Human Biology最新文献

{"title":"The Development and Use of Computational Tools in Forensic Science","authors":"D. Slice","doi":"10.1353/hub.2017.0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2017.0056","url":null,"abstract":"Modern computational resources make available a rich tool kit of statistical methods that can be applied to forensic questions. This tool kit is built on the foundation of statistical developments dating back to the 19th century. To fully and effectively exploit these developments, both the makers and users of software must be keenly aware of the quality, that is, the accuracy and precision, of the data being modeled or analyzed, and end users must be sufficiently familiar with the underlying theory to understand the process and results of any analysis or software they use. This is especially important for medicolegal personnel who might be called upon to testify in a court of law and be subject to cross-examination. With respect to the development of computational tools, it is increasingly important that they be made available as open-source code to avoid the pitfalls of commercial software support and the potential dependence of end users on orphaned software.","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"56 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87645127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-at-Death Estimation for Modern Populations in Mexico and Puerto Rico through the Use of 3D Laser Scans of the Pubic Symphysis","authors":"Cristina Soto, Bridget Algee-Hewitt, G. Morante, Dennis Slice, D. Steadman","doi":"10.1353/hub.2017.0055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2017.0055","url":null,"abstract":"Reliable age-at-death estimates from the adult skeleton are of fundamental importance in forensic anthropology, because it contributes to the identity parameters used in a medicolegal death investigation. However, reliable estimates are difficult because many traditional aging methods depend on a set of population-specific criteria derived from individuals of European and African descent. The absence of information on the potential differences in the aging patterns of underrepresented, especially Latinx, populations may hinder our efforts to produce useful age-at-death estimates. In response to these concerns, this study explores the utility of currently available aging techniques and whether populationspecific aging methods among Latinx groups are needed. The authors obtained data from two skeletal collections representing modern individuals of Mexican and Puerto Rican origin. They examined five newly developed computational shape-based techniques using 3D laser scans of the pubic symphysis and one traditional bone-to-phase technique. A validation test of all computational and traditional methods was implemented, and new population-specific equations using the computational algorithms were generated and tested against a subsample. Results suggest that traditional and computational aging techniques applied to the pubic symphysis perform best with individuals within 35–45 years of age. Levels of bias and inaccuracy increase as chronological age increases, with overestimation of individuals younger than 35 years and underestimation of individuals older than 45 years. New regression models provided error rates comparable to, and in some occasions outperformed, the original computational models developed on white American males, but age estimates did not significantly improve. This study shows that population-specific models do not necessarily improve age estimates in Latinx samples. Results do suggest that computational methods can ultimately outperform the Suchey-Brooks method and provide improved objectivity when estimating age at death in Latinx samples.","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"31 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81096558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes in Human Hair and Tap Water: Modeling Relationships in a Modern Mexican Population","authors":"Chelsey A Juarez, R. Ramey, David T. Flaherty, Belinda S. Akpa","doi":"10.1353/hub.2017.0054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2017.0054","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the relationship between ¹⁸O and ²H isotopes in samples of Mexican hair and drinking water. The purpose of this study was twofold: to quantify the relationship between isotopes in Mexican hair and tap water, in order to understand the impact of water stress and differing socioeconomic status on accurate predictions of drinking water; and to determine whether currently existing semimechanistic models can accurately represent the relationship between hair and tap water. This study used a subset of paired samples of human hair (<em>n</em> = 62) and tap water (<em>n</em> = 76). Isotope values in tap water ranged from –11.4‰ to –4.3‰ and –79.1‰ to –22.5‰, and in hair from +9.5‰ to +16.1‰ and –90.8‰ to –53.7‰, for δ¹⁸O and δ²H, respectively. The most depleted δ¹⁸O and δ²H hair values came from individuals in the state of Morelos. For modern Mexican populations, positive correlations between isotopes in hair and water were not significant, with correlation coefficients <em>r</em> = 0.61 (<em>p</em> = 0.05) and <em>r</em> = 0.60 (<em>p</em> = 0.06) for ¹⁸O and ²H, respectively. Error-in-variables regression yielded linear fits that were somewhat better for ²H relative to ¹⁸O: δ¹⁸O_h = 0.183 [±0.132] δ¹⁸O_tw + 15.7 [±0.9]‰ (r² = 0.23); δ²H_h = 0.181 [±0.076] δ²H_tw – 64.0 [±3.0]‰ (r² = 0.34). In short, data from this Mexican population did not exhibit the strong relationships between isotope values of ¹⁸O and ²H in tap water and hair that have been characteristic of other populations studied to date. Given the economic stratification of this region and the poor correlation between hair and water samples, the authors considered the possibility that <em>l</em>, the fraction of the diet derived from local sources, and <em>f</em>_s, the fraction of nonexchangeable H in keratin that was fixed in vivo, are local rather than global parameters for this population. The authors estimated different values of <em>l</em> and <em>f</em>_s for each location. Given the anticipated importance of the nonlocal dietary contribution, they treated the isotopic content of nonlocal food and the offset parameters for predicting isotopes in locally derived food as tuning parameters and compared the results with parameters based on the American supermarket diet. They found that, although O and H isotopes in water and hair maintained similar geographic distributions, O and H isotopes in tap water explained only a small part of the variation observed in hair samples. Compared to the standard American supermarket diet, the Mexican estimates for nonlocal diet and local diet offsets predicted regional distributions of <em>l</em> and <em>f</em>_s that cleanly segregated urban areas from rural towns.","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"243 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77586402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population Identifiability from Forensic Genetic Markers: Ancestry Variation in Latin America","authors":"Cris E. Hughes, Bridget F. B. Algee‐Hewitt, L. Konigsberg","doi":"10.1353/hub.2017.0053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2017.0053","url":null,"abstract":"The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) loci comprise a standard microsatellite marker set widely used for distinguishing among individuals in forensic DNA identity testing for medicolegal casework in the United States and in other countries. In anthropological genetic research, CODIS markers have become an important tool for uses extending beyond case investigations to quantify ancestry proportions, reveals patterns of admixture, and trace population histories. These investigations are especially prevalent in studies of Latin American population structure. Nevertheless, the accuracy of the ancestry estimates computed from the CODIS loci for highly admixed Latino populations has not been formally tested. Longstanding arguments have been made that small ancestry panels, including the CODIS loci specifically, are not suitable for ancestry inference in admixed populations, due to high heterozygosity and limited number of loci used. Recent studies on ancestry inference using the CODIS loci suggest that these do confer more information of population-level identifiability than recognized in forensic genetic scholarship and by the medicolegal community. Here, we formally test the ability of CODIS and CODIS-proxy (e.g., high-heterozygosity and individual-identifiability loci) marker panels to accurately estimate admixture proportions of individuals, including a sample of Latinos with a wide range of ancestry proportions. Using the same individuals to make direct comparisons of the outcomes, the authors produced ancestry estimates from (a) a small CODIS/CODIS-proxy locus panel and (b) a robust and validated microsatellite ancestry-informative panel. They found evidence (e.g., ρ = 0.80–0.88) that supports the use of CODIS/ CODIS-proxy loci to capture the general ancestry estimation trends of a sample. This finding is in line with results of studies using CODIS on Latin American populations: the ancestry estimations generated by CODIS present trends supported by documented population histories (e.g., colonialism and population movements) and microevolutionary events (e.g., gene flow) in Latin America. However, this study also highlights the limitations of CODIS for making individual-level inferences of ancestry: the associated estimates for an acceptable level of statistical confidence (95%) are too broad to make any nuanced inferences regarding an individual’s actual ancestry composition.","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"20 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84667970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between Maternal Psychosocial Stress, DNA Methylation, and Newborn Birth Weight Identified by Investigating Methylation at Individual, Regional, and Genome Levels.","authors":"Christopher J Clukay,&nbsp;David A Hughes,&nbsp;Darlene A Kertes,&nbsp;Connie J Mulligan","doi":"10.13110/humanbiology.91.2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13110/humanbiology.91.2.04","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stress is known to affect health throughout life and into future generations, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that maternal psychosocial stress influences DNA methylation (DNAm), which in turn impacts newborn health outcomes. Specifically, we analyzed DNAm at individual, regional, and genome-wide levels to test for associations with maternal stress and newborn birth weight. Maternal venous blood and newborn cord blood (<i>n</i> = 24 and 22, respectively) were assayed for methylation at ∼450,000 CpG sites. Methylation was analyzed by examining CpG sites individually in an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS), as regional groups using variably methylated region (VMR) analysis in maternal blood only, and through the epigenome-wide measures using genome-wide mean methylation (GMM), Horvath's epigenetic clock, and mitotic age. These methylation measures were tested for association with three measures of maternal stress (maternal war trauma, chronic stress, and experience of sexual violence) and one health outcome (newborn birth weight). We observed that maternal experiences of war trauma, chronic stress, and sexual assault were each associated with decreased newborn birth weight (<i>p</i> < 1.95 × 10^-7 in all cases). Testing individual CpG sites using EWAS, we observed no associations between DNAm and any measure of maternal stress or newborn birth weight in either maternal or cord blood, after Bonferroni multiple testing correction. However, the top-ranked CpG site in maternal blood that associated with maternal chronic stress and sexual violence before multiple testing correction is located near the <i>SPON1</i> gene. Testing at a regional level, we found increased methylation of a VMR in maternal blood near <i>SPON1</i> that was associated with chronic stress and sexual violence after Bonferroni multiple testing correction (<i>p</i> = 1.95 × 10^-7 and 8.3 × 10^-6, respectively). At the epigenomic level, cord blood GMM was associated with significantly higher levels of war trauma (<i>p</i> = 0.025) and was suggestively associated with sexual violence (<i>p</i> = 0.053). The other two epigenome-wide measures were not associated with maternal stress or newborn birth weight in either tissue type. Despite our small sample size, we identified associations even after conservative multiple testing correction. Specifically, we found associations between DNAm and the three measures of maternal stress across both tissues; specifically, a VMR in maternal blood and GMM in cord blood were both associated with different measures of maternal stress. The association of cord blood GMM, but not maternal blood GMM, with maternal stress may suggest different responses to stress in mother and newborn. It is noteworthy that we found associations only when CpG sites were analyzed in aggregate, either as VMRs or as a broad summary measure of GMM.</p>","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"91 2","pages":"117-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38878887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial DNA Diversity and Evolutionary History of Native Human Populations of Argentinean Northwest Patagonia.","authors":"Maria Bárbara Postillone,&nbsp;Virginia A Cobos,&nbsp;Celmira Urrutia,&nbsp;Cristina Dejean,&nbsp;Paula N Gonzalez,&nbsp;S Ivan Perez,&nbsp;Valeria Bernal","doi":"10.13110/humanbiology.91.2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13110/humanbiology.91.2.01","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genetic composition of Amerindian descendants from Patagonia has long been a focus of interest, although the information available is still scarce for many geographic areas. Here, we report the first analysis of the variation in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region for an area of northwestern Patagonia, the North of Neuquén, with the aim of studying the processes and historical events that modeled the evolutionary history of these human groups. We analyzed 113 individuals from two localities of northern Neuquén, along with 6 from southern Neuquén and 223 previously published mtDNA sequences from neighboring areas in Argentina and Chile. We estimated the haplotypic variation and spatial structure of molecular variability. Amerindian subhaplogroups predominate in the two samples from northern Neuquén (<i>n</i> = 70), with D1g and C1b13 the most represented, although in different proportions. These samples exhibit Amerindian mtDNA haplotypes similar to the variants from neighboring areas. Most of haplotype variability was within group; variation among groups was relatively low and scarcely associated with geographical space. The most frequent subhaplogroups in northern Neuquén are characteristic of native populations from Patagonia and Chilean Araucanía, and probably originated in the region during the Late Pleistocene or Early Holocene. However, the spatial variation of mtDNA haplotypes departs from a latitudinal pattern and suggests differential levels of gene flow among areas during the Late Holocene, with moderate levels across the North of Neuquén as well as between this area and neighboring populations from Chile, the South of Neuquén, and Río Negro.</p>","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"91 2","pages":"57-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38878884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation by Distance and the Problem of the Twenty-First Century.","authors":"Shay-Akil McLean","doi":"10.13110/humanbiology.91.2.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13110/humanbiology.91.2.02","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Isolation-by-distance models are part of the institutional creed of antiracialism used to critique claims of biological race concepts (BRCs). Proponents of antiracialism appeal to isolation-by-distance models to describe patterns of human genetic differences among and between groups as a function of distance. Isolation by distance has been referred to as the pattern that human genetic variation fits, distributing the differences we see as race throughout geographic space as a series of Gaussian gradients. Contemporary scientific critiques of BRCs fuse social constructionist race concepts with a description of the distribution of proportions of human genetic variation in geographic space as a function of distance. These two points are often followed by statements noting that there is only one human race. How these two concepts connect to each other, and whether or not they connect at all, is unclear in both academic and nonacademic spaces. Consequently, scientists and the public lack an understanding of human population structure and its relationships to varying systems of human interactions. This article reviews isolation-by-distance models in population genetics and the use of these models in the modern problem of human difference. The article presents a historical and conceptual review of isolation-by-distance models and contemporary scientific critiques of BRCs, followed by examples of the use of isolation-by-distance models in studies of human genetic variation. To address the shortcomings in the scientific critique of race, the author proposes combining Du Boisian demography with Darwinian evolutionary biology. From a Du Boisian demographic perspective, race is a product of racism, or race/ism, and is a heredity and inheritance system based on rules of <i>partus sequitur ventrem</i> and hypodescent. Race marks individuals and groups them to reproduce unequal relationships into which Europeans co-opted them. This synthesis propounds a new racial formation theory to understand the more general consequences of racism on genes and health outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"91 2","pages":"81-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38878885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Diversity and Relationships of Tlingit Moieties.","authors":"Rodrigo De Los Santos,&nbsp;Cara Monroe,&nbsp;Rico Worl,&nbsp;Rosita Worl,&nbsp;Kari B Schroeder,&nbsp;Brian M Kemp","doi":"10.13110/humanbiology.91.2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13110/humanbiology.91.2.03","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Tlingit from Southeast Alaska belong to the Northwest Coast cultural tradition, which is defined by regionally shared sociocultural practices. A distinctive feature of Tlingit social organization is the matrilineal exogamous marriage system among clans from two opposite moieties: the Raven/Crow and Eagle/Wolf. Clan and moiety membership are determined by matrilineal descent, and previous genetic studies of Northwest Coast populations have shown a relationship between clan membership and genetic variation of matrilines and patrilines. To further understand this association, in this study mitochondrial DNA sequences from the Tlingit (<i>n</i> = 154) were examined. By comparing mitochondrial DNA with moiety membership information, the authors explore the impact of marriage traditions among the Tlingit with their observable genetic variation. At the genetic level, the results support cultural persistence of Tlingit maternal moiety identity despite the negative impacts of European colonization. This study additionally illustrates the relevance of data derived from Tlingit oral traditions to test hypotheses about population history on the Northwest Coast.</p>","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"91 2","pages":"95-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38878886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population Structure Analyses Provide Insight into the Source Populations Underlying Rural Isolated Communities in Illinois.","authors":"Amanda C Owings,&nbsp;Samuel Bonfim Fernandes,&nbsp;Marcus O Olatoye,&nbsp;Amanda J Fogleman,&nbsp;Whitney E Zahnd,&nbsp;Wiley D Jenkins,&nbsp;Ripan S Malhi,&nbsp;Alexander E Lipka","doi":"10.13110/humanbiology.91.1.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13110/humanbiology.91.1.05","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We have previously hypothesized that relatively small and isolated rural communities may experience founder effects, defined as the genetic ramifications of small population sizes at the time of a community's establishment. To explore this, we used an Illumina Infinium Omni2.5Exome-8 chip to collect data from 157 individuals from four Illinois communities, three rural and one urban. Genetic diversity estimates of 999,259 autosomal markers suggested that the reduction in heterozygosity due to shared ancestry was approximately 0, indicating a randomly mating population. An eigenanalysis, which is similar to a principal component analysis but run on a genetic coancestry matrix, conducted in the SNPRelate R package revealed that most of these individuals formed one cluster, with a few putative outliers obscuring population variation. An additional eigenanalysis on the same markers in a combined data set including the 2,504 individuals in the 1000 Genomes database found that most of the 157 Illinois individuals clustered into one group in close proximity to individuals of European descent. A final eigenanalysis of the Illinois individuals with the 503 individuals of European descent (within the 1000 Genomes Project) revealed two clusters of individuals and likely two source populations; one British and one consisting of multiple European subpopulations. We therefore demonstrate the feasibility of examining genetic relatedness across Illinois populations and assessing the number of source populations using publicly available databases. When assessed, population structure information can contribute to the understanding of genetic history in rural populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"91 1","pages":"31-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37657029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Study of 10 X-STR Markers in Populations of Northeast Argentina.","authors":"G Paula Di Santo Meztler,&nbsp;Laura A Glesmann,&nbsp;M Esther Esteban,&nbsp;Santiago Del Palacio,&nbsp;Marta G Méndez,&nbsp;Cecilia I Catanesi","doi":"10.13110/humanbiology.91.1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13110/humanbiology.91.1.02","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In northeast Argentina, different Amerindian communities share territory and history with settlers, mainly Europeans. Due to miscegenation, the current Argentinean population has a particular structure that can be described through X chromosome variation. The objectives of this study were to describe the variation of 10 X-chromosome short tandem repeats (X-STRs) in urban populations of the Argentinean regions known as Gran Chaco and Mesopotamia, report the forensic parameters of these STRs, and estimate the European and indigenous genetic components in these regions. Population and forensic parameters were estimated for 419 individuals from the analyzed populations, including two indigenous groups, Wichí and Mocoví, previously reported. Population structure was estimated through <i>F</i>_ST and <i>R</i>_ST distances and analysis of molecular variance. The indigenous American and European components were assessed with STRUCTURE. X-STRs showed a high level of genetic variability in urban and indigenous populations. Indigenous people of the Gran Chaco region showed significant differentiation from the urban samples (<i>F</i>_ST = 5.5%) and among themselves (<i>F</i>_ST = 5.3%). Genetic differentiation among urban groups was almost negligible, except that the population from Misión Nueva Pompeya differed from the rest of the city populations. Forensic parameters indicate that these X-STRs are useful as a complement to paternity tests. The set of 10 STRs could be a good tool for examining population differences.</p>","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"91 1","pages":"9-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37657027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}