IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation最新文献

{"title":"K-/Ka-Band Shared-Aperture Integrated Phased Array for Satellite Ground Terminals","authors":"Ke Li;Dixian Zhao;Zhihui Chen;Shan Jiang;Xinhui Wang;Xiaohu You","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3562755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3562755","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a 256-element shared-aperture integrated phased array for K-/Ka-band satellite communication (SATCOM). It supports two orthogonal circular polarizations (CPs) in both bands. The transmitting (TX) and receiving (RX) antenna elements are interleaved in a single planar aperture, achieving a compact configuration while avoiding the insurgence of grating lobes. The filtering-antenna technology is introduced in antenna element design, leading to more than 35-dB isolation between the TX and RX elements. The array is based on separate sets of TX and RX beamforming (BF) ICs to realize independent BF capabilities. Fabricated in the multilayer print circuit board (PCB) technology, the shared-aperture integrated phased array can scan up to ±60° of both TX and RX beams. The equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) achieves 61.5 dBm, and the maximum G/T is −0.55 dB/K.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"5548-5558"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 1-bit Broadband Reconfigurable Electromagnetic Surface With Switchable Modes of Reflection and Tunable Absorption","authors":"Xuenan Ren;Jian Ren;Yuyang Lu;Kai-Da Xu;Zhong-Xun Liu;Yingzeng Yin;Ying Liu;Cheng-Xiang Wang","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3562770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3562770","url":null,"abstract":"In this communication, a broadband reconfigurable electromagnetic surface (REMS) with two switchable modes, reflective and tunable absorptive, is designed, simulated, and measured. The proposed structure is derived from a dipole antenna with a broadband characteristic. To further expand the bandwidth and maintain the element’s stability under oblique incidence, two pairs of slots are introduced. A p-i-n diode, located between the dipole’s two arms, facilitates 1-bit phase resolution, while the variable resistance of the p-i-n diode in its <sc>on</small>-state enables the tunable absorption mode of the REMS. Based on this design, a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$16times 16$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (256 elements) REMS was fabricated for validation. Measurement results revealed a 3-dB gain bandwidth of 56.4% featuring a beam-scanning capability covering ±60° for the reflective mode. Additionally, a tunable radar cross section reduction (RCSR) capacity ranging from 0 to −10 dB can be realized over 68.8% bandwidth for monostatic RCSR, and remains above 62% RCSR bandwidth under 15° and 30° oblique incidence. The proposed multifunctional REMS features additional adjustable absorbing capability over a wide bandwidth, demonstrating significant potential for applications in radar stealth and deception techniques.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"6032-6037"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Network-Based Design of Reactive Beamforming Metasurfaces","authors":"Malik Almunif;Faris Alsolamy;Anthony Grbic","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3562760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3562760","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces a microwave network-based technique to design beamforming metasurfaces. The metasurface consists of a grid of unit cells, each connected to a port. The impedance matrix that characterizes the metasurface is computed using a commercial electromagnetic full-wave solver to account for the coupling between the unit cell ports. To achieve beam steering and shaping, the ports are terminated with reactive loads optimized through the network theory. The metasurface can function either as a directly fed antenna or reflector by simply changing the reactive loads. This design technique is applied to a metasurface of aperture-coupled unit cells consisting of three layers: a patch, a slotted ground plane, and a microstrip line with ports. The unit cell topology ensures good isolation between the radiated field and the reactive loads. Several design examples are presented and validated through a full-wave solver, highlighting the technique’s potential for generating multibeam metasurface designs.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"5970-5980"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144781948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conformal Time-Modulated Metasurface With Customized Optical Transparency for Direction of Arrival Estimation","authors":"Fan Wu;Chang Ding;Zuntian Chu;Xinqi Cai;Ruichao Zhu;Jiafu Wang","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3560124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3560124","url":null,"abstract":"Direction of arrival (DoA) estimation is critical for applications such as radar tracking and wireless communication; however, traditional methods are often constrained by high hardware costs and substantial computational demands. This study introduces a novel flexible and optically transparent time-varying phase-modulated metasurface that not only enables cost-effective DoA estimation but also offers conformability and optical-transparency, making it suitable for complex surfaces. Through simulations and experimental validation, the proposed metasurface demonstrates real-time and flexible control of the reflection phase of electromagnetic (EM) waves under both normal and oblique incidences. This capability generates discrete harmonic frequency components with varying frequency shifts and amplitudes. Furthermore, we propose an innovative method that leverages the unique amplitude characteristics of harmonic components as “EM fingerprint.” By constructing a predefined fingerprint library and utilizing correlation analysis, this method enables efficient and precise DoA estimation. Experimental results reveal that this method achieves subdegree accuracy, strong robustness to noise, and significantly reduced computational complexity compared to traditional multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm. This approach addresses key challenges in scalability and adaptability, with potential applications in wearable devices, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and optical camouflage systems.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"5903-5913"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bidirectional Dual-Port Quad-Mode Wideband In-Band Full-Duplex Transmit-Reflect-Array Antenna With High Aperture Efficiency for High-Throughput Communication Systems","authors":"Qiming Wang;Cheng Pang;Pengcheng Wang;Ari Sihvola;Jiaran Qi","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3562062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3562062","url":null,"abstract":"The operation mechanism and physical verification of the bidirectional dual-port quad-mode I-band full-duplex (IBFD) transmit-reflect-array (TRA) antenna are proposed in this article. This is the first IBFD array with bidirectional radiation capability and also the first TRA with IBFD functionality which actualizes the advantages of both the IBFD and TRA by a single radiation array. The proposed bidirectional IBFD TRA can theoretically double the throughput and quadruple the spectral reuse efficiency of the IBFD communication system equipped with it. The IBFD TRA is built by a bidirectional full-duplex array and two feeding horns positioned on both sides of the array. One horn connects the Tx chain and the other connects the Rx chain. The unit of the array is constructed by a bidirectional full-duplex quad-mode topology structure which has two orthogonal modes in both forward and backward directions. The orthogonal modes are used to build Tx and Rx channels in both directions which can greatly reduce the self-interference. Therefore, the simultaneous transmit and receive and Tx/Rx self-interference cancellation in both directions can be completed at the element level, avoiding interleave of the Tx and Rx, and a high aperture efficiency can be eventually achieved by arranging the proposed bidirectional unit into an array. To obtain the bidirectional scattering properties of the proposed unit, a semianalytical method is proposed based on equivalent-network-assisted Jones matric derivations. Furthermore, a bidirectional phase calculation procedure is proposed for quickly ascertaining the distributions of three phase-modulating variables. Finally, the proposed IBFD TRA is experimentally verified at Ku-band, realizing high figures of metrics, for example, bidirectional coverage, simultaneous transmit and receive, wide operating bandwidth, and high aperture efficiency.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"5523-5535"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constrained Design of Aperiodic Tiled Phased Arrays for LFoV Antenna Systems","authors":"Nicola Anselmi;Luca Tosi;Paolo Rocca;Dae Woong Woo;Andrea Massa","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3562065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3562065","url":null,"abstract":"The design of aperiodic tiled array antennas for limited field-of-view (LFoV) applications is addressed. Starting from a finite alphabet of tile shapes, the configuration of the subarrays and their complex (amplitude and phase) weights are optimized to minimize the peak sidelobe level (SLL) of a pencil beam within the LFoV scan region, while fulfilling geometrical constraints on the positions of the tiles to match a predefined topology of the feeding network (FN). In the case of computationally tractable array sizes, the global optimum of the synthesis problem at hand is yielded with an enumerative approach. Otherwise, suboptimal tradeoff tiling of the array aperture are synthesized by means of a customized optimization method based on a smart sampling technique. A set of representative benchmark problems, concerned with LFoV array applications, is described and discussed to assess the effectiveness of the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"5393-5407"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Second-Order Triangular Element-Based Domain Decomposition Method for Solving Electromagnetic Scattering Problems Using the Surface Integral Equation","authors":"Chaoqun Fan;Gao Wei;Yi Zhu;Xiangwei Liu;Jianzhou Li","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3562013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3562013","url":null,"abstract":"In this communication, a domain decomposition method for electromagnetic scatterers is proposed. After dividing the geometry into several domains, the subdomains are divided into near, far and a buffer domain based on their relative positions. Distinct processing methods are applied to each domain and an approximate sparse and locally low-rank impedance matrix is created. The Krylov subspace is formulated using this matrix to solve for the approximate current. Compared with the traditional method of moment (MoM), this approach demonstrates faster convergence and sufficient accuracy, making it suitable for electrically large scattering problems. The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified through numerical examples.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"6044-6049"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis Method for Obtaining Characteristic Modes of Multistructure Systems via Independent Structure T-Matrix","authors":"Chenbo Shi;Xin Gu;Shichen Liang;Jin Pan;Le Zuo","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3562101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3562101","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a novel and efficient method for characteristic mode decomposition in multistructure systems. By leveraging the translation and rotation matrices of vector spherical wavefunctions, our approach enables the synthesis of a composite system’s characteristic modes using independently computed simulations of its constituent structures. The computationally intensive translation process is simplified by decomposing it into three streamlined subtasks: rotation, <italic>z</i>-axis translation, and inverse rotation, collectively achieving significant improvements in computational efficiency. Furthermore, this method facilitates the exploration of structural orientation effects without incurring additional computational overhead. A series of illustrative numerical examples are provided to validate the accuracy of the proposed method and underscore its substantial advantages in both computational efficiency and practical applicability.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"5762-5769"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pattern Transformation of Low-Profile Multi-Mode Antenna for a Phased Array With Simultaneous Wide-Angle Scanning and High-Gain Properties","authors":"Qi-Long Yan;Neng-Wu Liu;Lei Zhu;Yu Yun;Ying Liu","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3562060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3562060","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a novel multi-mode design approach for pattern transformation of low-profile multi-mode microstrip patch antenna (MPA) has been proposed and developed, aiming to simultaneously achieve the wide-angle scanning and high-gain properties for a phased array. Herein, the TM₀₀, TM₀₁, TM₂₀, and TM₂₁ modes of the MPA are employed. First, the working principle about how to move these four modes closely to each other in resonant frequency is deeply studied, the results prove that the shorting pins and slots could be loaded on the radiator for frequency reallocation of these four modes. Second, the radiation pattern transformation of the MPA at TM₀₀, TM₂₀, and TM₂₁ modes are deeply investigated, which demonstrates that the non-broadside beam of its TM₂₁ mode could be reshaped into the broadside one, and the omnidirectional pattern of its TM₀₀ mode could be reshaped into the dual beam at <italic>yo</i>z plane. Most importantly, the radiation pattern of its TM₂₀ mode could be rotated into the dual-beam with co-polarized <inline-formula> <tex-math>${E} _{theta }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> component at <italic>yo</i>z plane. With these arrangements, the broadside-beam and dual-beam could be excited under same frequency at different modes. Third, based on these two beams with different phases at two ports, the antenna element has successfully gained the improved beam scanning and gain performance simultaneously. Fourthly, the proposed multi-mode array is arranged in a triangular grid. By controlling the phase difference between these ports, the antenna could achieve both wide-beam scanning and high gain. Experimental results show that the antenna element has an impedance bandwidth (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$vert S_{11}vert lt -10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB) from 3.52 to 3.82 GHz. Besides, the beam scanning angle reaches to ±70° for the array, while keeping the compact size of about <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3.9times 1.3times 0.043lambda _{0}^{3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and achieving an improved gain of 15.02 dBi, which is about 2.4 dB higher than the traditional counterpart.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"5514-5522"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rank Deficiency of EFIE Matrix Blocks for Objects Embedded in Lossy Layered Medium","authors":"Chuzhao Liu;Yongpin Chen;Junyu Pan;Ming Jiang;Sheng Sun;Jun Hu","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3553938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3553938","url":null,"abstract":"Fast direct solvers for integral equations usually rely on a hierarchical data-sparse representation of impedance matrix and the rank-deficient property of matrix blocks is the key to their success. In this article, we investigate the rank deficiency of impedance matrix blocks in the discretization of electric field integral equation (EFIE) for modeling objects in a lossy planarly layered medium (PLM). A bunch of basis functions defined on a rectangular plane is utilized as a source/observer cluster and four source-observer configurations are designed to represent matrix blocks resultant from four typical coupling scenarios in a general PLM. A comprehensive analysis of singular value distributions of these matrix blocks is conducted, highlighting the influence of medium parameters, layered medium Green’s functions (LMGFs) and other factors that are closely related to PLM. It is noted that the rank-deficient property of matrix blocks resultant from coupling of source-observer clusters in PLM is much more complicated than that in free space. In particular, a worse rank deficiency for basis function clusters straddling different layers of PLM is observed, and corresponding reason for this deterioration is verified and analyzed. This study may offer guidelines for designing more efficient fast direct solvers for scattering problems in a PLM background.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"5867-5876"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}