Heritage Science最新文献

{"title":"Research on the historical spatial characteristics and conservation strategies of colonial cities in Asia and Africa: a case study of 21 typical cities","authors":"Wei Wei, Liyang Liu, Zhaosong Niu, Sufang Qiao","doi":"10.1186/s40494-024-01392-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01392-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Colonial cities in Asia and Africa, developed under the dual influence of native and sovereign cultures during the colonial era, exhibit unique urban morphological characteristics and reflect the planning ideologies of diverse cultures. Thus, the morphological study of colonial cities in Asia and Africa is crucial for understanding and identifying the historical and cultural value of these cities, which in turn enables the formulation of precise conservation strategies. In light of this, the study develops an urban morphological analysis methodology comprising \"Colonial Background Analysis—Morphological Characteristics Analysis—Driving Factor Extraction\" based on the Conzenian Approach, which is used to examine the morphology of 21 typical colonial cities in Asia and Africa across various colonial periods. As a result, \"Dual-City\" emerges as the core spatial characteristic of colonial cities in Asia and Africa, reflecting the morphological differences in road layouts, urban fabric, and urban cores between native and European zones. Additionally, as native settlement sizes, social structures, and cultural identities differ between cities, three major spatial patterns of the \"Dual-City\" model can be identified: separated, mediated, and integrated spatial patterns, resulting from the varied planning approaches applied by colonizers. Furthermore, suggestions for the conservation of colonial heritage are proposed based on the driving factors analysis from the morphological study.</p>","PeriodicalId":13109,"journal":{"name":"Heritage Science","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141880485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined studies on glazed ceramic bodies from the Middle and Neo-Elamite periods (1500–539 BCE)","authors":"Ali Aarab, Laurent Cormier, Bahman Firoozmandi, Martine Gérard","doi":"10.1186/s40494-024-01375-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01375-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Elamites have assigned specialized names for different types of ceramics, signaling a specialized approach to ceramic production during the Middle and Neo-Elamite periods. They were pioneers in the use of glazed ceramics on the Iranian Plateau. This investigation focuses on the examination of 29 samples of glazed ceramic bodies originating from the Middle-Elamite (~ 1500–1100 BCE) and Neo-Elamite periods (~ 1100–539 BCE). The objective of this analysis, centered on the earliest instances of glazed ceramic bodies in Iran, is to obtain a comparative examination of the ceramic bodies. Such an approach can be useful for understanding the diverse production techniques used by Elamites in the Middle-Elamite and Neo-Elamite periods. To achieve this purpose, X-ray diffraction and petrography was used to determine the mineralogical characteristics of the ceramic bodies. Further insight into the chemical analysis of the samples was obtained through Electron Probe Micro-Analysis. The experimental data allowed the classification of the samples into four distinct groups. Particularly noteworthy in this categorization is the diversity observed in the Neo-Elamite samples. This diversity of Neo-Elamite ceramic bodies can be attributed to two primary factors. Firstly, the Neo-Elamite period witnessed a more varied array of techniques for producing glazed ceramic bodies compared to the Middle-Elamite period. Unlike the Middle-Elamite glazed ceramics, which were solely utilized for architectural decoration (glazed bricks) and were locally produced, the Neo-Elamite period marked the first instance of glazed ceramic vessels being used in the southwest of Iranian plateau, leading to a higher technological diversity. Secondly, the frequency of trade and importation of glazed ceramics from other regions to the southwest of Iran was notably higher during the Neo-Elamite period compared to the Middle-Elamite one. A notable distinction emerges in the Middle-Elam period, where exclusively quartz-based ceramic bodies were referenced, setting it apart from other sample types.</p>","PeriodicalId":13109,"journal":{"name":"Heritage Science","volume":"2021 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141886712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal changes and driving factors of ecosystem services between karst and non-karst World Heritage sites in Southwest China","authors":"Yue Chen, Li Rong, Kangning Xiong, Mingjun Feng, Cai Cheng","doi":"10.1186/s40494-024-01394-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01394-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the spatiotemporal variation and drivers of ecosystem services is fundamental to optimal management and sustainable development of World Heritage (WH) sites. Although WH sites face multiple natural and anthropogenic threats, our understanding of their ecosystem services is still limited, especially for karst WH sites. In this study, we assessed habitat quality (HQ), carbon storage (CS), soil retention (SR), water conservation (WC), and the combined ecosystem service (CES) of karst and non-karst WH sites in Southwest China from 2000 to 2020 using the InVEST model. We also assessed trade-offs/synergies among ecosystem services using the spatial overlay method, and identified driving factors of variation in ecosystem services using geographical detector and structural equation models. The results showed that ecosystem services of the WH sites exhibited high spatiotemporal variation. In particular, there were higher values in the property zone than in the buffer zone, and an increasing trend in SR but a decreasing trend in HQ and CES over time. Compared to non-karst sites, karst WH sites had significantly lower values of HQ, CS, SR, and CES, but higher spatial heterogeneity in CS, WC, and CES. Weak trade-offs among ecosystem services dominated the WH sites, with the proportion of weak synergies increasing over time. Compared to non-karst sites, karst WH sites had a significantly lower proportion of strong synergies and a significantly higher proportion of weak synergies. The provision of ecosystem services was primarily influenced by natural factors (e.g., landscape division index and normalized difference vegetation index), followed by anthropogenic factors (e.g., distance from road and population density). Overall, these findings may have important implications for decision-making aimed at protecting the outstanding universal value, authenticity, and integrity of WH with different attributes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13109,"journal":{"name":"Heritage Science","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141886711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A valid and reliable explanatory model of learning processes in heritage education","authors":"Olaia Fontal, Víctor B. Arias, Benito Arias","doi":"10.1186/s40494-024-01372-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01372-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>The main challenge in heritage education is to identify the verbs—and their hierarchical relations—that explain heritage learning as based on empirical evidence. The Heritage Learning Sequence (HLS) selects seven verbs (Knowing-Understanding-Respecting-Valuing-Caring-Enjoying-Transmitting) on the basis of (a) theoretical studies, (b) analyses of international standards, and (c) evaluation of heritage education programs. The study has the following objectives: (a) to clarify the heritage learning process; (b) to test a theoretical model that groups the verbs that make up the Heritage Learning Sequence (HLS), as well as the relationships between them; (c) to identify possible sub-models that explain the different heritage learning itineraries.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>The Q-Herilearn scale (previously calibrated using SEM and IRT models) was administered to <span>(N = 1454)</span> individuals, focusing on seven factors (corresponding to each HLS verb) that measure heritage learning. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used as a general analytical strategy.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Findings</h3><p>The results obtained provided sufficient guarantees to validate the HLS and showed the adequate explanatory and predictive power and general fit of the proposed model (Heritage Learning Model); all twelve hypothesized direct influence relations between the main verbs that define heritage learning were confirmed. The statistical significance values suggested the existence of other internal subsequences that could be explored in further studies.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Contribution</h3><p>Learning modeling provides a key structural framework for (a) the design of effective, efficient, and comprehensive tools to measure heritage learning and (b) their operationalization in heritage education designs.</p>","PeriodicalId":13109,"journal":{"name":"Heritage Science","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141886713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The biological contribution to the weathering of limestone monuments in a vegetated urban area: results of a 5-year exposure","authors":"Paloma Reboah, Aurélie Verney-Carron, Samir Abbad Andaloussi, Vanessa Alphonse, Olivier Lauret, Sophie Nowak, Anne Chabas, Mandana Saheb, Clarisse Balland-Bolou-Bi","doi":"10.1186/s40494-024-01388-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01388-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biological activity, climate and pollution are responsible for the degradation of building stones, especially limestone, which is widely used in the Paris region. In order to determine the respective contribution of physicochemical and biological processes to the degradation of limestone, limestone specimens from the Père-Lachaise cemetery (Paris, France) were exposed for five years under different conditions: sheltered from or exposed to rain and in horizontal or vertical position. After exposure, the collected samples were characterized by light and electron microscopy, X-Ray diffraction and ion chromatography after elution. The results showed an intense biocolonization of the samples exposed to rain, while the sheltered samples were more affected by the pollution (soiling). The characterization of the bacterial and fungal communities using Next Generation Sequencing Illumina 16S for bacteria and ITS for fungi highlighted that five main bacterial phyla were identified: Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidota, Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria and Deinococcota (major genera <i>Flavobacterium</i>, <i>Methylobacterium</i>-<i>Methylobacter</i>, <i>Sphingomonas</i>, <i>Roseomonas</i> and <i>Nocardiodes</i>). Among the fungi, the phylum Ascomycota was predominant with the genera <i>Cladosporium</i>, <i>Ramularia</i>, <i>Aureobasidium</i> and <i>Lecania</i>. However, the alteration of the limestone is difficult to quantify at this stage. Potassium nitrate of rain origin has been found in the sheltered area, but no gypsum. Therefore, the biocolonization is a fast phenomenon on the stone and the physico-chemical processes derived from it, caused by climate and pollution, are slower. This is in agreement with the long-term observations made on old and unrestored graves of the cemetery described in the literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":13109,"journal":{"name":"Heritage Science","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141870219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the construction of intangible cultural heritage corridors in the Yellow River Basin based on geographic information system (GIS) technology and the minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model","authors":"Xiaobin Li, Rong Zhu, Chengyong Shi, Xueke Yang, Jizhou Chen, Kexin Wei","doi":"10.1186/s40494-024-01387-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01387-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Objectively and accurately identifying the spatial structure and protection scope of intangible cultural heritage and constructing intangible cultural heritage corridors are crucial for the comprehensive systematic protection of intangible cultural heritage and the synergistic development of the region. However, the current research on intangible cultural heritage is limited to the protection and development of intangible cultural heritage in specific locations or specific areas. Thus, systematic and holistic research perspectives are relatively limited. Therefore, this study employs geographic information system spatial analysis and the minimum cumulative resistance model to construct an intangible cultural heritage corridor in the Yellow River Basin. This study aims to establish a systematic protection method and framework for intangible cultural heritage. The results show the following: (1) The intangible cultural heritage in the Yellow River Basin has a large-scale centralized distribution and small-scale scattered distribution, which provides an important spatial basis for the construction of intangible cultural heritage corridors. (2) Overall, intangible cultural heritage corridors can be more effectively constructed in the eastern region of the Yellow River Basin than in the western region, with 84.6% of the area being suitable and 15.4% being unsuitable. (3) Based on the suitability analysis, the \"18 + N\" corridor system of intangible cultural heritage in the Yellow River Basin, distributed across the eastern, central and southern regions, is constructed. The major corridor has a suitable width of 60–100 km, a total length of 11,935 km, and an area of 625,976 km²–919,942 km², and can connect 634–711 intangible cultural heritage sites in series. On this basis, this study proposes a multilevel construction system for intangible cultural heritage corridors in the Yellow River Basin that integrates the \"network structure–spatial scope\" and \"element–axis–region\" levels. This approach culminates in a pattern of intangible cultural heritage protection and development in the Yellow River Basin characterized by \"connecting points into lines, distributing in groups, and linking regions.\" This study reveals that combining geographic information system spatial analysis tools with a minimum cumulative resistance model effectively identifies potential heritage corridor networks and clarifies the hierarchical relationships of heritage element protection in the study area. This approach provides a reference model for the comprehensive protection and systematic development of intangible cultural heritage in the Yellow River Basin. Furthermore, the effectiveness and universality of this framework make it applicable to the protection and development of other similar international heritage areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":13109,"journal":{"name":"Heritage Science","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141870220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An experimental investigation on the damage mechanisms of red glutenite in the Mount Wuyi cultural and natural heritage site subject to acid rain and wet-dry cycles: a macro-to-micro approach","authors":"Qi Dong, Xiang Sun, Jianlong Sheng, Nengzhong Lei","doi":"10.1186/s40494-024-01393-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01393-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The safety of rock landscapes in Mount Wuyi is significantly impacted by acid rain and wet-dry cycles. In this paper, the decay characteristics of the physical–mechanical properties of red glutenite were investigated under acidic wet-dry cycles. A systematic approach, including cold field emission scanning electron microscopy (CFE-SEM), image processing techniques, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), was proposed to investigate the damage mechanism of red glutenite under acidic wet-dry cycles. The results indicate that with increasing solution acidity and wet-dry cycles, dry density (DD), longitudinal wave velocity (LWV), uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), and elastic modulus (EM) of red glutenite significantly decrease. Under different acidic conditions, DD, LWV, and UCS exhibit exponential decay with wet-dry cycles, while EM exhibits linear decay. A regression fitting was employed to establish a prediction model for UCS, which exhibited a better capability in predicting the correlation between UCS, pH, and the number of wet-dry cycles. Microscopic comprehensive analysis reveals that the interaction between rock dissolution and desiccation is the primary factor leading to changes in the microstructure and mineral composition of red glutenite, culminating in the decay of its physical–mechanical properties. This study holds significant guidance implications for the preservation of cultural and natural heritage in Mount Wuyi.</p>","PeriodicalId":13109,"journal":{"name":"Heritage Science","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141870222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sialkoti paper used by Pahari artists: raw materials and fibre analysis","authors":"Amélie Couvrat Desvergnes, Agnieszka Helman-Ważny","doi":"10.1186/s40494-024-01360-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01360-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aims to characterise the so-called Sialkoti paper used to produce Pahari drawings preserved today in the Wereldmuseum in Leiden (Netherlands) (WML). These works originate from the Punjab Hills in India (today Himachal Pradesh) and are commonly known as ‘Pahari miniature paintings’. The paper upon which these drawings are executed is said to have been produced in Sialkot during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when papermaking was an integral part of an overall regional economy correlated with other sectors such as agriculture and the textile industry. Although the term Sialkoti refers to identified papermills in Sialkot (now Pakistan), the paper from this region is yet to be subjected to a systematic study. This article therefore explores the paper(s) in question through macro- and microscopic observations of structure, pulp and fibres. The study of historical sources, complemented by the analysis of paper samples and fibre identification, has revealed that the pulp would have been prepared from a variety of manufactured products using different technologies, such as rags, cloth, mats, rope and other plant-based materials made from local bast fibres which, once tattered, were recycled to prepare the pulp. Microscopic study reveals that a variety of fibre combinations under different conditions and processing steps were used, in particular sunn hemp fibre (<i>Crotalaria juncea L.),</i> a plant species that has until now rarely been identified in historical paper. In addition, the presence of kenaf and jute fibres, as well as a significant quantity of cotton fibres, have also been demonstrated. To overcome the lack of comparative materials, our work was supported by a comparative study of several materials made from sunn hemp now held in the Ethnobotany Collection at Kew Gardens. Samples were taken from these materials and provided useful reference micrographs for the identification of the WML samples. The quality of the paper used by Pahari artists, as well as the raw materials available and their processing, are discussed in detail. Putting all the data, including technical and historical information into perspective, we conclude that the Pahari artists used a paper of inferior quality compared to other types of paper used for other purposes such as the creation of illuminated manuscripts in the Punjab plains. This study therefore provides useful analytical and material evidence that complements previous historical, technical and anthropological studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13109,"journal":{"name":"Heritage Science","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141870221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ancient paintings inpainting based on dual encoders and contextual information","authors":"Zengguo Sun, Yanyan Lei, Xiaojun Wu","doi":"10.1186/s40494-024-01391-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01391-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Deep learning-based inpainting models have achieved success in restoring natural images, yet their application to ancient paintings encounters challenges due to the loss of texture, lines, and color. To address these issues, we introduce an ancient painting inpainting model based on dual encoders and contextual information to overcome the lack of feature extraction and detail texture recovery when restoring ancient paintings. Specifically, the proposed model employs a gated encoding branch that aims to minimize information loss and effectively capture semantic information from ancient paintings. A dense multi-scale feature fusion module is designed to extract texture and detail information at various scales, while dilated depthwise separable convolutions are utilized to reduce parameters and enhance computational efficiency. Furthermore, a contextual feature aggregation module is incorporated to extract contextual features, enhancing the overall consistency of the inpainting results. Finally, a color loss function is introduced to ensure color consistency in the restored area, harmonizing it with the surrounding region. The experimental results indicate that the proposed model effectively restores the texture details of ancient paintings, outperforming other methods both qualitatively and quantitatively. Additionally, the model is tested on real damaged ancient paintings to validate its practicality and efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":13109,"journal":{"name":"Heritage Science","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141870218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the effect of relative humidity on micro lime consolidation of degraded earthen structures","authors":"Renjian Zeng, Gesa Schwantes","doi":"10.1186/s40494-024-01361-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01361-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Micro lime, hydrated lime (Ca (OH)₂) with particle sizes of 1-3μ dispersed in isopropanol, can be used to reinforce deteriorated earthen structures. The consolidation effect depends on the amount of moisture present in the structure or in the ambient air. This study investigates the influence of different levels of relative humidity (RH) on the consolidation effect of micro lime on earthen structures, the chemical processes responsible for the consolidation and the physical changes to the structure. The aim is to gain a deeper understanding of the underlying chemical reactions and to identify a potential limit to the applicability of this consolidation method in low RH environments. The fact that many of these sites are located in arid climates greatly influences the practical application of micro lime in the conservation of historical earthen structures. To characterize the consolidation effect of micro lime, unconfined compressive strength and exposure to wet and dry cycles were used. The properties of the reaction products and the bonding between soil particles and micro lime were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). At RH levels of 25%, 45%, 65% and 90%, the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and the modulus of deformation at 50% strength (E₅₀) of the micro lime-reinforced specimens demonstrated an increase with humidity. This led to a significant improvement in their ability to resist the effects of dry–wet cycles. Results from thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicate that micro lime interacts with the soil matrix via carbonation, with the reaction rate increasing with humidity. At 25% RH, vaterite was produced and residual free lime was observed, whereas at humidity levels of 45% and above, the reaction yielded vaterite and aragonite. The lime treatment did not significantly alter the pore structure of the soil specimens. The total porosity of the specimens was only slightly reduced, with the main effect of the lime treatment being a reduction in the number of large pores.</p>","PeriodicalId":13109,"journal":{"name":"Heritage Science","volume":"214 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141873270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}