IEEE Photonics Journal最新文献

{"title":"Atmospheric Turbulence Transmission Characteristics and Deep Learning Identification of a Novel Bessel-Bessel-Gaussian Vortex Beam","authors":"Fu-Ming Ya;Xue-Jun Zhang;Pin-Pin Qin","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2026.3665803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2026.3665803","url":null,"abstract":"In the free-space optical communication (FSO) domain, orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams are vulnerable to disturbances from composite channels, including atmospheric turbulence and diffuse media, creating significant challenges for accurate mode identification. The present study investigates the transmission characteristics and mode recognition issues of a novel Bessel-Bessel-Gaussian (BBG) vortex beam after traversing a composite channel comprising atmospheric turbulence and diffuse media. Integrating the Fresnel diffraction model with the von Kalman turbulence model enables the numerical simulation of the optical field evolution of BBG beams under varying turbulence intensities and transmission distances. Simulation results in constructing a dataset comprising 9,600 distorted spot images. The evaluation of the recognition performance of multiple deep learning models, including traditional convolutional neural networks (VGG16, ResNet50) and advanced Transformer architectures (Swin-Transformer), is facilitated by this dataset. The simulation results demonstrate that BBG beams exhibit superior shape retention capabilities in complex channels due to their unique double-Bessel function structure. Concerning model performance, the Swin-Transformer model, benefiting from its efficient sliding-window self-attention mechanism, achieved a recognition accuracy of 98.2% under severe conditions of strong turbulence and 1 <italic>km</i> transmission distance, significantly outperforming ResNet50 (94.8% ) and VGG16 (82% ). This study corroborates the practical application of BBG beams as highly robust information carriers. It validates the Swin-Transformer architecture’s superiority as an efficient demodulation tool under complex channel conditions, providing a novel solution for constructing high-capacity, highly reliable OAM-multiplexed FSO systems.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 2","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11397676","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147362404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2025 Index IEEE Photonics Journal Vol. 17","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2026.3660457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2026.3660457","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 6","pages":"1-72"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11387785","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PhysRaman-Net: A Physics-Informed Neural Network for Cross-Device Raman Spectral Analysis","authors":"Yilong Zhang;Jiawei Sun;Dongdong Zhao;Tianhao Lu;Ronghua Liang;Haohao Sun;Bangming Liu;Haixia Wang;Hui Zhang;Peng Chen","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2026.3662732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2026.3662732","url":null,"abstract":"Raman spectroscopy as a non-destructive optical technique, is extensively employed for material characterization. However, inherently weak scattering signals and device-specific noises result in significant spectral variability across instruments, which severely limits the cross-device generalization of deep learning models. Since molecular vibrational signatures remain intrinsically device-invariant, we propose PhysRaman-Net, a novel physics-informed encoder-decoder framework for extracting device-invariant spectral representations. To mitigate the scarcity of labeled experimental data, we introduce a data augmentation strategy designed to model the noise differences among different Raman instruments. By modeling dominant noise sources according to their physical origins, we synthesize large-scale training samples that capture realistic spectral degradation patterns from theoretical spectra in the Computational Raman Database. Architecturally, we design a Permutation Invariant Encoder (PIE) based on the Transformer architecture to effectively capture the intrinsically unordered relationships among molecular vibrational modes. Distinctively, the proposed PhysDecoder is formulated as a differentiable physical model that explicitly encodes Raman scattering laws, thereby constraining the network to learn Raman tensors that represent the intensity information of Raman spectral peaks rather than abstract latent features. Extensive experiments on cross-device benchmarks demonstrate that PhysRaman-Net achieves superior generalization capability, attaining a classification accuracy of 96.8% for cross-device material classification, substantially outperforming state-of-the-art Convolutional Neural Network(CNN) and autoencoder baselines.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 2","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11386873","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147299496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperspectral Vectors for Machine Learning Segmentation of Stained and Unstained Cells From Serous Cavity Effusions","authors":"Mihaela-Andreea Ilisanu;Ana-Maria Pleava;Violeta Liuba Calin;Alina Ghioca;Elena Tianu;Valentin Popescu;Mihaela Georgeta Moisescu;Eugen Scarlat;Mona Mihailescu","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2026.3662426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2026.3662426","url":null,"abstract":"In addition to information about cell morphology, hyperspectral images (HSIs) provide consistent spectral details across hundreds of wavelengths. Cytological analysis of samples extracted from serous cavity effusions is used to diagnose their benign or malignant origin but faces several challenges due to interference of various cell types. Therefore, cells segmentation from microscopy images is necessary to enable the extraction of specific quantitative biological characteristics. Here, we propose an automated semantic segmentation of cells into nucleus and cytoplasm classes using machine learning classifiers applied to HSIs. Moreover, the proposed procedure can be applied regardless of whether the cells are stained or unstained. We defined as input data multiple hyperspectral vectors derived from spectral profiles collected at the single-pixel scale from HSIs. The ensemble models achieving highest overall accuracy on the test sets were selected as demonstrators and subsequently applied under real conditions to the regions of interest of new, independent HSIs. The limitations associated with poor contrast in unstained samples were mitigated by introducing spectral shape transformations, along with a series of predefined post-processing functions, in order to improve the robustness of external evaluation. We achieved an overall accuracy of 0.98 for stained samples and 0.97 for unstained samples on the test sets. In the external evaluation, the Dice similarity coefficient was 0.94 for stained samples and 0.70 for unstained samples for the nucleus class, respectively, 0.88 and 0.82, for the cytoplasm class. This study advances the automatic segmentation methods for HSIs of stained and unstained samples. Future work will focus on integrating these findings into automated classification frameworks for cells harvested from serous cavity fluids.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 2","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11373645","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146223671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infrared Array With Circular Phosphorene Resonators in Square Unit Cells","authors":"Victor Dmitriev;Cristiano Oliveira;Dimitrios C. Zografopoulos;Amanda Evangelista","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2026.3662510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2026.3662510","url":null,"abstract":"We propose and theoretically investigate a new 2D structure consisting of monolayer phosphorene disk resonators in the unit cell of a square lattice. The crystallographic axes of anisotropic conductivity of the disks can be oriented differently with respect to the planes of symmetry of the square unit cell, which leads to different scattering matrices of the array. The first step is symmetry analysis of the array by group-theoretical methods and microwave circuit theory. Using the symmetry adapted linear combination method and the group approach, we discuss the principal characteristics of the eigenmodes classified by irreducible representations of the symmetry group of the resonator. Then, the numerical analysis of the array is undertaken in the regime of external excitation by incident planewaves. The calculations are carried out in the infrared frequency range. The principal new results of our work are: <italic>i)</i> the calculated scattering matrices and their analysis, <italic>ii)</i> tables of the eigenmodes with the currents and fields in the unit cell, <italic>iii)</i> spectral analysis of the array for different excitation conditions, <italic>iv)</i> investigated properties of the metasurface with protecting and supporting elements. The proposed structure can be used in infrared dynamically tunable filters, switches, modulators and sensors.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 2","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11373717","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146223668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultra-Compact Vertical Fiber-to-Chip Grating Couplers on Silicon-on-Insulator by Inverse Design","authors":"Jiahao Li;Xiang Li;Lin Wu;Hongguang Sun;Bohao Sun;Tiancai Jiang;Ming Luo;Zhan Gao;Yunlong Bai;Pengfei Ma;Yinqiu Gui;Jin Tao;Zhaofu Zhang;Hanbing Li;Tianye Huang;Ying Qiu","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2026.3661517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2026.3661517","url":null,"abstract":"Grating couplers that combine true vertical access, compact footprints, and foundry compatibility are vital for scalable photonic integration. However, conventional designs typically rely on reflectors, long tapers, or fiber tilt to achieve efficient coupling, which limits their practicality. Here, we present three inverse-designed vertical grating couplers on a standard 220 nm silicon-on-insulator platform without any bottom reflector in a single etch step, optimized through an adjoint-based topology framework with fabrication-aware filtering and projection enforcing a 90 nm feature constraint. The devices are tailored to three distinct fiber platforms: a single-polarization single-mode fiber, a dual-polarization single-mode fiber, and a hollow-core anti-resonant fiber. The resulting designs achieve efficient vertical coupling without the need for fiber tilt or tapering, while maintaining low crosstalk and robust performance across temperature variations and realistic alignment tolerances. These results establish inverse design as a viable and scalable approach for compact, broadband, and fabrication-ready vertical fiber-to-chip interfaces across diverse fiber types.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 2","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11372164","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146223754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sandwich Nanolayers Deposited on Curvedly Double-Polished Optical Fiber for Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor of Simultaneous Dual-Parameter Detection","authors":"Mengmeng Wang;Yongru Li;Siying Li;Mingyue Li;Xian Li;Xing Guo;Zewei Luo;Yixiang Duan","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2026.3660069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2026.3660069","url":null,"abstract":"Cross-sensitivity reduces the reliability of ambient temperature (T) and refractive index (RI) detection during the process of photothermal therapy (PTT). Current dual-parameter sensors focus on RI and T measurement in spatially separated regions, limiting the advancement of PTT. To tackle this issue, we proposed a curvedly double-polished optical fiber surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on sandwich nanolayers of gold film–gold nanoparticle (AuNPs)–polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which successfully achieved simultaneous dual-parameter detection of refractive index (RI) and temperature (T) within a single spatial region. Fiber bending and polishing techniques deepen the effective penetration distance of the evanescent field, strengthening the coupling between light and electrons in metal layer. The sandwich nanolayers modulate the SPR location in response to the fluctuations of ambient RI and T. Simultaneous detection was achieved by monitoring dual SPR signals. Two typical curvedly double-polished structures, namely side-polished and front-polished, exhibited similar sensitivity but distinctive confinement loss. Key factors including polishing depth, bending radius, Au film, and PDMS thickness for sensing performance were explored. Under optimal conditions, the proposed side-polished and front-polished fiber SPR sensor achieved sensitivities of 1502 nm/RIU and 1.86 nm/°C, 1382 nm/RIU and 1.88 nm/°C, respectively. With a simple structure and high integrability, it provides a viable solution for <italic>in vivo</i> cyto-sensing and therapeutic applications.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 2","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11370133","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146223573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stable Four-Wavelength Switchable Narrow-Linewidth Thulium-Holmium Co-Doped Fiber Laser Based on Dual-Cascaded PM-FBGs","authors":"Chenhao Yu;Fengping Yan;Dandan Yang;Darui Xu;Yuezhi Cai;Haoyu Tan;Jiawen Liu;Jianan Xu;Ting Li","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2026.3655395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2026.3655395","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a stable four-wavelength switchable narrow-linewidth thulium-holmium co-doped fiber laser based on dual-cascaded polarization-maintaining fiber Bragg gratings (PM-FBGs). Operating in the 1.94 μm band with a linear cavity configuration, wavelength switching is achieved by adjusting two drop-in polarization controllers to introduce polarization-dependent loss. An unpumped section of thulium-holmium co-doped fiber serves as the saturable absorber (SA) to ensure single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) operation. Experimental results demonstrate that the laser can be stably switched among four wavelengths: 1940.02 nm, 1940.49 nm, 1941.76 nm, and 1942.15 nm. Each wavelength exhibits an optical signal-to-noise ratio greater than 77.44 dB, wavelength fluctuation below 0.006 nm, and output power fluctuation less than 0.27 dB. Self-heterodyne beating measurements confirm stable SLM operation at all four wavelengths. Linewidth measurements show that the linewidth at each wavelength is below 2 kHz, with a minimum value of 1.25 kHz. Furthermore, the relative intensity noise is below −133.21 dB/Hz for frequencies above 500 kHz, and the slope efficiencies for the wavelengths range from 1.44% to 1.57%. This study indicates that the proposed linear-cavity structure, incorporating dual-cascaded PM-FBGs and an SA, provides an effective solution for realizing highly stable, multi-wavelength switchable, narrow-linewidth fiber lasers.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11358699","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148480575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrical Versus Optical Generation of Leader Signals for Downconversion Leader-Follower Optical Coherence Tomography","authors":"Alejandro Martinez Jimenez;Ramona Cernat;Adrian Podoleanu","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3646935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3646935","url":null,"abstract":"The paper refers to advancements in the production of <italic>en-face</i> optical coherence tomography (OCT) images from different depths in a sample in real time, using Downconversion Leader-Follower optical coherence tomography method. So far, for a sample placed in an interferometer (Follower), all previous Downconversion Leader-Follower reports employed an interferometer (Leader) to determine the depth where the OCT signal is selected from. In this paper, for the first time, the Leader interferometer is replaced by an arbitrary waveform generator, i.e., optical generation of the reference signal to perform downconversion is replaced by electrical synthesis. In this way, <italic>en-face</i> images from different depths are presented in real time, without recurring to a second interferometer. Avenues opened by electrical synthesis of signals otherwise provided by interferometers are discussed, with potential to be adopted in signal processing, manipulation and presentation of high-resolution images in orthogonal orientations to serve better diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11311376","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148480918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Algorithm-Driven Optimization of Multi-Tone Phase Modulation Signals for SBS Suppression in High-Power Fiber Amplifiers","authors":"Yulin Pan;Mengyue Shi;Weisheng Hu;Lilin Yi","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2026.3656116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2026.3656116","url":null,"abstract":"To meet the demands of high-power, narrow-linewidth fiber lasers in defense and industrial applications, stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) has emerged as a critical bottleneck limiting power scaling. Conventional SBS suppression techniques, such as white noise and pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) modulation, often suffer from uncontrollable spectral broadening and limited tunability of the spectral shape. In this work, we propose a novel drive signal design methodology that leverages genetic algorithm (GA)-based optimization of frequency-domain amplitude distributions within a multi-tone modulation framework. This approach circumvents the randomness introduced by traditional binary modulation and enhances both the controllability and determinism of the signal. A simulation model based on the standard coupled three-wave and rate equations is utilized to systematically evaluate the impact of the optimized spectral profiles on SBS threshold enhancement. Simulation results demonstrate that, under a fixed 11 GHz of 20 dB RMS spectral bandwidth, the proposed scheme yields an SBS threshold improvement of approximately 400 W and 180 W over Gaussian-shaped and flat-top spectra, respectively. Experimental validation on a 2-kW-class fiber amplifier platform confirms these trends, with measured enhancements of 350 W and 120 W. These findings substantiate the feasibility and practical relevance of the proposed method, offering a new pathway for spectral engineering and SBS mitigation in next-generation high-power fiber laser systems.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11359473","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148480947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}