Histology and histopathology最新文献

{"title":"Effects of combustible cigarettes and electronic nicotine delivery systems on the regenerative properties of mesenchymal stem cells derived from periodontal ligament (PDL-MSCs).","authors":"Nikolina Kastratovic, Olivera Milosevic-Djordjevic, Carl Randall Harrell, Valentin Djonov, Vladislav Volarevic","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-854","DOIUrl":"10.14670/HH-18-854","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Periodontal ligament-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PDL-MSCs) are promising cells with crucial roles in maintaining and repairing periodontal tissue. However, their regenerative capacity can be influenced by various factors, including cigarette smoke and electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) aerosols. Smoking and vaping can impair their regenerative potential, and even though ENDS are perceived as safer tobacco products, there is a lack of evidence to guarantee this assumption.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Changes in the viability and proliferation of PDL-MSCs will be investigated after smoke and aerosol generation and cell exposure. In addition, the effects of smoke and aerosols on the immunomodulatory capacity of PDL-MSCs co-cultured with T lymphocytes will be further determined via the evaluation of cytokine profiles and flow cytometry analysis of T-cell phenotypes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Combustible cigarettes (CCs) induced more severe impairment in the viability and proliferation of PDL-MSCs compared with ENDS. Also, CCs promoted a proinflammatory immune response that could cause tissue damage to progress. On the other hand, ENDS had the potential to generate an immunosuppressive response that would prevent further cell decay.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The regenerative capacity of PDL-MSCs decreased after treatment with both cigarette smoke and ENDS-aerosols. Even though the results demonstrate less severe effects with ENDS, further research is essential to evaluate their safety and impact on the capacity of PDL-MSCs to prevent and restore oral injuries caused by chronic exposure to aerosols.</p>","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1041-1049"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142835530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phosphorylated protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) expression in breast cancer is correlated with malignant proliferation and histological grading.","authors":"Xiaosi Yang, Shuqiang Duan, Jie Zha, Tao Jiang, Chun Ye, Shuihong Yu","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-847","DOIUrl":"10.14670/HH-18-847","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to detect the expression of phosphorylated PERK in breast cancer using immunohistochemistry and explore its significance. We examined 134 cases of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissues. It was found that the expression of phosphorylated PERK in ductal carcinoma was higher than that in lobular carcinoma, and the difference between them was statistically significant, suggesting that phosphorylated PERK played different roles in the occurrence and development of different types of breast cancer. Compared with Ki-67-negative breast cancer tissues, phosphorylated PERK has higher expression in Ki-67-positive tissues and is positively correlated with Ki67 expression, indicating that phosphorylated PERK plays an important role in breast cancer's malignant proliferation and progression. We also found a positive correlation between phosphorylated PERK expression and the histological grading of invasive ductal carcinoma, indicating that phosphorylated PERK plays an important role in the differentiation of invasive ductal carcinoma. Our study revealed the differential expression of phosphorylated PERK in subtypes of breast cancer. It contributed to the malignant proliferation of breast cancer and tissue differentiation of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast.</p>","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1131-1138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142686897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The potential protective effects of curcumin on the diabetic ovary: Experimental and molecular approaches.","authors":"Kıymet Kübra Tufekci, Gamze Altun, Maulilio John Kipanyula, Süleyman Kaplan","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-866","DOIUrl":"10.14670/HH-18-866","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) causes numerous systemic diseases in animals and humans. This may also lead to reproductive problems among individuals of reproductive age. Detrimental effects such as apoptosis in ovarian granulosa cells, degradation of communication proteins, decreased oocyte quality, delayed meiotic maturation, and atrophy are among the increasing evidence that chronic hyperglycemia causes reproductive problems. Numerous studies have reported that the antidiabetic properties of the antioxidant curcumin may be due to its inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance. There are also data indicating that curcumin reduces the risk of DM and its associated symptoms. This review discusses the protective or curative properties of curcumin in the treatment of DM-related problems in the ovary and seeks to elucidate potential underlying mechanisms. While the use of curcumin as a supportive/therapeutic agent has been introduced for the reduction of reproductive problems that may be caused by uncontrolled DM, more studies on this subject are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"947-966"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142948190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gradual expression of MMP9 and MT1-MMP at the tumor-stroma interface in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.","authors":"Stefan Rusu, Vincent Nuyens, Alexandre Rousseau, Philippe Lothaire, Nathalie Nagy, Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia, Pierrick Uzureau","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-858","DOIUrl":"10.14670/HH-18-858","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to the late-stage diagnosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), treatment remains a significant clinical challenge. The metalloproteinases MMP-9 and MT1-MMP play a pivotal role in extracellular matrix remodeling, thereby facilitating tumor growth and metastasis. Tumor progression requires the degradation of the basement membrane. The principal components of this structure, namely collagen IV and laminin, are the main targets of both MMP-9 and MT1-MMP. However, they can also exert influence over the expression of these enzymes. Oxidative stress plays an instrumental role in tumor development, functioning as a key inducer of metalloproteinase expression. The present study investigates the distribution of MMP-9 and MT1-MMP within tumor nests and along the basement membrane, comparing these with the distributions of collagen IV, laminin-332, and the antioxidant MnSOD. Biopsies from 12 patients with HNSCC and poor prognostic factors were subjected to immunofluorescence analysis. MMP-9 and MT1-MMP were found to be predominantly present in tumor cells, with a significant decrease in expression from the periphery to the center of tumor nests. Co-localization studies with laminin-332 and collagen IV, revealed substantial overlap, in accordance with the role of MMPs in basal membrane degradation. The cellular expression of laminin-332 associated with MMP-9 expression suggests an intricate relationship between metalloproteinases and their targets. While the previously observed pattern of glutathione-producing enzyme was similar to the metalloproteinases pattern, MnSOD expression was homogeneously distributed within tumor nests. Our findings reveal various distribution patterns of oxidative stress regulators, suggesting a complicated interplay in the development of HNSCC.</p>","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1051-1060"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142876496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paeonol regulates glycolytic metabolism by downregulating BACH1 to ameliorate stemness, angiogenesis, and EMT in SiHa cervical cancer cells.","authors":"Shaoqin Sheng, Jing Xu, Danhong Hu, Weiwei Qian, Xiangqian Xu, Jing He","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-844","DOIUrl":"10.14670/HH-18-844","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As a common reproductive malignancy of the female reproductive system, cervical cancer has increasingly become a public health concern. Paeonol, which is a natural phenolic monomer, has been found to possess substantial anticancer effects in some human cancers. The present study was conceived to explore the role and mechanism of paeonol in cervical cancer. Initially, the cytotoxicity of paeonol on immortalized H8 cervical epithelial cells and the proliferation of SiHa cervical cancer cells with paeonol treatment were detected using the CCK-8 assay. Cell stemness was assessed with the spheroid formation assay while western blot was applied for the measurement of proteins associated with cell stemness. The tube formation assay was used to detect the angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and western blot was used to estimate the expression of EMT- and angiogenesis-related proteins. The extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of cells were appraised via a Seahorse XFe24 Flux Analyzer. Lactate production, glucose consumption, and ATP levels were evaluated with corresponding assay kits. Western blot was applied for the evaluation of GLUT1 and HK2. The mRNA and protein expression of BACH1 before and after transfection were detected using RT-qPCR and western blot. The luciferase reporter assay was used to detect the activities of GLUT1 and HK2 promoters. In this study, we found that paeonol inhibited cell proliferation, cell stemness, EMT progress, angiogenesis, and glycolysis in cervical cancer via downregulating BACH1. In summary, paeonol impeded the progression of cervical cancer by regulating glycolytic metabolism through the inhibition of BACH1.</p>","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1105-1115"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142675689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Betulinic acid isolated from <i>Betula platyphylla</i> induces apoptosis and reduces the mTOR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in endometrial cancer cells.","authors":"Gözde Korkusuz, Ceren Oy, Mücahit Secme, Duygu Gok Yurtseven, Sema Serter Kocoglu","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14670/HH-18-960","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endometrial cancer is one of the most common gynecological cancers worldwide, and an average of 42,000 women die each year. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery are among the treatments available for endometrial cancer. Currently, drugs used for chemotherapy have had limited success in increasing the cure rate. Betulinic acid, a lupane-type triterpene widely found in the plant kingdom, has attracted attention for cancer treatment in recent years due to its ability to inhibit tumor growth and induce cell apoptosis. The aim of this study is to investigate the mTOR pathway-mediated anticancer effects of betulinic acid in human endometrial cancer cells. The effect of betulinic acid on Ishikawa cell viability was determined by the CCK-8 method. Its effect on the expression of genes involved in apoptosis and the mTOR pathway was assessed by real-time PCR. The effect on protein expression in the mTOR pathway was evaluated with immunohistochemistry and western blot, and the effects on apoptosis via Annexin V. Betulinic acid reduced Ishikawa endometrial cancer cell proliferation. Betulinic acid administration caused a significant decrease in Bcl2 (<i>P</i>=0.008) expression and increased caspase-8 (<i>P</i>=0.001) expression in Ishikawa cells. The results of Annexin V supported the idea that betulinic acid administration triggered apoptosis in Ishikawa cells. The mean rate of apoptotic cells in the betulinic acid group was 22±3.23%, while it was 2.31±0.2% in the control group (<i>P</i>=0.02). Betulinic acid caused a significant decrease in the expression of AKT1 (<i>P</i>=0.0001) and a significant increase in the expression of RAPTOR (<i>P</i>=0.00002). Betulinic acid administration also significantly decreased protein expression in the mTOR pathway. The percentage of p-PI3K, p-AKT, and p-mTOR-positive cells in Ishikawa cells was 89.39±5.19%, 74.84%±5.07, and 82.02%±6.14, respectively, in the control group. In the betulinic acid group, these values were 49.12±19.12% (<i>P</i>=0.002), 44.46±7.39% (<i>P</i><0.001), and 53.70±8.94% (<i>P</i><0.001), respectively. This study showed that betulinic acid decreased Ishikawa cell proliferation, triggered apoptosis, and decreased mTOR signaling; thus, betulinic acid may be a potential anticancer agent for the treatment of endometrial cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"18960"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144642447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The methyltransferase KIAA1429 potentiates cervical cancer tumorigenesis via modulating LARP1 mRNA m⁶A modification and stability.","authors":"Xi Feng, Liuping Shu","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-843","DOIUrl":"10.14670/HH-18-843","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common gynecological malignancies in the world and poses a great threat to public health. There is inadequate knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying CC. This study aimed to explore the prognostic value of KIAA1429 (VIRMA, vir-Like m6A methyltransferase associated) in patients with CC and analyze its molecular mechanisms. The level of KIAA1429 in tumor specimens was tested using RT-qPCR and western blotting. Cellular biological processes were assessed using CCK-8 and Transwell assays. Xenograft experiments were used to verify the function of KIAA1429 in CC <i>in vivo</i>. The results manifested that KIAA1429 expression was enhanced in CC. Downregulation of KIAA1429 hindered the viability, migration, and invasion of CC cells. Moreover, LARP1 (La-related protein 1) was uncovered to be positively modulated by KIAA1429. Further, the anti-tumor impacts of KIAA1429 depletion on the phenotype of CC cells were counteracted by LARP1 amplification. Additionally, KIAA1429 deficiency suppressed the stability of LARP1 through methylating LARP1. Collectively, KIAA1429 can boost the tumorigenesis of CC via modifying LARP1 through m6A methylation to promote its stability. This work highlights the promoting effects of KIAA1429 on CC development and presents new targets for its treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1095-1103"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142667647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression and prognostic value of PIM-1 kinase in gliomas.","authors":"Zelin Li, Hu Wang, Guangxiu Wang, Anling Zhang, Chen Wang, Lidong Mo, Zhifan Jia, Xiaoguang Tong","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-845","DOIUrl":"10.14670/HH-18-845","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to explore the correlation of PIM-1 with the clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The MTERF3 mRNA and protein expression levels in tissues were detected by western blot and immunohistochemistry. The expression and survival of PIM-1 in patients with glioma were analysed using the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis database, the Gene Expression Database of Normal and Tumor Tissues 2, and the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas database. The relationship between PIM-1 expression and immune cells and chemokines was analysed using the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource Version 2.0 tool and the Tumor and Immune System Interactions Database. A Kaplan-Meier plot was used to estimate the correlation between PIM-1 expression and the survival of patients with glioma.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The expression of PIM-1 was upregulated in glioma and was positively correlated with tumour grade. The expression of PIM-1 was significantly inhibited on the second day after transfection (<i>p</i><0.05), and the inhibition was most obvious on the sixth day (<i>p</i><0.01). The results of the co-expression pattern of PIM-1 showed that the expression of 5,012 genes was positively correlated with PIM-1, while the expression of 3,651 genes was negatively correlated with PIM-1. Macrophages (<i>p</i><0.001), myeloid dendritic cells (<i>p</i><0.001), NK cells (<i>p</i><0.001), CD4 T cells (<i>p</i><0.001), cancer-associated fibroblasts (<i>p</i><0.001), and neutrophils (<i>p</i><0.001) were positively correlated with the expression of PIM-1 in low-grade glioma.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PIM-1 is overexpressed in glioma and is related to the prognosis of glioblastoma multiforme, and PIM-1 may be a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for glioma.</p>","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1117-1129"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142681759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DNMT1 silencing induces KIR2DL1/2/3 expression via methylation to alleviate graft-<i>versus</i>-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.","authors":"Ping Zhang, Shuling Yu, Miao Zhou, Xiao Yan, Huiling Zhu, Lixia Sheng, Yi Zhang, Shujun Yang, Guifang Ouyang","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-818","DOIUrl":"10.14670/HH-18-818","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural killer (NK) cells are the promoters in graft-<i>versus</i>-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), while demethylation can regulate NK cell function. We explored the mechanism of demethylation regulating NK cell function to affect GVHD after allo-HSCT. BALB/c mice were transfused with C57BL/6 mouse-derived NK and bone marrow cells to establish GVHD models, followed by isolation and <i>in-vitro</i> expansion of NK cells. NK cell purity, cytokine levels, proliferation, and cytokine-producing NK cell levels were measured via flow cytometry. KIR2DL1/2/3 methylation was tested by Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP), with determination of mouse survival and GVHD scores. KIR2DL1/2/3 and DNMT1 expression was detected through qRT-PCR and/or western blot. Methylation levels were upregulated and KIR2DL1/2/3 expression was downregulated in GVHD mouse model-derived NK cells following IL-2 stimulation. DNMT1 silencing promoted KIR2DL1/2/3 expression, proliferation, and the secretion of Granzyme, Perforin, and Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in C57BL/6 mouse-derived NK cells. DNMT1 silencing also enhanced mouse survival, reduced GVHD scores, promoted KIR2DL1/2/3 expression on the NK cell surface, and increased the secretion of Granzyme, Perforin, IFN-γ, and the number of cytokine-producing NK cells in the spleen, liver, and lung tissues of the models. Collectively, DNMT1 silencing induced KIR2DL1/2/3 expression in NK cells through reducing methylation to alleviate GVHD after allo-HSCT.</p>","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1061-1071"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142464135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of new tissue markers for the monitoring and standardization of penile cancer according to the degree of differentiation.","authors":"Carlos Casanova-Martín, Diego Liviu Boaru, Oscar Fraile-Martinez, Cielo Garcia-Montero, Diego De Leon-Oliva, Patricia De Castro-Martinez, Maria José Gimeno-Longas, Julia Bujan, Natalio García-Honduvilla, Luis G Guijarro, Raquel Gragera, Laura Lopez-Gonzalez, Miguel A Saez, Connie Ferrara-Coppola, Víctor Baena-Romero, Raul Diaz-Pedrero, Melchor Alvarez-Mon, María Val Toledo-Lobo, Miguel A Ortega","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-846","DOIUrl":"10.14670/HH-18-846","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Penile cancer is an uncommon disease compared with other urological tumors and is more common in low- and middle-income countries. Risk factors include age, ethnicity, smoking, hygiene, and human papillomavirus infection. Although carcinoma of the penis can be cured in up to 80% of cases if detected early, late diagnosis drastically reduces survival rates, especially in metastatic cases. More than 95% of cases are squamous cell carcinomas, and the degree of cell differentiation is a key histopathological factor, distinguishing between poorly (P), moderately (M), and well-differentiated (W) carcinomas, with verrucous carcinoma (V) having the best prognosis due to its low metastatic capacity. This study analyses the differential expression of several biomarkers related to cell proliferation and cell cycle, inflammation, epigenetics, and autophagy (cell cycle (IRS-4, Ki-67, RB1, CDK4, cyclin D1, ERBB2, β-catenin, and MAGE-A), inflammation (COX2, NLRP3, and AIF-1), epigenetics (HAT-1) and autophagy (ULK-1 and ATG9A) in penile carcinoma according to the degree of differentiation. Immunohistochemical techniques were performed on 34 penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) samples classified into subtype V (N=6), and groups P (N=9), M (N=9), and W (N=10). The findings suggest a differential expression of molecules according to the degree of cell differentiation, with a higher differential expression of molecules according to the degree of cell differentiation, suggesting that the proteins studied could have predictive value. The study highlights the complexity of PSCC and the need for future studies to explore translational applications and search for new biomarkers to improve clinical management and understanding of this disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1013-1039"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142728157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}