Isolation by Distance and the Problem of the Twenty-First Century.

4区 生物学 Q2 Medicine
Shay-Akil McLean
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引用次数: 6

Abstract

Isolation-by-distance models are part of the institutional creed of antiracialism used to critique claims of biological race concepts (BRCs). Proponents of antiracialism appeal to isolation-by-distance models to describe patterns of human genetic differences among and between groups as a function of distance. Isolation by distance has been referred to as the pattern that human genetic variation fits, distributing the differences we see as race throughout geographic space as a series of Gaussian gradients. Contemporary scientific critiques of BRCs fuse social constructionist race concepts with a description of the distribution of proportions of human genetic variation in geographic space as a function of distance. These two points are often followed by statements noting that there is only one human race. How these two concepts connect to each other, and whether or not they connect at all, is unclear in both academic and nonacademic spaces. Consequently, scientists and the public lack an understanding of human population structure and its relationships to varying systems of human interactions. This article reviews isolation-by-distance models in population genetics and the use of these models in the modern problem of human difference. The article presents a historical and conceptual review of isolation-by-distance models and contemporary scientific critiques of BRCs, followed by examples of the use of isolation-by-distance models in studies of human genetic variation. To address the shortcomings in the scientific critique of race, the author proposes combining Du Boisian demography with Darwinian evolutionary biology. From a Du Boisian demographic perspective, race is a product of racism, or race/ism, and is a heredity and inheritance system based on rules of partus sequitur ventrem and hypodescent. Race marks individuals and groups them to reproduce unequal relationships into which Europeans co-opted them. This synthesis propounds a new racial formation theory to understand the more general consequences of racism on genes and health outcomes.

距离隔离与21世纪的问题。
距离隔离模型是反种族主义制度信条的一部分,用于批判生物种族概念(BRCs)的主张。反种族主义的支持者呼吁用距离隔离模型来描述群体之间和群体之间的人类遗传差异模式,作为距离的函数。距离隔离被认为是人类基因变异所适合的模式,将我们所看到的种族差异分布在整个地理空间中,就像一系列高斯梯度。当代对brc的科学批评将社会建构主义种族概念与人类基因变异在地理空间中的比例分布描述作为距离的函数融合在一起。在这两点之后,经常有声明指出只有一个人类种族。这两个概念是如何相互联系的,以及它们是否联系在一起,在学术和非学术领域都是不清楚的。因此,科学家和公众对人口结构及其与各种人类互动系统的关系缺乏了解。本文综述了群体遗传学中的距离隔离模型以及这些模型在现代人类差异问题中的应用。本文介绍了距离隔离模型的历史和概念回顾以及对BRCs的当代科学批评,然后是在人类遗传变异研究中使用距离隔离模型的例子。为了解决种族科学批判的缺陷,作者建议将杜波依斯人口统计学与达尔文进化生物学结合起来。从杜波依斯人口统计学的角度来看,种族是种族主义或种族/主义的产物,是一种遗传和继承制度,其基础是先天的因果关系和次等的规则。种族给个人打上了标记,并将他们分组,以再现欧洲人接纳他们的不平等关系。这种综合提出了一种新的种族形成理论,以理解种族主义对基因和健康结果的更普遍后果。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Human Biology
Human Biology 生物-生物学
CiteScore
1.90
自引率
0.00%
发文量
88
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Human Biology publishes original scientific articles, brief communications, letters to the editor, and review articles on the general topic of biological anthropology. Our main focus is understanding human biological variation and human evolution through a broad range of approaches. We encourage investigators to submit any study on human biological diversity presented from an evolutionary or adaptive perspective. Priority will be given to interdisciplinary studies that seek to better explain the interaction between cultural processes and biological processes in our evolution. Methodological papers are also encouraged. Any computational approach intended to summarize cultural variation is encouraged. Studies that are essentially descriptive or concern only a limited geographic area are acceptable only when they have a wider relevance to understanding human biological variation. Manuscripts may cover any of the following disciplines, once the anthropological focus is apparent: human population genetics, evolutionary and genetic demography, quantitative genetics, evolutionary biology, ancient DNA studies, biological diversity interpreted in terms of adaptation (biometry, physical anthropology), and interdisciplinary research linking biological and cultural diversity (inferred from linguistic variability, ethnological diversity, archaeological evidence, etc.).
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