IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation最新文献

{"title":"Low-Frequency Stabilizations of the PMCHWT Equation for Dielectric and Conductive Media: On a Full-Wave Alternative to Eddy-Current Solvers","authors":"Viviana Giunzioni;Alberto Scazzola;Adrien Merlini;Francesco P. Andriulli","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3558603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3558603","url":null,"abstract":"We propose here a novel stabilization strategy for the Poggio–Miller–Chang–Harrington–Wu–Tsai (PMCHWT) equation that cures its frequency- and conductivity-related instabilities and is obtained by leveraging quasi-Helmholtz projectors. The resulting formulation is well-conditioned in the entire low-frequency regime, including the eddy-current one, and can be applied to arbitrarily penetrable materials, ranging from dielectric to conductive ones. In addition, by choosing the rescaling coefficients of the quasi-Helmholtz components appropriately, we prevent the typical loss of accuracy occurring at low frequency in the presence of inductive and capacitive type magnetic frill excitations, commonly used in circuit modeling to impose a potential difference. Finally, because it relies on quasi-Helmholtz projectors instead of the standard loop-star decomposition, our formulation can be used for modeling multiply connected geometries, without incurring the computational overhead caused by the search for the global loops of the structure, while also being compatible with most fast solvers. The efficacy of the proposed preconditioning scheme when applied to both simply and multiply connected geometries is corroborated by numerical examples.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"5725-5740"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10964555","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"All-Angle Nonlocal Metasurfaces on Demand: Universal Realization of Normal Susceptibilities via Multilayered Printed-Circuit-Board (PCB) Cascades","authors":"Amit Shaham;Ariel Epstein","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3558604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3558604","url":null,"abstract":"Embedding normal susceptibilities in metasurfaces (MSs), in tandem with their tangential counterparts, greatly enriches their spatial dispersion. Particularly, judicious siphoning of the microscopic nonlocality associated with such enhanced meta-atoms facilitates global control over the MS response across the entire angular range, specifically at challenging near-grazing scenarios. In this article, we introduce a rigorous closed-form methodology to realize such intricate mixtures of tangential and normal components for transverse-electric (TE) waves via a highly practical platform—printed-circuit-board (PCB) compatible cascaded admittance sheets. To this end, we derive a universal all-angular link between this MS-level composite, which leverages macroscopic nonlocality of multiple reflections, to its underlying meta-atom-level susceptibilities. We demonstrate this scheme by devising a PCB all-angle-transparent generalized Huygens’ MS radome and an all-angle perfect-magnetic-conductor (PMC) PCB MS. Validated in simulation and experiment, our results pave the path toward a new paradigm for studying and engineering nonlocal metadevices, e.g., optical analog computers and spaceplates.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"5368-5383"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scattering Manipulation for Conformal Coding Metasurfaces Based on a Graphene-Assembled Film","authors":"Zhi-Feng Li;Rong-Guo Song;Hao-Ran Zu;Yu Zhou;Yi-Tong Xin;Jian-Nan Guo;Rui-Xue Zhang;Da-Ping He","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3558585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3558585","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetic (EM) scattering modulation on arbitrarily shaped platforms is crucial for practical communication systems. Metasurfaces offer significant potential because of their strong EM wave control capabilities. This article presents a conformal array scattering theory (CAST) for precise beam manipulation on 2-D conformal coding metasurfaces (CCMs). Due to the incident wave angle and the curved surface shape, elements exist scattering shadow regions. Therefore, we investigate the spatial direction and distribution of the scattering fields from subarrays composed of 1-bit elements, while analyzing the formation mechanism of the scattering shadow regions. By incorporating wave path and reflection phase changes induced by structural bending, we establish an accurate theoretical model to compute the far-field scattering pattern of CCMs. To validate the approach, a CCM based on a graphene-assembled film (GAF) with ultrahigh conductivity and excellent mechanical properties such as flexibility and lightweight is used to fabricate the designs. The flexible GAF can provide additional spatial freedom through structural bending, enabling curvature-based scattered beam manipulation without requiring other active devices. Theoretical analysis, simulations, and measurements show good agreement, demonstrating the potential of this method for designing conformal arrays for various curved platforms.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"5481-5492"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cross-Type Multifocus Phase Compensation Method Enables Metalens Antenna Wide-Angle Beam Steering","authors":"Guoqiang He;Han Ge;Qianqian Li;Tao Xu;Heming Wei;Xiao Ding","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3558628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3558628","url":null,"abstract":"An artificial metalens manipulates the electromagnetic wavefront phase via deploying transmitted phase and amplitude of metasurfaces units, which exhibits excellent merits in beam steering application. The metalens with single-focus phase distribution can only compensate for the first-order Taylor expansion of the outgoing beam by modulating the wavefront phase entering the lens surface, resulting in a very limited beam scanning range, and the phase error dramatically increases with the beam steering to the large angles, which suffers serious gain degradation. We, herein, proposed a novel cross-type multifocus phase compensation method to modulate the wavefront phase and increase the proportion of transmitted phase linear term to enlarge the beam steering angle. Three-focus and five-focus lenses are implemented based on the proposed phase distribution method and extend the beam scanning angle to ±48° and ±71° with a gain degradation of only 3.8 dB, respectively. A three-focus metalens is designed by employing three-bit phase-quantized metasurface units and simulated with commercial software CST Microwave Studio. The metalens operates in the frequency range of 24.25–25.8 GHz. It is capable of steering the main beam from −48° to 48° with gain degradation of 3.8 dB. The three-focus metalens is fabricated and measured, and the experimental results match well with simulated ones, which validates the efficacy of the proposed multifocusing method. Meanwhile, the influence of amplitude and phase errors of the metasurface units on the metalens performance is analyzed to fully evaluate the metalens antenna and illustrate the robustness of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"6062-6067"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-Band Scattering Suppression for Compact and Low-Profile Linear Antenna Arrays Using Periodic Characteristic Mode Analysis","authors":"Di Zhang;Yikai Chen;Haotian Li;Shiwen Yang","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3558583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3558583","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a scattering suppression technique for compact and low-profile linear antenna arrays. Periodic characteristic mode analysis (PCMA) is implemented to reveal the scattering mechanisms, using an X-band (8.0–12.0 GHz) antenna array as an illustration. It is found that the scattering at 8.0 GHz primarily comes from the center of the ground plane, while the scattering at 12.0 GHz is dominated by the edges of the ground plane. To reduce the scattering at 8.0 GHz, interdigital patches are integrated over the radiation aperture to create a reverse current that counteracts the scattering current on the ground plane. In addition, parasitic patches with shorting pins are introduced to convert the horizontal current into the vertical current, further suppressing the scattering at 12.0 GHz. The suppression technique is applicable for linear antenna arrays with small transverse dimensions. It does not increase the profile height and can enhance the gain of the array. The effectiveness of this technique is validated through a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> finite array. The antenna array operates in the 8.0–12.0-GHz range with a scanning range of ±45°. Moreover, the in-band monostatic radar cross section (RCS) is reduced by at least 10 dB compared to the reference array.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"5468-5480"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reflection Method for Shielding Effectiveness Measurement: Complex Materials Without Prior Knowledge","authors":"Xin Gu;Shichen Liang;Yunjiao Tang;Chenbo Shi;Jin Pan","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3558607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3558607","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes a reflection-only shielding effectiveness (SE) measurement method for complex EM planar samples with anisotropy (with diagonal constitutive parameter matrices), high loss, and strong dispersion under varying incident angles and polarizations. By constructing an analytical model that maps the reflection coefficients from metal-backed and air-backed configurations to the material’s electrical length and impedance, and designing a simplified calibration scheme to extract these two sets of reflection coefficients, this method ultimately enables SE calculation without requiring prior knowledge of sample thickness or EM parameters. It demonstrates unique advantages in scenarios where the receiver cannot be placed in the transmission zone and insufficient sample information is available. Additionally, the method simultaneously resolves attenuation and transmission phase through a unified analytical framework. The proposed method was validated through numerical experiments and extended to composite materials. Experimental measurements on carbon fiber and F4B (a low-loss polytetrafluoroethylene-glass composite with <inline-formula> <tex-math>$boldsymbol {varepsilon }_{text {r}}=2.65$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) plates demonstrated the accuracy and reliability of the method.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"6056-6061"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning-Based-Inverse Topological Design Method for Active Frequency-Selective Surface (ITDM-AFSS)","authors":"Zhao-Qing Xu;Li-Ye Xiao;Yi-Fan Xie;Sheng Sun;Wei Shao;Qing Huo Liu","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3558610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3558610","url":null,"abstract":"To design active frequency-selective surface (AFSS) with a large number of degrees of freedom (DoFs), in this communication, a machine learning-based inverse topological design method (ITDM) is proposed for AFSS design, termed ITDM-AFSS. Different from the conventional frequency-selective surface (FSS) design, the AFSS electromagnetic (EM) responses under <sc>on/off</small> states of p-i-n diode simultaneously participate in the training in the proposed ITDM-AFSS and are simultaneously considered in the design process. In contrast to parametric modeling, the topological design domain can be viewed as a combination of discrete binary pixels. This allows for a significantly larger number of DoFs, enabling the exploration of more optimal structures. The effectiveness of ITDM-AFSS is demonstrated through a numerical example, and two other popular models and an evolutionary algorithm-based design method are employed to compare with the proposed ITDM-AFSS. Additionally, the measurements of the fabricated topologies are carried out to validate the performance of the AFSS design derived from ITDM-AFSS.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"6079-6084"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proportional Phase Modulation Approach for Steering of Airy Beams","authors":"Jia-Wen Hao;Feiyang Deng;Kwai-Man Luk","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3558599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3558599","url":null,"abstract":"Airy beams, renowned for their nondiffracting and self-bending characteristics, hold great promise for terahertz (THz) applications, such as imaging, communication, and detection. However, controlling beam trajectories in the THz band has been challenging due to the complexity and high costs associated with traditional phase or amplitude modulation techniques, which often require intricate pixel-level control and result in significant losses from switching components. In this work, we introduce a novel and practical method for generating tunable Airy beams by simply proportionally adjusting the phase of a specially designed lens. This approach enables direct and precise control of the beam’s trajectory through straightforward proportional phase modulation, eliminating the need for complex modulation schemes and costly components. We fabricated three lens prototypes using high-precision 3-D printing technology to validate our method. Each lens transforms an incident plane wave into an Airy beam following a distinct parabolic trajectory determined by the proportional phase modulation. Experimental results confirm that our method can generate and control the trajectory of Airy beam. This solution may be applied to THz communication and beam manipulation, effectively addressing the challenges of trajectory control in the THz band.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"5360-5367"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144781953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Millimeter-Wave Co-Polarized Self-Decoupled Substrate-Integrated Dielectric Resonator Antennas for In-Band Full-Duplex and MIMO Systems","authors":"Zheng Liu;Peng Fei Hu;Yong Mei Pan;Kwok Wa Leung;Shao Yong Zheng","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3558577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3558577","url":null,"abstract":"Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) co-polarized self-decoupled substrate-integrated dielectric resonator antennas (SIDRAs) are investigated. A dual-port design is first studied which employs the loading effect of the feeding probe to modify the <italic>E</i>-field distributions of the dielectric resonator (DR) <inline-formula> <tex-math>$ {text {TE}}_{{3}delta {1}}^{y}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mode. The interaction between the probe-loaded and DR modes results in the formation of a quasi-fundamental mode <inline-formula> <tex-math>${text {TE}}_{{1}delta {1}}^{y}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and a weak field region at the coupled port, leading to stable radiation patterns for each port with high port isolation. Additionally, metal vias is used to surround the DR to reduce cross-polarization. Also, the metal vias form electric walls which can reduce the DR size effectively. A hole is introduced at the center of the DR to further enhance the isolation. Based on the dual-port antenna element, a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) array with a center-to-center distance of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.49lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is developed. To improve isolation between adjacent elements, a leaky wave decoupling structure and two strips are introduced, increasing the isolation by 11 dB. Both the antenna element and the MIMO array were fabricated to validate the designs. Experimental results indicate that the −10-dB impedance bandwidth and isolation level of the dual-port antenna element are 6% and 24.4 dB, respectively. For the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-port MIMO array, the −10-dB bandwidth and isolation level are 5% and 20 dB, respectively. Stable radiation patterns with low cross-polarization levels are obtained for each port. Our designs feature a simple structure using a single substrate only, with the design methodology extendable to larger MIMO arrays.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"5052-5063"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theoretical Modeling of Substrate-Integrated Impedance Surfaces","authors":"Asim Al-Khaibari;Nanshu Wu;Hakan Bağci;Danilo Erricolo;Pai-Yen Chen","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3558591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3558591","url":null,"abstract":"Substrate-integrated impedance surfaces (SIISs) or substrate-integrated metasurfaces (SIMSs) have recently been proposed to tailor the dispersion and eigenmodes of waveguides, resonators, and cavity antennas, as well as to develop reconfigurable epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) channels with enhanced supercoupling, electric field localization, and sensitivity to perturbations. Here, we present a compact analytical model for calculating the effective surface impedance of the capacitive SIIS formed by a 1-D array of blind vias embedded in a substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW). The analytical model is validated using numerical examples and simulations, achieving good accuracy even for SIISs consisting of the non-diluted and dense array of blind vias. Our theoretical results may be beneficial for SIIS-loading techniques and SIWs, which are critical to realizing the full potential of the next-generation microwave/millimeter-wave communication, sensing, and cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED) systems.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"5801-5810"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}