IEEE Photonics Journal最新文献

{"title":"Fairness Optimization for VLC Systems With Liquid Crystal-Based RIS-Enabled Transmitters","authors":"Xin-Yu Zhang;Jian Zhang;Qi Wu","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3429187","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3429187","url":null,"abstract":"The application of liquid crystal (LC)-based reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted transmitters in visible light communication (VLC) systems can guide and amplify the light emitted by light emitting diodes (LEDs). In this paper, we investigate the VLC system employing the RIS-assisted transmitter, where user fairness is maximized by optimizing the refractive index of the RIS module. To address the non-convex problem, we adopt the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Simulation results illustrate that equipping the RIS-assisted transmitter in the system and using the proposed algorithm can significantly improve user fairness.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10599796","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141718898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equivalent Circuit Model of the Carrier-Depletion-Based Push-Pull Silicon Optical Modulators With T-Rail Slow Wave Electrodes","authors":"Dongwei Zhuang;Quanxin Na;Qijie Xie;Nan Zhang;Lanxuan Zhang;Xin Li;Guomeng Zuo;Hao Zhang;Lei Wang;Li Qin;Junfeng Song","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3427830","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3427830","url":null,"abstract":"The t-rail electrode is an effective method to enhance the silicon optoelectronic modulator's performance. To design and optimize T-rail electrodes, engineers often rely on finite-element numerical simulations that require complex device modeling and enormous computing resources. In this paper, we present an equivalent circuit model for carrier-depletion-based push-pull silicon modulators with T-rail electrodes. The analytical solution for the bandwidth of the modulator can be derived from the equivalent circuit. The utilization of the analytical solution offers advantages in terms of memory conservation and flexibility. The values calculated by the equivalent circuit model are in excellent agreement with the numerical full-wave HFSS simulations. Hence, the proposed model can accurately and efficiently develop silicon optical modulators.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10598304","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141718901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Physics Field Based Simulation on the Response and Saturation Properties of Hg1-xCdxTe Based Photovoltaic Detectors With Composition Gradients","authors":"Jiahui Chen;Wangyong Chen;Linlin Cai;Haifeng Chen;Pengling Yang;Dahui Wang;Manling Shen;Xiangyang Li;Hui Qiao","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3427322","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3427322","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, there has been a growing interest in photovoltaic detectors based on mercury cadmium telluride (Hg\u0000_1-x\u0000Cd\u0000_x\u0000Te), owing to their exceptional photoelectric properties. To provide the physical insights into the modulation effects of Cd composition \u0000<italic>x</i>\u0000 on Hg\u0000_1-x\u0000Cd\u0000_x\u0000Te under strong injection conditions, specifically for MWIR HgCdTe detectors, we conduct the numerical simulations to investigate the coupling effects of optical and electrical fields on detector performance. The Hg\u0000_1-x\u0000Cd\u0000_x\u0000Te detectors based on three kinds of coupling directions, namely inverse field (IF), vertical field (VF), and parallel field (PF), are compared in terms of responsivity and saturation threshold to account for the electric field contributions deriving from the compositional gradient and the applied bias voltage under front illumination (FI) and back illumination (BI). The simulations considering the modulation effects suggest that the detector exhibits better photoelectric response characteristics under FI and a higher saturation threshold for the BI case. The IF structure has the best current response at illumination intensities below 20 W/cm\u0000²\u0000, with the peak responsivity of the nonlinear model exceeding 2.8 A/W. The VF structure has the best current response at illumination intensities above 20 W/cm\u0000²\u0000 and exhibits the best saturation characteristics, with its saturation threshold consistently above 15 W/cm\u0000²\u0000, while the PF structure with nonlinear increasing (nInc) compositional gradient exhibits excellent linearity of response under conditions of high illumination intensity. The simulation methods help design and optimize the detectors with the physical understanding according to the specific requirements.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10596694","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141610406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photonic Horn Jets and Whispering Gallery Modes in Dielectric Micro-Cylinders With Two Point-Source Illumination","authors":"Shadi A. Alboon;Qing Huo Liu;Ibrahim Mahariq","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3427393","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3427393","url":null,"abstract":"The interaction of light with micro-scale dielectric structures has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its potential applications in various fields ranging from photonics to biomedical imaging. In this context, this study investigates the generation of twin photonic jets from a dielectric micro-cylinder illuminated by two point-sources. The effect of different parameters on the jet's shape profile and length was analyzed. Those parameters include the cylinder's refractive index and radius, the source distance from the cylinder, and the vertical displacement between the sources. Innovatively, this study introduces the concept of ‘Horn Jets' to characterize the twin photonic jets resulting from the illuminated dielectric micro-cylinder, marking a significant conceptual advancement in the field. Moreover, the generation of whispering gallery modes (WGMs) is investigated. The outcomes obtained through the spectral element method highlight the possibility of generating WGMs by meticulously selecting the cylinder's radius and refractive index, under the scenario of two-point-source illuminations. The results show that the magnitude of the WGMs resonance significantly lies on the vertical displacement due to the resulting interference pattern's dark and bright fringes with the cylinder edges.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10596663","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141610317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MCIR-YOLO: White Medication Pill Classification Using Multi-Band Infrared Images","authors":"Mohan Wang;Yang Jiang;Baohui Xu;Mengqiang Huang;Xu Xue;Xu Wu;Wenjian Kuang;Xiang Liu;Harm Tolner","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3426929","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3426929","url":null,"abstract":"The identification and categorization of pills constitute critical tasks within a contemporary hospital, particularly for avoiding medication errors. Conventional approaches to visual recognition and classification predominantly rely on visible light imagery, proving inadequate for discerning white pills with similar visual characteristics. However, white pills exhibit distinctive infrared properties across various spectral bands. Building upon these observations, this paper introduces the MCIR-YOLO algorithm, a multi-band infrared image object detection system, which enhances the YOLOv5s model through multimodal fusion techniques. This study presents a novel dataset comprising IR images of white round pills captured across six channels, with peak wavelengths ranging from approximately 1400 nm to 1650 nm. Furthermore, a multimodal fusion strategy is proposed, facilitating multi-level feature integration across the six IR channels. This fusion technique exploits the scale features inherent to each IR modality, thereby enabling comprehensive information fusion across multiple modalities. Additionally, the model incorporates an auxiliary detection branch, independent of the backbone, which utilizes fused feature information to calculate a distinct loss, effectively mitigating overall loss. Attention mechanism modules are integrated after two distinct fusion points to enhance feature precision. Leveraging mean and scaling of IR features, these attention mechanisms significantly boost detection accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that the improved model outperforms the baseline YOLOv5s model, particularly evident in a self-constructed dataset of white round pill IR images, where mAP0.5 increased by 5.47% and 7.96% for single-channel (peak at 1650 nm) and six-channel configurations, respectively. Notably, the utilization of the MCIR-YOLO model for six-channel recognition yields a substantial advantage of 12.05% over the best-performing single-channel IR image recognition.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10595466","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141610315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"16-Channel Hybrid WDM-PDM-MDM (de) Multiplexer for Multi-Band Large-Capacity Optical Transmission System Based on Thick Si$_{3}$N$_{4}$ Platform","authors":"Deyue Ma;Xiwen He;Chen Zhou;Mingyue Xiao;Jiqiao Liu;Weibiao Chen;Zhiping Zhou","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3426933","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3426933","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a novel design of hybrid multi-band wavelength/polarization/mode (de)multiplexer based on 800 nm thick Si\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000N\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{4}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 platform. The 16 channels are enabled by asymmetric rib polarization beam splitters, subwavelength polarization rotators and asymmetric directional couplers, consisting of two operating frequency bands, dual polarization and four transmission modes (2\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$times 2times$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u00004). A broad bandwidth range from 930 nm to 1600 nm is supported simultaneously on a same chip. This chip can achieve low insertion loss and crosstalk in the 100 nm range near the center wavelength (1550 nm and 980 nm). Our results demonstrate that all channels of the (de)multiplexer have an average insertion loss of less than −1.1 dB. In addition, the crosstalk in the same band is less than −20 dB, while less than −15 dB in different frequency bands. This hybrid (de)multiplexer chip has a great potential for application in multi-band large-capacity optical communication systems, especially in integrated multi-band (de)multiplexing systems.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10595402","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141610318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Class 1 Eye-Safe Formally Invisible Underwater Optical Wireless Communication System","authors":"Ayumu Kariya;Keita Tanaka;Fumiya Kobori;Kiichiro Kuwahara;Shogo Hayashida;Takahiro Kodama","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3426284","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3426284","url":null,"abstract":"When using underwater optical wireless communication in areas close to human habitats— such as shallow sea areas—specifications for highly-secure, large-capacity optical transceivers are required. Real-time transmission of 850 nm, direct-current optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signals for full-duplex underwater invisible light communication has been achieved. We experimentally confirmed that subcarrier adaptive modulation could transmit at maximum capacity depending on the transmission distance, while changing the transmission distance in shallow seawater channels. We confirmed that there was no disturbing influence due to sunlight by using a honeycomb structure for sunlight shielding. Moreover, we found that the effect of disruption caused by the sea surface vibrating due to the 3 m/s wind speed did not affect the signal quality. 4K video streaming is also done on a 1.2 m underwater channel transmission. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of full-duplex transmission of invisible-band underwater optical wireless communication for shallow waters.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10594719","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141585371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design Guidelines for Optical Camera Communication Systems: A Tutorial","authors":"Anqi Liu;Wenxiao Shi;Majid Safari;Wei Liu;Jingtai Cao","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3424885","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3424885","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) has put great challenges on the next generation's communication technologies. Optical Camera Communication (OCC), with its advantages of the green principle, less electromagnetic interference, and harmonious integrations, can serve as a complementary, and sometimes viable alternative technology to mainstream Radio Frequency (RF)-based one. Designing efficient OCC platforms crucially involves accurate modeling of the OCC system and evaluating the efficiency of OCC-based techniques, which then stimulates related practical applications. This paper aims to provide a systematic perspective to understand OCC and to present design guidelines for OCC systems from theory to practice. First, the main parameters and analytical models for OCC basic components are presented to provide guidance on hardware parameter selection and system simulations. Next, typical implementation procedures and common performance evaluation criteria for an overall OCC system are provided. Then, detailed goal-oriented OCC enhancement solutions are summarized aiming to provide systematic guidelines for system performance enhancement. Finally, OCC designed examples are presented based on the results of our OCC experimental platform and some future research directions are discussed.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10590729","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141570006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noise Reduction Method for Partial Discharge Fluorescence Fiber Sensors Based on Optimized Empirical Wavelet Transform","authors":"Chengyong Hu;Yi Huang;Chuanlu Deng;Ming Jia;Qi Zhang;Peng Wu;Yuncai Lu;Qun Li;Xiaobei Zhang;Tingyun Wang","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3424439","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3424439","url":null,"abstract":"A novel self-adaptive denoising method utilizing optimized empirical wavelet transform (EWT) is proposed to enhance the sensitivity of partial discharge (PD) fluorescence fiber sensors. The optimized EWT enhances the spectrum segmentation capability of conventional EWT via spectral kurtosis (SK). The SK at the optimal window length of noisy PD fluorescence signal is calculated to determine compact support of the Fourier spectrum for subsequent signal decomposition. Frequency components with SK value over the statistic threshold are used to rebuild the PD fluorescence signal. Subsequently, residual noise in the reconstructed signal is removed through adaptive wavelet threshold denoising. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method in denoising numerically simulated and experimentally obtained noisy PD fluorescence signals, outcomes are compared to those of the novel adaptive ensemble empirical mode decomposition (NAEEMD) method, EWT method, EWT joint with kurtogram (KEWT) method, and correlation spectral negentropy (CSNE)-based method. Quantitative metrics and running time are used to assess denoising performance and execution efficiency, respectively. Simulated and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method possesses a superior noise reduction effect compared to the other four methods while restoring the detail of the PD fluorescence signal flooded by serious noise and consuming reduced computational cost.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10588988","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141570007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Partial Discharge in Liquid via Interferometry","authors":"Liang Xue;Hao Zhou;Wenjing Wang;Junjie Chen;Lunming Qin;Chao Jiang;Haoyang Cui","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3423782","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3423782","url":null,"abstract":"Partial discharge (PD) is the main cause of insulation breakdown in high voltage electrical equipment, which poses a potential threat to the safety and reliability of equipment. Traditional PD detection methods have limitations in liquid insulation systems. In this paper, an interferometric method for detecting PD in liquid is proposed. Through the experimental platform based on the Michelson interference method, the PD in the water sample is excited by the voltage applied by the lightning surge generator, and the interference fringes distorted are collected by the CCD camera. The experimental results show that the peak value of the phase distribution recovered from interferogram increases when the voltage increases. In addition, when the liquid contains particles that degrade the insulation properties, the effect on the insulation properties can be judged according to the interferometry. This study verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of PD detection in liquid based on Michelson interferometry, and provides a new idea for condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of liquid insulation system.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10587049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141570008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}