Histology and histopathology最新文献

{"title":"Dian sanguis draconis improves pulmonary fibrosis by activating autophagy to regulate the PA/PAI-1 balance.","authors":"Jiayi Song, Qian Li, Chunyan Yang, Qing Liu, Jianmei Li, Yi Fu","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14670/HH-18-886","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a severe lung disease that manifests as lung tissue destruction and collagen deposition and easily leads to respiratory failure. It is difficult to reverse these conditions using current treatment methods. This study focused on the exploration and development of novel drugs for the treatment of PF.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study simulated the pathological process of PF by using a bleomycin (BLM)-induced rat model and a TGF-β1-induced in vitro cell model. Dian sanguis draconis (DSD) was used for intervention, and the effects on the lung tissue structure, collagen fiber deposition, autophagy level and PA/PAI-1 balance were evaluated via pathological tissue staining, western blotting, and ELISA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In untreated PF rats, severely disordered lung tissue, thickened alveolar septa, and excessive deposition of collagen fibers were observed. In addition, the level of autophagy was inhibited, and the balance of PA/PAI-1 in the lung tissue was disrupted. After treatment with DSD, these pathological injuries improved, as demonstrated by the restoration of lung tissue structure, reduction in collagen fiber deposition, recovery of autophagy levels, and remodeling of the PA/PAI-1 balance. In addition, mechanistically, DSD improves PF by increasing the level of autophagy-related proteins and regulating the PA/PAI-1 balance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study confirmed the significant effect of DSD in alleviating PF. These findings provide new drug candidates for the treatment of PF.</p>","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"18886"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143500426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shensiqigui tablets alleviate bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the hedgehog/wnt-β-catenin pathway.","authors":"Rui Ma, Yupeng Xie, Yuan Dong, Fan Yin, Jiong Yang, Fenghua Xu","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14670/HH-18-885","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a refractory disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis. Shensiqigui Tablets (SSQGT), a combination of Codonopsis pilosula, Astragalus, and Angelica, is a traditional Chinese medicine with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Therefore, SSQGT may be a potential therapeutic agent for managing PF. This study aimed to investigate the effects of SSQGT on PF and its potential mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study established a mouse model of PF through a single intratracheal injection of bleomycin (BLM) and used a TGF-β1-induced HFL-1 cell model. The experiment included control, model (BLM/TGF-β1), and treatment groups (pirfenidone, compound Biejiaruangan tablet (BJRGT), low-dose SSQGT, medium-dose SSQGT, and high-dose SSQGT). Histopathological changes and collagen deposition in lung tissues were observed using Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Masson staining. Inflammatory exudation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was assessed using ELISA, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and NO. Oxidative stress markers SOD, GSH, and Malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured using commercial kits. mRNA and protein expression levels in lung tissues and <i>in vitro</i> models, including α-SMA, vimentin, collagen I, caspase-3, TGF-β, and the Hedgehog/Wnt-β-catenin pathway, were evaluated using qRT-PCR and western blot analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SSQGT significantly alleviated BLM-induced weight loss and lung injury in mice and reduced HYP levels and collagen deposition. Additionally, SSQGT improved oxidative stress markers (decreased MDA levels and increased SOD and GSH activity) and mitigated inflammatory responses (reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and NO levels) and (downregulated α-SMA, collagen I, caspase-3, and TGF-β). Further mechanistic analysis showed that SSQGT inhibited the Hedgehog/Wnt-β-catenin pathway.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SSQGT alleviates BLM- or TGF-β1-induced PF by reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting inflammation through the suppression of the Hedgehog/Wnt-β-catenin pathway, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for PF.</p>","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"18885"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143482724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MLH1 and MSH2 expression in endometrial cancer - microscopic and computer assessment of immunohistochemical method.","authors":"Jan Rogaliński, Stanisław Przewoźny, Mateusz de Mezer, Anna Markowska, Janina Markowska, Jakub Żurawski","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14670/HH-18-884","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We aimed to compare MLH1 and MSH2 protein expression and Mismatch repair (MMR) status with clinical data: diagnosis, grading, and staging. Moreover, we wanted to assess any correlation between two immunohistochemical assessments: classic microscopic and computer analysis performed by a calibrated program.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Our studies were conducted on 95 cases of endometrial cancer. For each, we performed H+E staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of two MMR status proteins: MLH1 and MSH2. Two independent researchers assessed IHC on a 0 to ++++ scale. We classified cases as MMR-deficient based on the microscopic assessment of the absence of expression of at least one protein. For computer analysis, we used Olympus cellSens software to measure the positive IHC reaction area in µm² in five fields of vision.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Despite using two different assessment methods, we did not identify any statistically significant relationship between diagnosis, grading, staging, MMR protein expression, and MMR status. However, we found a strong correlation between computer analysis and semi-quantitative microscopic assessment (r=0.59 for MLH1 and r=0.76 for MSH2; <i>p</i><0.001 for both). Furthermore, we revealed that computer measurement of the expression area could be a good objective prediction test for microscopic analysis (<i>p</i><0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We did not find a relationship between MMR status and grading, staging, or diagnosis. However, we present a novel approach to immunohistochemical assessment using computer analysis. It allows us to carry out more objective and accurate studies with the IHC method.</p>","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"18884"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143412837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rosmarinic acid inhibits the proliferation of ovarian carcinoma cells by activating the p53/BAX signaling pathway.","authors":"İlhan Özdemır, Dilek Doğan Baş, Şamil Öztürk, Özge Karaosmanoğlu, Mehmet Cudi Tuncer","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14670/HH-18-883","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>While chemotherapeutic agents stop the development of cancer cells, they also kill healthy cells. This study aimed to increase anticancer effects and reduce side effects by combining a phytotherapeutic compound with a chemotherapeutic drug.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study examined the effects of nine concentrations of rosmarinic acid (RA) and doxorubicin (DOX) on human ovarian adenocarcinoma (OVCAR3) and skin keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell lines. Their cytotoxic effects were assessed based on cell viability, evaluated using the MTT assay, and apoptotic activity, evaluated using NucBlue staining and the gene and protein expression of tumor protein p53 (TP53) and BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator (BAX) quantified by qRT-PCR and western blots, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The half-maximal inhibitory concentration after 48 hours was 880.4 μM for RA and 2.26 μM for DOX. The cytotoxicity analysis revealed that cell viability decreased with the RA concentration. RA increased apoptosis in OVCAR3 cells by activating the p53/BAX pathway. Western blots showed that RA and DOX upregulated p53 and BAX protein levels in OVCAR3 cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The RA and DOX combination inhibited cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis in OVCAR3 cells. These results suggest that RA may reduce the side effects of DOX toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"18883"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143407355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing acute pancreatitis: A novel method combining live cell imaging with tissue damage evaluation.","authors":"Polona Kovačič, Maša Skelin Klemen, Eva Paradiž Leitgeb, Viktória Venglovecz, Lóránd Kiss, Gabriella Mihalekné Fűr, Andraž Stožer, Jurij Dolenšek","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14670/HH-18-882","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a sudden inflammation of the exocrine part of the pancreas, resulting in self-digestion and destruction of exocrine tissue. The intricate relationship between exocrine and endocrine functions is pivotal, as damage to acinar cells can affect endocrine cell function and <i>vice versa</i>. However, our understanding of these interactions remains limited. An effective strategy for investigating pancreatic cells involves the utilization of live <i>in-situ</i> acute mouse pancreas tissue slice preparations, combined with noninvasive fluorescent calcium labeling of endocrine or exocrine cells, and subsequent analysis using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Nevertheless, this approach encounters inherent conflicts with conventional methodologies employed to histologically assess the severity of tissue damage due to AP in the model. Traditional methods involve fixing and staining tissue samples with hematoxylin and eosin, thereby precluding live-cell imaging. In this study, our objective was to introduce an innovative method utilizing a commercial fluorescence Live/Dead assay that enables calcium imaging and tissue damage assessment in the same sample. This approach was validated against the classical histological grading of AP severity, and we found a good correlation between the classical histological grading method and the <i>in-situ</i> approach employing the Live/Dead assay. The primary advantage of our novel approach lies in its capacity to enable timely and efficient live-cell imaging together with damage assessment in the same tissue, thereby enabling the study of functional consequences of structural damage at the cellular level and reducing the number of animals required for experimentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"18882"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143399114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 and concentrative nucleoside transporter 1 in colorectal cancer: What do we know? A systematic review.","authors":"Matthew McKenna, Saranya Linganathan, Amber Li, Fiona Ruge, Jane Lane, Lin Ye, Wen Jiang, Rachel Hargest","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14670/HH-18-881","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major global health challenge despite advances in screening, diagnosis, and treatment. This systematic review examines the roles of Human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1 (hENT1) and Human Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter 1 (hCNT1) in CRC, focusing on their expression, regulation, and impact on chemotherapeutic efficacy, particularly with nucleoside analogues like 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). We conducted a comprehensive literature search following PRISMA guidelines, yielding 29 studies that met our inclusion criteria. The review reveals variable expression of hENT1 and hCNT1 in CRC tissues compared with normal tissues, with implications for treatment response and development of resistance. Increased hENT1 expression is associated with poor outcomes and resistance to 5-FU, suggesting its potential as a biomarker for predicting treatment response. Conversely, hCNT1's role appears more complex, with its expression influencing the efficacy of other chemotherapeutic agents like gemcitabine and capecitabine. The review also highlights the lack of robust, standardised methods for assessing mRNA and protein levels, which complicates the interpretation of data and the establishment of these transporters as reliable clinical markers. Key findings include the potential therapeutic benefits of modulating hENT1 and hCNT1 expression to enhance drug efficacy and overcome resistance. The study underscores the need for further research using standardised and advanced methodologies, such as 3D cell culture assays, to better understand the mechanistic pathways and clinical implications of nucleoside transporter expression in CRC. Future research should aim to clarify the roles of hENT1 and hCNT1 in CRC and chemoresistance to develop targeted therapies and improve patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"18881"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143364387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GATA4 is diagnostically useful for distinguishing primary ovarian mucinous carcinomas from metastatic colorectal adenocarcinomas to the ovary.","authors":"Kunio Mochizuki, Ippei Tahara, Tomohiro Inoue, Kazunari Kasai, Tetsuo Kondo","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-783","DOIUrl":"10.14670/HH-18-783","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Determining the primary origin of an ovarian mucin-producing carcinoma can be challenging at times because some metastases of primary colorectal origin may exhibit gross, microscopic, and/or immunohistochemical features that overlap with those of primary ovarian mucinous carcinomas (OMCs). We hypothesized that GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4) might be a novel, useful marker for differentiating primary OMCs from metastatic colorectal adenocarcinomas to the ovary.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>For comparison with the usefulness of other markers (special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (SATB2) and caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2)), we elucidated the expression profiles of GATA4 in OMCs, colorectal non-mucinous adenocarcinomas (CNMACs), and colorectal mucinous adenocarcinomas (CMACs) using immunohistochemistry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We confirmed GATA4 expression (H-score ≥50 points) in 93%, SATB2 in 0%, and CDX2 in 64% of 14 OMCs. GATA4 was expressed in 13%, SATB2 in 90%, and CDX2 in 93% of 30 CNMACs. GATA4 was expressed in 20%, SATB2 in 73%, and CDX2 in 100% of 30 CMACs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The expression of GATA4 in a mucus-producing ovarian tumor strongly supports it being a primary OMC rather than a metastatic colorectal carcinoma: GATA4 expression indicates OMC and SATB2 expression indicates colorectal adenocarcinoma. However, three cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma were GATA4-positive and SATB2-negative, so the GATA4/SATB2 marker combination is not absolute for determining the primary site. Further research for more markers is necessary to find the ideal combination.</p>","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"183-189"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141554645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aromadendrin alleviates LPS-induced kidney apoptosis and inflammation by inhibiting phosphorylation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.","authors":"Xiaohong Ma, Wenhua Liu, Bin Wang, Feizhuang Shi","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-770","DOIUrl":"10.14670/HH-18-770","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Excessive inflammation and apoptosis in kidneys are critical players in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI). Aromadendrin is a natural flavonoid characterized by anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant actions. Thus, we investigated the roles and mechanisms of aromadendrin in the development of AKI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce AKI mice, and one hour after LPS challenge, the mice received oral administration of aromadendrin or vehicle. Renal functions were assessed by measuring blood urea nitrogen and creatinine in serum. Histological changes were determined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Apoptotic cells of renal tissues were detected by TUNEL staining. Gene expression was measured by western blotting and RT-qPCR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Aromadendrin alleviated LPS-induced renal dysfunctions and histological defects in mice. Additionally, aromadendrin suppressed excessive inflammation and tissue apoptosis in the kidneys of LPS-induced AKI mice. Mechanistically, aromadendrin blocked the activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways in LPS-induced AKI mice.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Aromadendrin alleviates LPS-stimulated inflammation and tissue cell apoptosis in kidneys by inactivating the NF-κB and MAPK pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"249-258"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141317011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lymph node or lymphoid aggregate? Impact on cancer resection quality, clinical prognosis, and tumor staging.","authors":"Andreas Gocht, Christian Watermann, Madelaine Melzer, Udo Schumacher","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-760","DOIUrl":"10.14670/HH-18-760","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The clinical outcome of most cancer patients depends on the stage of the primary tumor, the lymph node status, and if distant metastases are present. According to the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), the Tumor Node Metastasis (TNM) classification of malignant tumors requires the examination of a minimum number of regional lymph nodes for each type of cancer to fulfill the criteria of high-quality surgical oncology. Due to the daily challenge of collecting an appropriate number of lymph nodes and time constraints when processing and assessing tissue samples, pathologists may be tempted to identify every histological lymphoid structure mimicking a lymph node as a \"true\" lymph node. Faced with this issue, we propose to resolve it by specifying histological characteristics to differentiate lymphoid aggregates from \"true\" lymph nodes. To find a minimum consensus, we suggest defining as lymph nodes only those lymphoid structures composed of lymphoid cells encapsulated by a complete or incomplete fibrous capsule.</p>","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"133-146"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141175311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential expression of HIF-1α and its hypoxia-related inducers in the spleens of plateau yaks and plain yellow cattle.","authors":"Manlin Zhou, Shihui Dong, Jun Wang, Xuehui Luo, Rui Li, Yiyang Zhang, Haie Ding, Xiao Tan, Zilin Qiao, Kun Yang, Weiji Chen","doi":"10.14670/HH-18-768","DOIUrl":"10.14670/HH-18-768","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study aims to investigate the distribution and expression characteristics of HIF-1α, VEGF, VEGFR-2, VCAM-1, and IL-4 in the spleen of plateau yaks and plain yellow cattle and to speculate the possible regulatory role of HIF-1α and its related hypoxia-inducible factors in the adaptation of the yak spleen to the plateau hypoxic environment. Histological features were observed using H&amp;E and PAS stains. Immunohistochemical staining and optical density analysis were applied to investigate the distribution and differences in the expression of HIF-1α, VEGF, VEGFR-2, VCAM-1, and IL-4 in the spleen of yaks and cattle. The results showed that the area of splenic trabeculae and splenic nodules was significantly larger in the yak than in yellow cattle (<i>P</i><0.05). Glycogen was mainly distributed in splenic arterial endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, splenic blood sinusoidal endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, and the distribution was significantly higher in the spleen of yaks than in cattle (<i>P</i><0.05). HIF-1α, VEGF, VEGFR-2, VCAM-1, and IL-4 were mainly expressed in lymphocytes, arterial endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, splenic blood sinusoidal endothelial cells, and fibroblast cytoplasm, with higher expression in yak spleen (<i>P</i><0.05). In conclusion, combining the differences in spleen tissue structure, glycogen distribution, and expression distribution of several hypoxia-related factors between yaks and cattle, we suggest that HIF-1α, VEGF, VEGFR-2, VCAM-1, and IL-4 may be important factors in the adaptation of yak spleen to the plateau environment, which provides a theoretical basis for further exploring the adaptation mechanism of plateau hypoxia in yaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":13164,"journal":{"name":"Histology and histopathology","volume":" ","pages":"225-235"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141305848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}