{"title":"Toward Quantum Interconnects Featuring Nanometer-to-Picometer Bandwidth Compression and THz-Range Quantum Frequency Conversion","authors":"Tim F. Weiss;Alberto Peruzzo","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3554620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3554620","url":null,"abstract":"The long-range transmission of quantum information relies on multiple interfaces between photons, acting as flying qubits, and localized memories, serving as repeaters, to mitigate transmission losses. Efficient, long-range transmission necessitates the use of short, picosecond-scale photons, which are markedly different from the narrowband, nanosecond-scale photons optimal for absorption by memory elements, typically operating at wavelengths far from telecom. In this article, we point toward designs capable of bridging these regimes, leveraging the interplay between sum-frequency generation-based quantum frequency conversion and resonant confinement in an integrated ring resonator.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 2","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10938395","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143817832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nuoqi Wang;Cheng Wang;Zhihong Zhao;Peiyu Wu;Wenqian Xu;Bang Qin;Dong Wang;Rongjun Zhang;Qi Yao
{"title":"Bayesian Optimized ANFIS Network Using Grid Partition and Feature Spectrum for Urban Light Pollution Assessment","authors":"Nuoqi Wang;Cheng Wang;Zhihong Zhao;Peiyu Wu;Wenqian Xu;Bang Qin;Dong Wang;Rongjun Zhang;Qi Yao","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3553420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3553420","url":null,"abstract":"Precise luminance evaluation of light pollution requires expensive and time-consuming measurement devices such as hyperspectral imaging cameras and imaging luminance-meters, which are also inconvenient to carry. To alleviate this challenge, we selected a low-cost smartphone camera sensor as an alternative tool and investigated the various factors that could influence the accuracy of the measurements by controlling the function of the sensor and assessing its performance, including light illumination conditions and device parameters. Building on this, we have developed an Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) structure utilizing global Bayesian optimization and grid partitioning (GP), which integrates the advantages of fuzzy logic in handling data uncertainty with the self-learning capabilities of artificial neural networks. This method can capture the relationships between different parameter combinations while avoiding overfitting, effectively handling unseen data with rapid convergence. The experimental results demonstrate that this method reduces the error by at least 30% compared to conventional methods when tested on a dataset with previously unseen shot parameters. Using a smartphone as a measurement device offers superior portability and broader prospects compared to cameras. Leveraging the powerful processing capabilities of smartphone platforms, we can implement more advanced visualization and computational functions in the future.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 2","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10935613","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Musa N. Hamza;Mohammad Tariqul Islam;Sunil Lavadiya;Iftikhar ud Din;Bruno Sanches;Slawomir Koziel;Syeda Iffat Naqvi;Abinash Panda;Mohammad Alibakhshikenari;Bal Virdee;D. Mariyanayagam;R. Jayanthi;S. Fernando;Md. Shabiul Islam
{"title":"A 50THz Ultra-Wideband Nano-Photonics Perfect Absorber Biosensor for Label-Free Detection of Circulating Cancer Exosomes: Advancing Early Cancer Diagnostics","authors":"Musa N. Hamza;Mohammad Tariqul Islam;Sunil Lavadiya;Iftikhar ud Din;Bruno Sanches;Slawomir Koziel;Syeda Iffat Naqvi;Abinash Panda;Mohammad Alibakhshikenari;Bal Virdee;D. Mariyanayagam;R. Jayanthi;S. Fernando;Md. Shabiul Islam","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3571811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3571811","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses the challenge of early-stage cancer diagnosis using microwave imaging (MWI) techniques by targeting circulating exosomes, recently identified as promising cancer biomarkers. We introduce an innovative nano-photonic perfect absorber (NPA) operating in the terahertz (THz) range, offering a significant improvement over existing MWI-based approaches in terms of simplicity, sensitivity, and specificity. Unlike previous THz absorbers, the proposed NPA achieves an exceptionally wide operating bandwidth from 100 GHz to 50 THz with an absorption efficiency exceeding 97.5%, while featuring an ultra-compact nanoscale footprint (100 × 100 nm<sup>2</sup>, thickness 30 nm). The design integrates a silver (Ag) resonator and a nickel (Ni) ground plane on a silicon dioxide (SiO<sub>2</sub>) substrate, with meticulously tuned geometries to create multiple resonance modes, enabling continuous broadband absorption. Full-wave electromagnetic simulations validate the structure’s performance, including electric and magnetic field distributions, surface currents, and scattering parameters. Comparative analysis with state-of-the-art absorbers demonstrates the superior bandwidth, absorption stability, and angular robustness of our device. Furthermore, we demonstrate the NPA’s unique ability to act as a label-free biosensor for exosome detection, where cancerous exosomes consistently induce stronger electric field responses than normal exosomes due to their distinct molecular compositions. These results confirm the proposed NPA as a novel, highly effective platform for non-invasive, early-stage cancer diagnostics via MWI.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 4","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11007480","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144299422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. W. Haefner;F. A. Juneghani;P. Kulkarni;P. Thapalia;S. Fathpour
{"title":"Compact Slow-Wave Electrode Design for High-Index Photonic Devices","authors":"J. W. Haefner;F. A. Juneghani;P. Kulkarni;P. Thapalia;S. Fathpour","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3553411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3553411","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a method for the development of traveling slow-wave metallic electrodes to provide widely tunable structures for applications in integrated photonic devices. The method is particularly useful for index-matching of radio-frequency (RF) signals with optical waves in photonic devices based on waveguide structures with large group indices. The proposed electrode design provides greater flexibility when devising impedance-matched, low-loss, and compact RF transmission lines by including planar T-electrodes with interleaved conductive digits. The addition of these two microstructures permits modification of the capacitance and inductance of a standard ground-signal-ground coplanar waveguide. This independent design of the reactive values provides engineering control of the RF index in a wide range of <inline-formula><tex-math>$sim {2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula><tex-math>$sim {6}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, while ensuring the structure maintains a 50 <inline-formula><tex-math>$Omega$</tex-math></inline-formula> impedance for integration with standard RF equipment. Although the proposed electrode geometry provides an agnostic design solution for substrate materials, this work focuses on applications in thin-film lithium niobate on silicon.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 2","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10935615","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143817927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jack Baker;Craig P. Allford;Sara Gillgrass;J. Iwan Davies;Samuel Shutts;Peter M. Smowton
{"title":"Thermal Performance of 940 nm AlGaAs-Based VCSELs Grown on Germanium","authors":"Jack Baker;Craig P. Allford;Sara Gillgrass;J. Iwan Davies;Samuel Shutts;Peter M. Smowton","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3552951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3552951","url":null,"abstract":"VCSEL thermal resistances are determined from power-current-voltage-wavelength measurements performed on nominally identical epitaxial structures grown on Ge and GaAs substrates. We show that the effective thermal conductivity of the VCSEL is increased when grown on Ge substrates.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 2","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10933508","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Study on Evanescent Wave Humidity Sensor Based on PEG-PMMA Microspheres With Enhanced Performance","authors":"Yuxin Chen;Yutong Qi;Bao Zhu;Xingchen Zhou;Xuefei Xiao;Zheyuan Gu;Jun Qian;Chuanyang He;Min Lai;Yan Ma;Bo Liu","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3571489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3571489","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we demonstrate fabrication of an evanescent wave fiber optic humidity sensor based on PEG-PMMA microsphere film as moisture-sensitive material. A three dimensional stacking structure of PEG-PMMA microspheres is formed by dip coating method on fiber core. A simultaneous fast response and recovery is optimized with equilibrium time of 13 s and 8 s between 30% RH and 80% RH, respectively. The sensor possessed a maximum sensitivity of 157.143 lux/% RH in the range of 70–80% RH and a good linear relationship between the logarithm of output optical intensity and relative humidity with a correlation coefficient of 0.998. Moreover, the sensor exhibits low hysteresis, excellent repeatability, short-term and long-term stability and electromagnetic immunity. Modulation of intensity is primarily attributed to scattering of evanescent wave on polymer microspheres in humidity sensing.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 3","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11006844","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144178917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Orbital Angular Momentum Modes Recognition Method Based on Transfer Learning","authors":"Tianyu Du;Jun Ou;Hao Chi;Bo Yang;Shuna Yang;Yanrong Zhai","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3547382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3547382","url":null,"abstract":"During the transmission of vortex beams in free-space optical communication channels, atmospheric turbulence causes wavefront phase disturbances, making identifying orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes more difficult. Additionally, the model requires extensive training datasets, which significantly prolongs the training time. In this paper, a method combining transfer learning with an improved convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed to identify the OAM modes of distorted vortex beams. Compared to methods without transfer learning, this approach maintains higher accuracy while significantly reducing the training time and computational resources required. Furthermore, the impact of the model on OAM modes recognition accuracy is analyzed under varying atmospheric turbulence intensities and propagation distances, with comparisons made against traditional CNN models and the CNN models of other literature. To verify the recognition performance of the proposed model under adverse weather conditions, the impact of varying rainfall intensity and fog concentration on recognition accuracy was analyzed. In addition, the generalization ability of the model is evaluated after training on both single and mixed datasets. The results demonstrate that the recognition accuracy of the proposed method surpasses that of the traditional CNN models and the CNN models of other literature, achieving a 95.6% accuracy after 3 km of propagation under strong turbulence. Under strong turbulence, heavy rainfall, and heavy fog, the recognition accuracy at 1 km is 89.4% and 88.7%, respectively. Additionally, the model trained on the mixed dataset achieves a recognition accuracy of 97.08%, indicating robust generalization capability. The method proposed in this paper achieves high recognition accuracy while effectively reducing computational resources and training time, which is of great significance to the research on OAM modes recognition.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 2","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10933501","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Miroslav Slouka;Dalibor Javůrek;Erik Hendrych;Marcel Štofik;Martin Kutáč;Jan Látal
{"title":"Experimental Study of PWM-Controlled Emission From a Large-Aperture VCSEL","authors":"Miroslav Slouka;Dalibor Javůrek;Erik Hendrych;Marcel Štofik;Martin Kutáč;Jan Látal","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3571423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3571423","url":null,"abstract":"This study demonstrates the use of pulse-width modulation (PWM) for mode selection in a large-aperture vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). Experimental results reveal that driving the device with 1 kHz PWM pulses maintains a stable far-field pattern (FFP) and causes only negligible spectral drift. Increasing the PWM frequency up to 1 MHz redistributes the FFP from higher-order, donut-like transverse modes toward a centrally peaked, Gaussian-like mode, and shifts the dominant longitudinal resonance to shorter wavelengths. Encircled energy analysis quantifies these changes and confirms that PWM enables fine spatial and spectral emission control of the selected large-aperture VCSEL device. The results position PWM as a cost-effective and straightforward lever for dynamic VCSEL emission management.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 3","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11006843","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144243848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New Paradigm for Beehive Monitoring System Using Infrared and Power Line Communication","authors":"Da-Huei Lee;Wei-Wen Hu;Yuan-Long Lee;Tai-Yu Chen","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3552600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3552600","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, smart beehive monitoring has attracted attention due to its highly profitable industry. However, colony collapse disorder (CCD) syndrome, which is described by the sudden disappearance of the bee colony, severely affects the honey bee industry in most countries of the world. The causes of CCD are not verified, but electromagnetic interference (EMI) is the possible one that appears in most beehive monitoring systems. Based on this motivation, this paper presents a new paradigm for beehive monitoring utilizing the proposed system consisting of a host module, multiple sensor modules, and relay modules. Each sensor module is responsible for collecting the in-hive parameters of each beehive such as temperature, humidity, hive weight, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and entrance counts. The collected sensor data are then transmitted to the relay module by infrared (IR) communication to avoid EMI. The relay module integrates the IR receiver and power line communication (PLC) transmitter technologies, where the former is used to receive optical signals with in-hive parameters, and the latter is used to transform the abovementioned signals into PLC interface. Moreover, a host module is introduced to aim at receiving the signals from multiple relay modules by the PLC interface. The distances of IR communication and PLC are determined through simulation results under the target bit error rate of <inline-formula><tex-math>$10^{-3}$</tex-math></inline-formula> to provide accurate in-hive parameters with negligible interference from multiple beehives. Experimental results also show that the proposed system could meet the requirements of real-time and long-term data collection and transmission.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 2","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10930752","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Temperature-Insensitive Second-Order Microring Resonator for Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)","authors":"Fuling Wang;Xiao Xu;Chonglei Sun;Liuge Du;Jia Zhao","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3552080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3552080","url":null,"abstract":"To achieve temperature-insensitive passband responses of microring resonator (MRR) for DWDM signal processing, we design and fabricate a wavelength division multiplexer with four channels based on 2nd-order slot MRR with PMMA cladding layer. Four filters with different radii are connected in series to realize 1.5-nm channel space. In the process of design and optimization, the dense wavelength demultiplexer (DEMUX) exhibits admirable responses with broad 1-dB bandwidth (>0.64 nm, accounting for 43% of the channel spacing), steep band edge (shape factors ∼0.47) and high temperature stability (temperature-dependent wavelength shift (TDWS) < 0.25 pm/°C, which is 0.4% of ordinary MRR). Then the device is fabricated and measured. The box-type responses are obtained for all 4 wavelength channels. The measured 1-dB bandwidth is 1.1 nm and the shape factor is larger than 0.35. Due to the fabrication imperfections and process errors, the central wavelengths shifted from ideal values. The measured TDWS is less than 24.8 pm/°C, which is deteriorated from the design due to the incomplete filling of the PMMA cladding in the slot. Even so, the decrease of the TDWS, combined with the box-type response of 1-dB bandwidth of 1.1 nm in our design, makes the DEMUX tolerate the temperature variation of larger than ±22 °C without the help of electrical temperature control. The results indicate the great potential of the designed device for DWDM applications.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 2","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10930515","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}