IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology最新文献

{"title":"A Privacy-Preserving Framework for Cloud-Based HVAC Control","authors":"Zhenan Feng;Ehsan Nekouei","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2024.3487019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2024.3487019","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this work is: 1) to develop an encrypted cloud-based heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) control framework to ensure the privacy of occupancy information; 2) to reduce the communication and computation costs of encrypted HVAC control; and 3) to reduce the leakage of private information via the triggering time instances in event-based encrypted HVAC control systems. Occupancy of a building is sensitive and private information that can be accurately inferred by cloud-based HVAC controllers using HVAC sensor measurements. To ensure the privacy of the occupancy information, in our framework, the sensor measurements of an HVAC system are encrypted by a fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) technique prior to communication with the cloud controller. We first develop an encrypted fast gradient algorithm that allows the cloud controller to regulate the indoor temperature and CO2 of a building by solving two model predictive control (MPC) problems using encrypted HVAC sensor measurements. We next develop an event-triggered control policy to reduce the communication and computation costs of the encrypted HVAC control. We cast the optimal design of the event-triggering policy as an optimal control problem wherein the objective is to minimize a linear combination of the control and communication costs. Using Bellman’s optimality principle, we study the structural properties of the optimal event-triggering policy and show that the optimal triggering policy is a function of the current state, the last communicated state with the cloud, and the time since the last communication with the cloud. We also show that the optimal design of the event-triggering policy can be transformed into a Markov decision process (MDP) by introducing two new states. As the triggering time instances are not encrypted, there is a risk that the cloud may use them to deduce sensitive information. To mitigate this risk, we introduce two randomized triggering strategies that reduce the leakage of private information via the triggering time instances. We finally study the performance of the developed encrypted HVAC control framework using the TRNSYS simulator. Our numerical results show that the proposed framework not only ensures efficient control of the indoor temperature and CO2 but also reduces the computation and communication costs of encrypted HVAC control by at least 60%.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 2","pages":"643-657"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143489058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting the Optimal PMU Placement Problem in Multimachine Power Networks","authors":"Mohamad H. Kazma;Ahmad F. Taha","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2024.3487029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2024.3487029","url":null,"abstract":"To provide real-time visibility of physics-based states, phasor measurement units (PMUs) are deployed throughout power networks. PMU data enable real-time grid monitoring and control—and are essential in transitioning to smarter grids. Various considerations are taken into account when determining the geographic, optimal PMU placements (OPPs). This article focuses on the control-theoretic, observability aspect of OPP. A myriad of studies have investigated observability-based formulations to determine the OPP within a transmission network. However, they have mostly adopted a simplified representation of system dynamics, ignored basic algebraic equations that model power flows, disregarded renewables such as solar and wind, and did not model their uncertainty. Consequently, this article revisits the observability-based OPP problem by addressing the literature’s limitations. A nonlinear differential algebraic (NDAE) representation of the power system is considered. The system is discretized using various discretization approaches while explicitly accounting for uncertainty. A moving horizon estimation (MHE) approach is explored to reconstruct the joint differential and algebraic initial states of the system, as a gateway to the OPP problem, which is then formulated as a computationally tractable integer program (IP). Comprehensive numerical simulations on standard power networks are conducted to validate different aspects of this approach and test its robustness to various dynamical conditions.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 2","pages":"493-511"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10745884","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143489090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incentive Design of Shared ESS Energy Trading Game","authors":"Jaeyeon Jo;Jihwan Yu;Jinkyoo Park","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2024.3483440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2024.3483440","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduces a hierarchical interaction model between a shared energy storage system (ESS) operator and self-interested ESS users, referred to as the shared ESS energy trading game (EET game). In the EET game, the ESS operator sets time-varying energy selling and buying prices to regulate energy trading among ESS users. Meanwhile, the ESS users make decisions regarding their energy selling (charging energy to the shared ESS) and buying (discharging energy from the shared ESS) schedules. We model the EET game as a generalized Stackelberg game (GSG) and define a generalized Stackelberg equilibrium (GSE) to identify the optimal strategies for both the ESS operator and ESS users. Within the EET game, we prove the existence of a variational Stackelberg equilibrium (VSE), which is a GSE. To compute this equilibrium, we utilize a gradient-based algorithm that incorporates an implicit gradient. Finally, we validate our model by simulation studies using residential households’ energy demand data and show the effectiveness of our approach in reducing both total energy cost (EC) and the peak-to-average ratio (PAR).","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 1","pages":"408-415"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142912566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Passivity-Based Control Approach for Photovoltaic DC-DC Conversion and Output Voltage Regulation","authors":"Hayden Phillips-Brenes;Mauricio Muñoz-Arias;Roberto Pereira-Arroyo;Luis Miguel Esquivel-Sancho;Renato Rimolo-Donadio","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2024.3483094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2024.3483094","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces a novel control approach for tackling the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and output voltage regulation (VR) in photovoltaic (PV) cell systems. Leveraging the port-Hamiltonian (pH) formalism, an energy-based framework known for its physically multidomain modeling and control methodologies, our proposed control law offers promising solutions. Our control design is rooted in an interconnection damping assignment passivity-based strategy, incorporating temperature dependencies of the internal PV cell parameters. To validate the efficacy of our approach, we modeled, implemented, and calibrated a prototype system comprising a PV cell, a dc–dc buck converter, and a dc–dc boost converter that feeds a battery load. The entire setup is designed within the pH framework, ensuring a cohesive integration of energy-based control. To highlight our energy-based strategy’s reliability and performance, we evaluated it against a commercial solar charger under real solar irradiance conditions. Our experimental findings unequivocally demonstrate that the control mechanism employed by the commercial solar charger demands a significantly higher amount of energy and exhibits a premature collapse at lower power levels when compared to our proposed system and control strategy.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 2","pages":"479-492"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143489088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computationally Efficient Control for Cooperative Optical Beam Tracking With Guaranteed Finite-Time Convergence","authors":"Pratap Bhanu Solanki;Shaunak D. Bopardikar;Xiaobo Tan","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2024.3478476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2024.3478476","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving and maintaining line-of-sight (LOS) is an essential attribute for free-space optical (FSO) communication systems as the optical signals are highly directional. We consider the problem of achieving LOS between two agents in a planar setting. We model the underlying agent motion as a discrete-time dynamical system. Each agent seeks to maximize its own output (measurement) function that depends on the states (orientations) of both agents, and furthermore, the agents are required to simultaneously make their moves. Since the output functions are nonconflicting, the beam tracking problem is inherently cooperative; improving one output function concurrently optimizes the other. Nonetheless, challenges arise from the lack of communication between the agents, the absence of state information, and the requirement for simultaneous actions. We propose a novel computationally efficient output feedback control algorithm meeting all these constraints. In particular, we establish that when the level sets of the output functions satisfy certain conditions, the proposed control procedure guarantees that, in a finite number of steps, the system reaches a limiting set that contains the global optimum. The size of this limiting set is proportional to the step size. Simulation results based on an FSO communication setup demonstrate the efficacy of the approach and establish its superiority over two competing approaches, namely the classical extremum seeking control approach and an approach based on the use of an extended Kalman filter, in terms of convergence speed and robustness to disturbance. Experimental results on a setup involving two robots further validate the efficacy and quantify the proposed approach’s performance.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 1","pages":"245-260"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142905849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model Predictive Control for Lane Merging Automation With Recursive Feasibility Guarantees and Its Experimental Validation","authors":"M. E. Geurts;A. Katriniok;E. Silvas;N. J. Brouwer;W. P. M. H. Heemels","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2024.3485306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2024.3485306","url":null,"abstract":"To improve on road safety when autonomous vehicles (AVs) are introduced for highway or urban driving, in this article, we design an automated merging algorithm for an AV into a mixed-traffic flow scenario (i.e., traffic including autonomous and manually driven vehicles). In particular, we propose a novel model predictive control (MPC)-based solution to perform a merging procedure from a double lane into a single lane and continue with (adaptive) cruise control [(A)CC] functionality after the merge in one integrated algorithm. The proposed MPC balances fast progress along the path with comfort, while obeying a state-dependent safety distance and velocity bounds. Recursive feasibility, leading to safety and proper behavior (i.e., rigorously satisfying constraints), is guaranteed by the design of proper terminal sets, extending existing terminal sets in the literature. The resulting MPC problem is a mixed-integer quadratic program (MIQP) problem, which can be solved for global optimality. Through numerical simulations and experimental validation of the algorithm with multibrand cars, we demonstrate desirable behavior and verify the effectiveness of the proposed MPC merging scheme.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 2","pages":"566-581"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143489061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of the Photovoltaic Module Dynamic Model via Dynamic Regressor Extension and Mixing","authors":"Alexey Bobtsov;Fernando Mancilla-David;Stanislav Aranovskiy;Romeo Ortega","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2024.3483438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2024.3483438","url":null,"abstract":"This brief deals with the problem of online parameter identification of the parameters of the dynamic model of a photovoltaic (PV) array connected to a power system through a power converter. It has been shown in the literature that when interacting with switching power converters, the dynamic model is able to better account for the PV array operation compared to the classical five-parameter static model of the array. While there are many results of identification of the parameters of the latter model, to the best of our knowledge, no one has provided a solution for the aforementioned more complex dynamic model since it concerns the parameter estimation of a nonlinear, underexcited system with unmeasurable state variables. Achieving such an objective is the main contribution of this brief. We propose a new parameterization of the dynamic model, which, combined with the powerful identification technique of dynamic regressor extension and mixing (DREM), ensures a fast and accurate online estimation of the unknown parameters. Realistic numerical examples via computer simulations are presented to assess the performance of the proposed approach—even being able to track the parameter variations when the system changes operating point.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 2","pages":"799-806"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143489089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fast Sparse Dynamic Matrix Estimation Method With Differential Information for Industrial Process Monitoring","authors":"Mingliang Cui;Xin Ma;Youqing Wang;Jipeng Guo;Tongze Hou","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2024.3483431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2024.3483431","url":null,"abstract":"With increasing complexity of industrial processes, a number of variables are becoming increasingly large in modeling and monitoring steps, which is particularly prominent in dynamic processes. To address the issue of information redundancy in dynamic processes, this study proposes a sparse dynamic matrix estimation method (SDMEM) based on joint sparse constraints, which can effectively remove the irrelevant process variables and implement a more flexible structure for a dynamic process. Accordingly, the problem that dynamic features are difficult to extract owing to the high sampling rate is effectively solved by introducing differential information. Furthermore, a fast iterative optimization algorithm is designed for the proposed SDMEM with differential information (SDMEM-DI). A theoretical analysis shows the superiority of the proposed optimization algorithm in reducing computational complexity. Finally, experiments are conducted on a numerical example, a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), and a catalytic cracking unit data of a refining and chemical plant, and the results show the effectiveness of the proposed SDMEM-DI.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 2","pages":"512-525"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143489087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Event-Triggered Protocol-Based Control for Cyber–Physical Systems Vulnerable to Dual-Channel DoS Attacks","authors":"Xiaohang Li;Zhaoyang Tian;Dunke Lu","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2024.3477936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2024.3477936","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a dynamic event-triggered protocol (ETP)-based controller for a quadruple-tank model to defend against dual-channel denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. Such an attack may inflict serious damage on two communication channels: the sampler-to-controller (STC) and controller-to-actuator (CTA) channels. To reduce bandwidth occupation and energy consumption, a dynamic ETP (DETP) is introduced in the control scheme, which shows resilience against dual-channel attacks. Based on the proposed protocol, a resilient controller with three formulations in view of the occurrences of attacks is codesigned by using triggered data to mitigate the dual-channel DoS attacks and ensure good response characteristics. The designed controller can be proven to make the resultant closed-loop system robustly and asymptotically stable, respectively, by using a piecewise Lyapunov functional method. Simulation results have verified the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 1","pages":"369-383"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142912527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Accuracy of Finite-Dimensional Models for Lithium-Ion Batteries, Observer Design, and Experimental Validation","authors":"Mira Khalil;Romain Postoyan;Stéphane Raël","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2024.3473769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2024.3473769","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate estimation of the internal states of lithium-ion batteries is key toward improving their management for safety, efficiency, and longevity purposes. Various approaches exist in the literature in this context, among which is designing an observer based on an electrochemical model of the battery dynamics. With this approach, the performance of the observer depends on the accuracy of the considered model. It appears that electrochemical models, and thus their associated observers, typically require to be of high dimension to generate accurate internal variables. In this work, we present a method to mitigate this limitation by correcting the lithium concentrations generated by a general class of finite-dimensional electrochemical models such that they asymptotically match those generated by the original partial differential equations (PDEs) they are based on, for constant input currents. These corrections apply to finite-dimensional models of any order of the considered class. The proposed corrections lead to a new state-space model for which we design observers, whose global, robust convergences are supported by a Lyapunov analysis. Both numerical and experimental validations are presented, which show the improvement of the accuracy of the state estimates as a result of the proposed corrections.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 1","pages":"327-342"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142905839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}