clearly compared to TVAL3.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 4","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10582416","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141514969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A TO-CAN DFB Laser With Transmission Line Impedance Transformer for Analog Optical Link","authors":"Congbiao Lei;Yuxuan Jiang;Guangcheng Zhong;Liang Xie","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3422269","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3422269","url":null,"abstract":"A transmission line (TL) impedance transformer of through-hole (TO)-CAN distributed feedback (DFB) laser is proposed and fabricated. The gain and noise factor (NF) of analog optical link can be improved by optimizing the laser impedance matching network. The radio frequency (RF) package of DFB is optimized to extend bandwidth and reduce return loss. In this paper, a flexible printed circuit (FPC) with low-loss impedance matching network is designed to improved the RF characteristics of TO-CAN DFB laser. The return path between FPC and TO-CAN is optimized to eliminate microwave resonances. The small signal model of an analog optical link is analyzed in detail. The measured frequency response of the TO-CAN DFB is 18.4 GHz. The microwave reflection is below −10 dB. The measured results correlates perfectly with the simulated results. The gain of analog optical link is increased by 3 dB. The NF is also reduced by about 2.5 dB.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 6","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10582283","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141514968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlled Generation of Orbital Angular Momentum Beams With Coherent Beam Combining Digital Laser and Liquid-Crystal q-Plate","authors":"Corentin Lechevalier;Claude-Alban Ranély-Vergé-Dépré;Ihsan Fsaifes;Rezki Becheker;Gerben Boer;Jean-Christophe Chanteloup","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3421244","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3421244","url":null,"abstract":"We report on versatile orbital angular momentum beam generation through the association of a 61-channels coherent beam combining digital laser and a liquid-crystal q-plate. Particularly, high-order vortex beams that carry orbital angular momentum are generated with radial, azimuthal and/or circular polarization states. The q-plate is designed and manufactured to sustain high average power ensuring that the vortex spatial mode is preserved. The proposed system offers an extra degree of freedom for various applications requesting beam shaping with specific polarization state.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 4","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10578305","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141514970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}