IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation最新文献

{"title":"Reflection Method for Shielding Effectiveness Measurement: Complex Materials Without Prior Knowledge","authors":"Xin Gu;Shichen Liang;Yunjiao Tang;Chenbo Shi;Jin Pan","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3558607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3558607","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes a reflection-only shielding effectiveness (SE) measurement method for complex EM planar samples with anisotropy (with diagonal constitutive parameter matrices), high loss, and strong dispersion under varying incident angles and polarizations. By constructing an analytical model that maps the reflection coefficients from metal-backed and air-backed configurations to the material’s electrical length and impedance, and designing a simplified calibration scheme to extract these two sets of reflection coefficients, this method ultimately enables SE calculation without requiring prior knowledge of sample thickness or EM parameters. It demonstrates unique advantages in scenarios where the receiver cannot be placed in the transmission zone and insufficient sample information is available. Additionally, the method simultaneously resolves attenuation and transmission phase through a unified analytical framework. The proposed method was validated through numerical experiments and extended to composite materials. Experimental measurements on carbon fiber and F4B (a low-loss polytetrafluoroethylene-glass composite with <inline-formula> <tex-math>$boldsymbol {varepsilon }_{text {r}}=2.65$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) plates demonstrated the accuracy and reliability of the method.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"6056-6061"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning-Based-Inverse Topological Design Method for Active Frequency-Selective Surface (ITDM-AFSS)","authors":"Zhao-Qing Xu;Li-Ye Xiao;Yi-Fan Xie;Sheng Sun;Wei Shao;Qing Huo Liu","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3558610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3558610","url":null,"abstract":"To design active frequency-selective surface (AFSS) with a large number of degrees of freedom (DoFs), in this communication, a machine learning-based inverse topological design method (ITDM) is proposed for AFSS design, termed ITDM-AFSS. Different from the conventional frequency-selective surface (FSS) design, the AFSS electromagnetic (EM) responses under <sc>on/off</small> states of p-i-n diode simultaneously participate in the training in the proposed ITDM-AFSS and are simultaneously considered in the design process. In contrast to parametric modeling, the topological design domain can be viewed as a combination of discrete binary pixels. This allows for a significantly larger number of DoFs, enabling the exploration of more optimal structures. The effectiveness of ITDM-AFSS is demonstrated through a numerical example, and two other popular models and an evolutionary algorithm-based design method are employed to compare with the proposed ITDM-AFSS. Additionally, the measurements of the fabricated topologies are carried out to validate the performance of the AFSS design derived from ITDM-AFSS.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"6079-6084"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proportional Phase Modulation Approach for Steering of Airy Beams","authors":"Jia-Wen Hao;Feiyang Deng;Kwai-Man Luk","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3558599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3558599","url":null,"abstract":"Airy beams, renowned for their nondiffracting and self-bending characteristics, hold great promise for terahertz (THz) applications, such as imaging, communication, and detection. However, controlling beam trajectories in the THz band has been challenging due to the complexity and high costs associated with traditional phase or amplitude modulation techniques, which often require intricate pixel-level control and result in significant losses from switching components. In this work, we introduce a novel and practical method for generating tunable Airy beams by simply proportionally adjusting the phase of a specially designed lens. This approach enables direct and precise control of the beam’s trajectory through straightforward proportional phase modulation, eliminating the need for complex modulation schemes and costly components. We fabricated three lens prototypes using high-precision 3-D printing technology to validate our method. Each lens transforms an incident plane wave into an Airy beam following a distinct parabolic trajectory determined by the proportional phase modulation. Experimental results confirm that our method can generate and control the trajectory of Airy beam. This solution may be applied to THz communication and beam manipulation, effectively addressing the challenges of trajectory control in the THz band.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"5360-5367"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144781953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Millimeter-Wave Co-Polarized Self-Decoupled Substrate-Integrated Dielectric Resonator Antennas for In-Band Full-Duplex and MIMO Systems","authors":"Zheng Liu;Peng Fei Hu;Yong Mei Pan;Kwok Wa Leung;Shao Yong Zheng","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3558577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3558577","url":null,"abstract":"Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) co-polarized self-decoupled substrate-integrated dielectric resonator antennas (SIDRAs) are investigated. A dual-port design is first studied which employs the loading effect of the feeding probe to modify the <italic>E</i>-field distributions of the dielectric resonator (DR) <inline-formula> <tex-math>$ {text {TE}}_{{3}delta {1}}^{y}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mode. The interaction between the probe-loaded and DR modes results in the formation of a quasi-fundamental mode <inline-formula> <tex-math>${text {TE}}_{{1}delta {1}}^{y}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and a weak field region at the coupled port, leading to stable radiation patterns for each port with high port isolation. Additionally, metal vias is used to surround the DR to reduce cross-polarization. Also, the metal vias form electric walls which can reduce the DR size effectively. A hole is introduced at the center of the DR to further enhance the isolation. Based on the dual-port antenna element, a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) array with a center-to-center distance of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.49lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is developed. To improve isolation between adjacent elements, a leaky wave decoupling structure and two strips are introduced, increasing the isolation by 11 dB. Both the antenna element and the MIMO array were fabricated to validate the designs. Experimental results indicate that the −10-dB impedance bandwidth and isolation level of the dual-port antenna element are 6% and 24.4 dB, respectively. For the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-port MIMO array, the −10-dB bandwidth and isolation level are 5% and 20 dB, respectively. Stable radiation patterns with low cross-polarization levels are obtained for each port. Our designs feature a simple structure using a single substrate only, with the design methodology extendable to larger MIMO arrays.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"5052-5063"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theoretical Modeling of Substrate-Integrated Impedance Surfaces","authors":"Asim Al-Khaibari;Nanshu Wu;Hakan Bağci;Danilo Erricolo;Pai-Yen Chen","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3558591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3558591","url":null,"abstract":"Substrate-integrated impedance surfaces (SIISs) or substrate-integrated metasurfaces (SIMSs) have recently been proposed to tailor the dispersion and eigenmodes of waveguides, resonators, and cavity antennas, as well as to develop reconfigurable epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) channels with enhanced supercoupling, electric field localization, and sensitivity to perturbations. Here, we present a compact analytical model for calculating the effective surface impedance of the capacitive SIIS formed by a 1-D array of blind vias embedded in a substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW). The analytical model is validated using numerical examples and simulations, achieving good accuracy even for SIISs consisting of the non-diluted and dense array of blind vias. Our theoretical results may be beneficial for SIIS-loading techniques and SIWs, which are critical to realizing the full potential of the next-generation microwave/millimeter-wave communication, sensing, and cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED) systems.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"5801-5810"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal Second-Order Sidelobes Suppression for Dual-Polarized Waveguide Slot Phased Array Antenna Using Array Coding","authors":"Chenhui Dai;Fanchao Zeng;Shuo Wang;Fantong Kong;Qilei Zhou;Zhiya Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3558400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3558400","url":null,"abstract":"In this communication, we propose a low-sidelobe dual-polarized waveguide slot phased array antenna, operating in the X-band, based on array coding techniques. The horizontal polarization (HP) antenna array consists of two types of HP elements, featuring waveguide-to-coaxial phase inversion and radiation slot phase inversion. A genetic algorithm is utilized to optimize the array coding of these two radiation elements, effectively suppressing the second-order sidelobe levels (SOLL) of the scanning beam. Experimental results demonstrate that the antenna achieves a peak gain of 37 dBi, with sidelobe levels below −25.5 dB, HP SOLL suppressed to less than −37.12 dB, and cross-polarization isolation reaching 26.95 dB within a scanning range of ±36°. Compared to conventional arrays, the proposed design achieves second-order beam suppression improvements of 9.29–15.5 dB across the scanning range.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"6026-6031"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144781957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accurate Extraction of Graphene Scattering Properties via a Robust Formulation for Fundamental Modes","authors":"Pablo H. Zapata Cano;Stamatios A. Amanatiadis;Zaharias D. Zaharis;Traianos V. Yioultsis;Pavlos I. Lazaridis;Nikolaos V. Kantartzis","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3558397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3558397","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores graphene’s quasinormal modes (QNMs) by developing a finite-element method (FEM) solver, which addresses an augmented eigenvalue problem where graphene is represented as an equivalent surface current. This representation correlates with the surface conductivity of the material through a Debye frequency dispersion model. Initially, the straightforward intraband term is considered, while the study delves into the interband contributions to graphene’s conductivity, described via a complex conjugate series of Debye terms. Also, it examines the magneto-optical properties of graphene, which can be tuned by an external magnetic field to produce nonreciprocal effects. Finally, the proposed formulation covers the normalization of graphene QNMs and the reconstruction of scattered fields, providing a complete analysis tool that handles graphene as a scattering surface. The featured methodology is successfully validated by comparing the evaluated absorption cross section (ACS) due to scattering from graphene sheets with the corresponding outcomes of a commercial full-wave solver. Graphene attributes are selected properly to model high-quality-factor resonances indicating the remarkable accuracy of the proposed scheme.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"5751-5761"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Broadband 1-bit Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface at Millimeter Waves: Overcoming P-I-N -Diode Degradation With Slotline Ring Topology","authors":"Ángel Palomares-Caballero;Mario Pérez-Escribano;Carlos Molero;Pablo Padilla;María García-Vigueras;Raphaël Gillard","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3558424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3558424","url":null,"abstract":"This article explains the nonidealities that arise when using p-i-n diodes at millimeter-wave frequencies and the important limitations that they bring in classical configurations of 1-bit slotline reconfigurable unit cells. A robust solution is proposed where a single p-i-n diode is inserted inside a ring topology. The slotline unit cell is analyzed through a circuit-model approach. Its performance is compared with a unit cell based on a single slotline, which also includes a p-i-n diode, referred to as classical configuration. For experimental assessment, a circuit prototype is fabricated to verify the phase difference of both p-i-n-diode states in each unit cell configuration. The measured results reveal that the slotline unit cell with ring configuration provides a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$180^{circ }~pm ~20^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> reflection phase difference from 36.3 to 45 GHz (21.4% relative bandwidth). Finally, the proposed slotline unit cell with ring topology is measured in a complete array to assess its performance in periodic and quasi-periodic environments. The measurements confirm the 1-bit behavior for both normal and oblique incidences with losses less than 2 dB. Therefore, this enables the design of wideband 1-bit reconfigurable reflectarrays and reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) in this frequency range.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"5433-5445"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 3-D Plane Wave Spectrum Filtering-Assisted Near-Field Measurement Using Scanning Optic-Induced Plasma Scattering Technology","authors":"Ning Leng;Liao Ma;Zhanjian Liang;Ming Jin;Ming Bai","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3558435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3558435","url":null,"abstract":"Near-field measurement is an effective approach for evaluating antenna performance. Multiple reflection interference between the probe and the antenna under test (AUT) is a common error source in near-field measurement. The recently introduced scanning optic-induced plasma scattering (SOPS) technology exhibits significant susceptibility to interference, which adversely impacts its measurement precision. The SOPS technique enables the efficient acquisition of near-field distribution data across a sequence of multiple planes. In this communication, we take advantage of this high efficiency and propose a 3-D plane wave spectrum filtering-assisted near-field measurement method. The measured near-field data at different distances were first decomposed through plane wave expansion theory. Then, based on different behaviors between the original wave and the reflected waves at various distances, multiple reflected wave components were filtered out in the spatial spectrum along the distance dimension to suppress the multiple reflection interference between the AUT and the silicon wafer. A typical Ka-band antenna was simulated and measured using the proposed method. The filtered near-field distribution and far-field pattern agree well with the simulation results. The 3-D plane wave spectrum filtering-assisted SOPS technology enables near-field measurements to be completed within a few minutes. The proposed method is particularly valuable for measuring high-frequency antennas with a large aperture, and it presents an effective solution to deal with multiple reflections associated with near-field measurement.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"6050-6055"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10963985","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multistage Stacked Dual-Mode Resonator Topology for Dual-CP Filtennas: Design, Theoretical Analysis, and Implementation","authors":"Weiheng Chen;Jun Xu;Zhiqiang Yu;Jianyi Zhou;Haitao Zhao;Wei Hong","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3557713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3557713","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a design concept for dual-circularly polarized (dual-CP) filtennas called multistage stacked dual-mode resonator topology (MSDRT) and its systematic design method are presented. First, a comprehensive analysis of the MSDRT is performed through four-port coupling matrix modeling, theoretical derivation, and numerical validation. This analysis demonstrates that dual-CP radiation and filtering properties can be achieved and improved with the coupled dual-mode resonators in the MSDRT, eliminating the need for additional feeding networks or polarizers, and thereby realizing a high-integrated structure. Moreover, the analysis also reveals that MSDRT provides multiple transmission paths between the filtenna ports through dual-mode resonators and nonresonating modes (NRMs). The cancellation of these paths can generate transmission zeros controllably, thereby achieving high port isolation. Then, two MSDRT dual-CP filtennas are implemented based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavities and patches. The resonator field distributions are investigated and manipulated to create the desired couplings. Both filtennas exhibit high port isolation above 20 dB. Radiation nulls can be created in both lower and upper bands by introducing cross-couplings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that MSDRT filtennas accompanied by a comprehensive theoretical analysis for dual-CP filtenna design are proposed.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"5117-5131"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}