Histology and histopathology最新文献_第8页

Gentiopicroside alleviates neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease by mediating microglial pyroptosis via the NF-κB/NLRP3/GSDMD pathway.

IF 2.5 4区生物学

Histology and histopathology Pub Date : 2025-01-27 DOI: 10.14670/HH-18-879

Hong Shen, Hui Song, Qiang Sun

{"title":"Gentiopicroside alleviates neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease by mediating microglial pyroptosis via the NF-κB/NLRP3/GSDMD pathway.","authors":"Hong Shen, Hui Song, Qiang Sun","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14670/HH-18-879","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of gentiopicroside (GPS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) through both in vitro and in vivo experiments, focusing on elucidating the underlying mechanisms of its action.Methods: To achieve this, a PD model was established in C57BL6 mice using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), followed by assessment of behavioral changes, pathological alterations, microglial activation, and neuroinflammation. Simultaneously, a cellular PD model was developed in the BV-2 mouse microglia cell line by exposing them to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium (MPP+). The expression of pro-inflammatory molecules was quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while pyroptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry with caspase-1/PI double staining. The expression of key factors in the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)/NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain-associated protein 3 (NLRP3)/gasdermin D (GSDMD) signaling pathway was determined by immunoblotting.Results: The findings revealed that GPS effectively mitigated motor deficits, neurological impairments, microglial activation, and neuroinflammation in the MPTP-induced mouse model of PD. Additionally, GPS protected BV-2 cells from MPP+-induced inflammatory cytokine production and pyroptosis. Mechanistic studies indicated that GPS may exert its neuroprotective effects by inactivating the NF-κB/NLRP3/GSDMD-mediated pyroptotic pathway in both in vivo and in vitro settings.Conclusion: GPS exhibits neuroprotective effects in PD by suppressing microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and pyroptosis, suggesting its potential as a favorable therapeutic agent for PD treatment.","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"18879"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143122792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Galangin alleviates gastric mucosal injury in rats with chronic atrophic gastritis by reducing ferroptosis.

IF 2.5 4区生物学

Histology and histopathology Pub Date : 2025-01-24 DOI: 10.14670/HH-18-878

Tian Yang, Min Lu, Weiqiang Jiang, Dandan Jin, Meiling Sun, Hua Mao, Huixia Han

{"title":"Galangin alleviates gastric mucosal injury in rats with chronic atrophic gastritis by reducing ferroptosis.","authors":"Tian Yang, Min Lu, Weiqiang Jiang, Dandan Jin, Meiling Sun, Hua Mao, Huixia Han","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14670/HH-18-878","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is a precancerous lesion and is the first stage in a multistep precancerous cascade that can lead to gastric adenocarcinoma. This study aimed to reveal the role and mechanism of galangin in CAG.Methods: Rats were intragastrically administered a mixture of 2% sodium salicylate and 30% alcohol, forced to exercise, and fasted irregularly to establish CAG models. To explore the efficacy of galangin on CAG rats, we used Hericium erinaceus (HE) and omeprazole (Ome) as controls. The degree of gastric mucosal injury was assessed by H&E staining and immunohistochemistry. Perls staining and western blot analysis were used to assess iron content and enrichment of ferroptosis-related proteins. Reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial superoxide in the mucosa were visualized by probes. The morphology of cells was examined by transmission electron microscopy.Results: Our data showed that galangin treatment alleviated gastric mucosal damage and reduced ferroptosis in CAG rats, manifested as decreased iron content, iron transporters and storage proteins, decreased ROS and mitochondrial superoxide, and partially restored cellular morphology. Of note, galangin at a high concentration had better treatment efficacy than HE but lower than Ome.Conclusions: This study demonstrated that galangin reduced gastric mucosal injury in CAG rats by inhibiting ferroptosis. These findings provide a theoretical basis for its clinical application and broaden its potential applications.","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"18878"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143079702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Contribution of the dopaminergic system in toxoplasmic encephalitis neuroimmunopathogenesis.

IF 2.5 4区生物学

Histology and histopathology Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.14670/HH-18-877

Tuğçe Anteplıoğlu, Gungor Cagdas Dincel, Mehmet Eray Alçiğir, Merve Bışkın Türkmen, Tilbe Su Yapici, Oğuz Kul, Ebtsam Al-Olayan, Mohammad Y Alshahrani, Saeed El-Ashram

{"title":"Contribution of the dopaminergic system in toxoplasmic encephalitis neuroimmunopathogenesis.","authors":"Tuğçe Anteplıoğlu, Gungor Cagdas Dincel, Mehmet Eray Alçiğir, Merve Bışkın Türkmen, Tilbe Su Yapici, Oğuz Kul, Ebtsam Al-Olayan, Mohammad Y Alshahrani, Saeed El-Ashram","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-877","DOIUrl":"10.14670/HH-18-877","url":null,"abstract":"Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), a parasitic intracellular protozoan, can establish a chronic infection in the host brain and cause significant neuropathology. The current study aimed to determine the role of Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH), Dopamine Receptor D1 (D1R), Nuclear Receptor Related-1 (Nurr1), and Dopamine Transporter (DAT) expression in the neuroimmunopathogenesis of toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) at 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after infection with T. gondii. Additionally, the study investigated whether there was a correlation between the markers on these critical days, which had yet to be explored. The results showed that TH expression in brain tissue of BALB/c mice was significantly increased in all infected groups compared with healthy controls (P<0.05). However, other striking findings of the study were that D1R, DAT, and Nurr1 expression were significantly decreased in all infected groups compared with healthy controls, in contrast to TH expression (P<0.05). Study findings regarding behavioral changes in chronic T. gondii-infected laboratory animals and humans with TE provide important evidence of the relationship between neuropsychiatric diseases and T. gondii infection. By elucidating the pathogenesis of the disease in detail, treatment protocols that consider these coordinated changes in expression that vary from day to day can be developed.","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"18877"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143065406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Zengye decoction regulated the expression of aquaporin in colon tissue of rats with constipation through miR-10a-5p targeting Drd2/AC/cAMP axis.

IF 2.5 4区生物学

Histology and histopathology Pub Date : 2025-01-21 DOI: 10.14670/HH-18-876

Simin Chen, Qian Li, Lina Guan, Jun Pang, Qingfeng Wu, Qiuxiao Wang, Zhibin Zhang, Xuegui Tang

{"title":"Zengye decoction regulated the expression of aquaporin in colon tissue of rats with constipation through miR-10a-5p targeting Drd2/AC/cAMP axis.","authors":"Simin Chen, Qian Li, Lina Guan, Jun Pang, Qingfeng Wu, Qiuxiao Wang, Zhibin Zhang, Xuegui Tang","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-876","DOIUrl":"10.14670/HH-18-876","url":null,"abstract":"Slow transit constipation (STC) is a colonic motor disorder characterized by a marked delay in the movement of substances through the colon. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a treasure trove of natural compounds, which is effective in treating constipation with relatively minor side effects. Zengye decoction (ZYD), a classic herbal formula in TCM, is used for moistening the intestines and relieving constipation. However, the molecular mechanism of ZYD in the treatment of constipation remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the effect and molecular mechanism of ZYD on STC. A loperamide-induced rat model and IEC-18 cells were used in vitro and in vivo. We found that ZYD increased the intestinal transit rate and fecal water content of STC rats in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, ZYD dose-dependently decreased the expression of Aquaporin (AQP)3 and increased AQP9 expression in the colon tissue of STC rats. Mechanistically, ZYD reduced the level of miR-10a-5p, increased the expression of dopamine receptor D2 (Drd2), and inhibited the activity of adenylate cyclase (AC)/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling in the colon tissue of STC rats. However, miR-10a-5p overexpression reversed the improvement effect of ZYD on constipation. Moreover, miR-10a-5p targeted Drd2 and enhanced AC/cAMP signaling activation in IEC-18 cells. Also, miR-10a-5p regulated AQP3 and AQP9 expression in IEC-18 cells. Thus, ZYD alleviated constipation and aquaporin expression in STC rats, and its mechanism may be mediated by downregulating miR-10a-5p levels and inhibiting the Drd2/AC/cAMP axis. ZYD may be an efficient therapeutic strategy for constipation.","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"18876"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143059013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Use of digital image analysis to improve rigor and efficiency of physeal bone growth measurements.

IF 2.5 4区生物学

Histology and histopathology Pub Date : 2025-01-17 DOI: 10.14670/HH-18-875

Grant Ozaki, Jay Byrd, Bria Foley, Alexander Farell, Garret Williams, Max Twedt, James Sypherd, Ellen Leiferman, Cameron Jeffers, Matthew A Halanski

{"title":"Use of digital image analysis to improve rigor and efficiency of physeal bone growth measurements.","authors":"Grant Ozaki, Jay Byrd, Bria Foley, Alexander Farell, Garret Williams, Max Twedt, James Sypherd, Ellen Leiferman, Cameron Jeffers, Matthew A Halanski","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-875","DOIUrl":"10.14670/HH-18-875","url":null,"abstract":"In larger, translational animal models, manual measurements of longitudinal bone growth using fluorochrome labels is tedious and may be prone to less rigor due to variations in reader experience, sampling differences, and photobleaching that limits the repeatability of measurements. This study assesses the reliability of three different digital methods to assist in measurement of distance between pulsed fluorochrome labels. Forty-five tibial physes from skeletally immature New Zealand White rabbits were pulsed with fluorochrome labels and measured using Fully Manual Technique (FMT), Manual Digital Measurement (MDM), Computer Assisted Image Processing (AIP), and Fully Automated Measurement (FAM). Pearson's correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis were used to analyze the different methods. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) assessed inter- and intra-reader reliability. Regardless of the method, all growth rate measurement techniques exhibited excellent agreement and reliability. The computer assisted methods allowed rapid data acquisition without compromising reliability, thereby improving efficiency in bone growth research. Clinical Significance: Distances between fluorochrome bone labels on large samples can be reliably measured using digital imaging and processing techniques.","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"18875"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143046664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The synergetic effect of edaravone and scutellarin in the MPP(+)-induced cell model of Parkinson's disease.

IF 2.5 4区生物学

Histology and histopathology Pub Date : 2025-01-16 DOI: 10.14670/HH-18-874

Wei Wei, Jing Wu, Dandan Zhang, Shoucheng Xu, Yi Wang, Xuezhong Li, Ming Yu, Xiaopeng Chen

{"title":"The synergetic effect of edaravone and scutellarin in the MPP(+)-induced cell model of Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Wei Wei, Jing Wu, Dandan Zhang, Shoucheng Xu, Yi Wang, Xuezhong Li, Ming Yu, Xiaopeng Chen","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14670/HH-18-874","url":null,"abstract":"Parkinson's disease (PD) is a limb movement disorder caused by the degeneration of brain neurons and seriously affects the quality of life of the elderly. However, the current drugs are symptomatic treatments that cannot prevent or delay the development of the disease. Targeted therapy for pathogenesis may be the direction of development in the future. Oxidative stress and the inflammatory response are involved in the pathogenesis of PD. Edaravone and scutellarin have been studied in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory reactions. The focus of this study is whether there is synergy between the two and its mechanism. Through research, we found that edaravone and scutellarin at different dose combinations have synergistic effects in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced PC12 cells using the Chou-Talalay joint index method. According to the CompuSyn software calculation, the results showed that the combination index (CI) of the combined application of 15 µM edaravone and 15 µM scutellarin was the lowest, indicating that the synergistic effect was the best. Compared with the single drug, the synergy increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and enhanced the anti-apoptosis ability in the MPP(+) induced cell model of PD.","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"18874"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143028654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ex vivo applications of porcine ocular surface tissues: Advancing eye research and alternatives to animal studies.

IF 2.5 4区生物学

Histology and histopathology Pub Date : 2025-01-14 DOI: 10.14670/HH-18-873

Yolanda Diebold, Laura García-Posadas

引用次数: 0

Structure and hormonal output of the adrenal gland after experimental estrogenization of male rats. 实验性雌性化后雄性大鼠肾上腺结构及激素输出。

IF 2.5 4区生物学

Histology and histopathology Pub Date : 2025-01-09 DOI: 10.14670/HH-18-872

Vladimir Ajdžanović, Pavle Ćosić, Svetlana Trifunović, Branka Šošić-Jurjević, Marko Miler, Branko Filipović, Milica Manojlović-Stojanoski

{"title":"Structure and hormonal output of the adrenal gland after experimental estrogenization of male rats.","authors":"Vladimir Ajdžanović, Pavle Ćosić, Svetlana Trifunović, Branka Šošić-Jurjević, Marko Miler, Branko Filipović, Milica Manojlović-Stojanoski","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14670/HH-18-872","url":null,"abstract":"Orchidectomy and estrogenization of the male represent a procedure that is applicable in sex reassignment or in prostate cancer therapy. This approach has an influence on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and thus affects cardiovascular function and metabolism. We utilized orchidectomized rats to evaluate the effects of estradiol on the structure and hormonal output of the adrenal gland. Adult Wistar rats were divided into sham-operated (SO; n=7), orchidectomized (Orx; n=7), and estradiol-treated orchidectomized (Orx+E; n=7) groups. Estradiol-dipropionate (0.625 mg/kg b.m.) was administered subcutaneously for three weeks, while the SO and Orx groups received vehicle alone. Set objectives were achieved using histochemistry/immunohistochemistry, stereology, and immunoassays. In Orx+E rats, the hormonal milieu was characterized by decreased testosterone and increased ACTH, compared with the Orx group. Also, orchidectomy and estradiol treatment provoked a significant increase in adrenal cortex volume and volume of ZF per se, with increased cell and nuclei volumes in all three adrenocortical zones (ZG, ZF, and ZR), in comparison with Orx rats. Concentrations of aldosterone in blood, as well as corticosterone in blood and adrenal tissue were increased, while circulating DHEA was decreased (with increased immunoexpression of adrenocortical CYP 17 enzyme), all in Orx+E compared with Orx animals. The wide zonal distribution of VEGF and the pronounced blood supply within the ZF of Orx+E animals acted to support the synthesis and secretion of corticosteroids. These results seem cautionary in the context of young male estrogenization, given the negative impact of high mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids on cardiovascular function and metabolism.","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"18872"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143004639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Knockdown of TBRG4 suppresses the migration, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of pancreatic cancer cells via TGF-β/smad3 signaling. 敲低TBRG4可通过TGF-β/smad3信号传导抑制胰腺癌细胞的迁移、侵袭和上皮-间质转化。

IF 2.5 4区生物学

Histology and histopathology Pub Date : 2025-01-08 DOI: 10.14670/HH-18-871

Xiao Ye, Xiaolin Zheng, Ling Zhu

{"title":"Knockdown of TBRG4 suppresses the migration, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of pancreatic cancer cells via TGF-β/smad3 signaling.","authors":"Xiao Ye, Xiaolin Zheng, Ling Zhu","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14670/HH-18-871","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the deadliest malignancies worldwide, with a low five-year survival rate of less than 10%. Transforming growth factor β regulator 4 (TBRG4) is differentially expressed in PC tissues, but its specific functions and regulatory role in PC have not been clarified.Methods: TBRG4 mRNA expression in PC cells was measured by qRT-PCR. Protein levels of TBRG4, key markers related to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, and factors related to the TGF-β/smad3 pathway were quantified by western blot. The migratory and invasive abilities of PC cells were evaluated by wound healing and Transwell assays, respectively. Spearman's correlation analysis was performed to analyze the expression correlation between TBRG4 and TGF-β1 (or SMAD3). Xenograft mouse models were established to explore the in vivo role of TBRG4.Results: The mRNA and protein expression of TBRG4 were elevated in PC cells. TBRG4 knockdown repressed PC cell migration, invasion, and the EMT process. Moreover, TBRG4 activated TGF-β/smad3 signaling in PC cells and positively correlated with TGF-β1 (or SMAD3) expression in PC tissues based on bioinformatics analysis. Furthermore, SRI-011381 (an agonist of TGF-β1) counteracted the inhibitory influence of TBRG4 knockdown on PC cellular behaviors, and SB431542 (an inhibitor of the TGF-β type I receptor) treatment countervailed the promoting influence of TBRG4 overexpression on PC cell invasion, migration, and EMT. Results of in vivo assays verified that TBRG4 silencing inhibited tumorigenesis and TGF-β/smad3 signaling.Conclusion: The silencing of TBRG4 inhibits PC cell invasion, migration, EMT, and tumorigenesis by inactivating TGF-β/smad3 signaling.","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"18871"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143004637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploring pathological targets and advancing pharmacotherapy in autism spectrum disorder: Contributions of glial cells and heavy metals. 探索自闭症谱系障碍的病理靶点，推进药物治疗：神经胶质细胞和重金属的作用。

IF 2.5 4区生物学

Histology and histopathology Pub Date : 2025-01-03 DOI: 10.14670/HH-18-870

Dhrita Chatterjee, Kousik Maparu, Shamsher Singh

{"title":"Exploring pathological targets and advancing pharmacotherapy in autism spectrum disorder: Contributions of glial cells and heavy metals.","authors":"Dhrita Chatterjee, Kousik Maparu, Shamsher Singh","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14670/HH-18-870","url":null,"abstract":"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a globally recognized neurodevelopmental condition characterized by repetitive and restrictive behavior, persistent deficits in social interaction and communication, mental disturbances, etc., affecting approximately 1 in 100 children worldwide. A combination of genetic and environmental factors is involved in the etiopathogenesis of the disease, but specific biomarkers have not yet been identified. Due to the lack of clinical evidence, fluctuations in symptoms, and difficulties in in-vitro and in-vivo modeling, developing medications for ASD is quite difficult. Although several drugs are used to treat autism, only risperidone and aripiprazole have received FDA approval in the United States. Epidemiological studies have suggested that maternal exposure to valproic acid (VPA), acetaminophen, propionic acid, and metals, such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg), may contribute to the development of various neurodevelopmental disorders. Pathological targets directly implicated in the disease include excitatory-inhibitory (E/A) imbalance, hyperserotonemia, GSK-3 inhibition, and Akt pathway activation. However, while a combination of pharmacotherapy, behavioral, and nutritional/dietary interventions has been found to be the most effective conventional therapy to date, many patients have chosen to implement particular dietary supplements for reducing ASD symptoms. In this review, we briefly describe various pathological targets and their roles in the pathophysiology of ASD and treatment strategies, including some future research directions.","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"18870"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143004635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0