Human Biology最新文献

{"title":"Dimensional Changes in the Skulls of Ancient Children with\u0000Age in Xinjiang, China","authors":"Haijun Li, Jing Zhou, Yujie Zhao, Feng Chen, Hailong Zhang, Chang Fu, Bo Wang, Xiaoyong Xiao","doi":"10.1353/hub.2017.a925562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2017.a925562","url":null,"abstract":"Many scholars have conducted research on the growth patterns of children’s skulls in terms of skull\u0000size, head circumference, cranial cavity volume, and so forth. This study compared and analyzed 20\u0000skull measurement indexes of different ages from skulls of 38 children (aged 2–15 years) and 87 adult\u0000females (20–40 years) at the Zaghunluq cemetery in Xinjiang, China, to determine how the size of ancient\u0000children’s skulls changed with age. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences between\u0000the six age groups (2, 3–5, 6–8, 9–11, 12–15 years, and adults [20–40 years]) in terms of metrical cranial\u0000traits, cranial area, and cranial cavity volume. Results indicate that the skull kept growing from ages 3–5,\u000012–15, and adults, implying that the skull sizes of ancient children in Xinjiang continued to increase with\u0000age. In addition, the study revealed that children aged 12–15 had skulls that were significantly smaller\u0000than those of adults. This finding showed that the skulls of ancient children in Xinjiang were not fully\u0000developed at the age of 15. Notably, differences existed between age groups in both developmental traits\u0000of the cranium and the rates at which the skull changed.","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"102 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140766182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioethics as a Dynamic Issue: Holistic Approaches to\u0000Understanding and Applying Ethics to Study Design","authors":"Taiye Winful","doi":"10.1353/hub.2017.a925560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2017.a925560","url":null,"abstract":"Anthropologists have challenged bioethicists to incorporate more holistic approaches to applying ethics\u0000in real-world situations. Where bioethicists tend to use systematic philosophical approaches to moral\u0000dilemmas, anthropologists apply malleable approaches designed to be responsive to variable cultural\u0000contexts. For example, in decision making anthropologists emphasize the importance of community\u0000and the effects of social issues, political economy, and cultural tradition. This difference in approaches\u0000contributes to the contentious relationship between anthropologists and bioethicists. Despite nuanced\u0000perspectives, anthropologists have not enjoyed a durable role in shaping contemporary bioethics. This\u0000lack of nuance becomes problematic when researchers attempt to reconcile ethical issues against a\u0000rigid standard of morality, rather than what Patricia Marshall defines as a “culturally constituted and\u0000continually evolving” process. Reflecting on the institutional review board (IRB) review of the author’s\u0000work with African descendants in the United States and Nigeria, this discussion covers the importance\u0000of conceptualizing bioethics as a dynamic issue, especially when working with communities abroad.\u0000Comparing these review processes reveals the organizational structures, influenced by culture and\u0000society, that impact decision making in respective communities. This contribution to the special issue\u0000suggests that a focus on how IRB reviews are done can also offer insights and contextualization into\u0000community decision making. Within a cross-cultural setting, considerations of the IRB review processes\u0000can lead to more informed conversations on bioethics and can aid researchers in applying more holistic\u0000approaches to study design.","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"64 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140790820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethics and Best Practices of Studying Contemporary Human Populations","authors":"Mayowa T Adegboyega, Xinjun Zhang","doi":"10.1353/hub.2017.a925020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2017.a925020","url":null,"abstract":"At the 2021 meeting of the American Association of Biological Anthropologists, the “Ethics and Best Practices of Studying Contemporary Human Populations” symposium brought together a diverse panel of scientists to address the growing concerns related to consent, communication, and ethical practices in biological anthropology research. Drawing from historical parallels and current practices, the panel underscored the responsibilities of researchers to engage transparently and respectfully with the subjects of their studies. This article summarizes some of the topics raised and debated at that meeting, including the specific challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting surge in studies utilizing biological data from diverse populations, and the meaning of informed consent, genetic privacy, and data justice. The authors emphasize the importance of diversity and inclusion within research teams and leadership roles, and the role this can play in reshaping research approaches and fostering innovation in our field. They challenge the traditional notions of informed consent and encourage a more nuanced understanding that acknowledges the historical context and respects refusals as a form of knowledge production. The diverse perspectives shared at the symposium offer a glimpse into the ongoing efforts of biological anthropologists to navigate ethical challenges in contemporary human population studies. The collective aim is to spark sustained conversations and collaborative endeavors within biological anthropology and to promote continuous improvement in ethical standards and best practices.","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"685 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140782608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"More than Ethics: Changing Approaches to Research in Human Biology","authors":"Agustín Fuentes","doi":"10.1353/hub.2017.a925019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2017.a925019","url":null,"abstract":"Work in biological anthropology and human biology that engages with, extracts, manipulates, analyzes, and disseminates biological data from and associated with people requires serious ethical investment as central to method, theory, and practice. However, ethics is not enough. Moving beyond a call for better (or more) ethics, there is a core need for anthropological, historical, antiracist/anticolonialist method and theory in dealing with human data (existing, newly collected, and future collections). But there are structures in the academy, historical, financial, hierarchical, discriminatory, that impede sincere and effective actions to make such changes. Encouragingly, calls for structural change and some actions entailing it are under way. But individual efforts are not enough—systemic, profession-level processes need to be addressed.","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"18 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140768555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Origin and Dispersal of Austroasiatic Languages from the\u0000Perspectives of Linguistics, Archeology, and Genetics","authors":"Jian Yu, Xiaohua Deng, Zhiquan Fan, Wenjiao Yang, Zhi Ji, Chuan-Chao Wang","doi":"10.1353/hub.2017.a925564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2017.a925564","url":null,"abstract":"The Austroasiatic (AA) languages comprise a large language family in mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA)\u0000and South Asia. Theoretical, methodological, and material constraints have limited research on the origin\u0000and dispersal of AA-speaking populations within historical-comparative linguistics. With the deepening of\u0000archaeological and genetic studies, interdisciplinary collaboration has become key to solving this problem.\u0000We review the latest hypotheses in linguistics, archaeology, and molecular anthropology and propose\u0000insights on the origin and dispersal of AA languages. The ancestors of the AA-speaking populations were\u0000suggested to be rice farmers living in the Neolithic Age in southern China. Between 3,000 and 4,500\u0000BP, some of these ancestors who spoke Proto-AA migrated from southern China to northern Vietnam,\u0000together with shouldered stone tools and domesticated rice. They mixed with local hunter-gatherers and\u0000expanded to the south of MSEA, giving rise to the Mon-Khmer, Aslian, and Nicobarese populations. They\u0000also spread to the northeast of India to form the Munda-speaking populations. Another group arrived\u0000near Dian Lake in Yunnan about 2,500 BP, where they created the Bronze Drum culture with the Proto-\u0000Tai-Kadai (TK)–speaking populations and later spread eastward to northern Vietnam via Guangxi. Finally,\u0000the Proto-AA–speaking people who remained in southern China mixed with the Proto-TK–speaking\u0000groups from Fujian and Guangdong, leading to a language shift, which we hypothesize was one of the\u0000main reasons for the “disappearance” of AA in southern China.","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"118 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140772317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Anthropological Adaptations of Humans Living in\u0000Extreme Conditions and Health Implications","authors":"Brad Nisipeanu, Robert Lalonde","doi":"10.1353/hub.2017.a925563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2017.a925563","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding gene variations in people living under extreme conditions has the potential of curing\u0000diseases caused by exposure to heat, cold, fatty diets, hypoxia, and pathogens. One candidate gene\u0000associated with heat resistance is ACE1, encoding angiotensin-converting enzyme 1. Associations have\u0000also been made between cold resistance or fatty diets and polymorphisms of several genes, including\u0000ACTN3, encoding alpha-actinin-3, and CPTIA, encoding carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A. A prominent\u0000role in resistance to hypoxia has been recognized for polymorphisms of EPAS1, encoding endothelial\u0000PAS domain protein 1, and EGLN1, encoding Egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1. Variants conferring\u0000human resistance to pathogens include HBB, encoding hemoglobin subunit beta, and ACE2, encoding\u0000angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Genetic knowledge concerning such diseases as malaria and conditions\u0000such as hypoxia should continue to promote advances in gene therapy.","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"212 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140758309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Southern Tunisian Populations","authors":"M. Capocasa, C. Battaggia, E. Cancellieri, A. Lisi, Nouri Boukhchim, G. Bisol, S. di Lernia, P. Anagnostou","doi":"10.1353/hub.2017.a925561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2017.a925561","url":null,"abstract":"Due to its complex history of migrations and colonization of African, European, and Asian people, the\u0000Tunisian territory is an ideal area to study the effects of cultural change on the genetic structure of\u0000human populations. This study investigated genetic variation in the mitochondrial DNA of Tunisian\u0000populations to detect the possible impact of recent historical events on their gene pool. Two Arab and\u0000three Berber communities were analyzed using a comparison data set of 45 other populations comprising\u0000African, Arabian, Asian, European, and Near Eastern groups. Results were compared with those produced\u0000using a large panel of autosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We observed a slight but important\u0000difference between the populations that inhabit the southern and central-northern areas of Tunisia.\u0000Furthermore, robust signatures of genetic isolation were detected in two Berber populations (Nouvelle\u0000Zraoua and Tamezret) and in the R’Baya people, a seminomadic Arab group. This investigation suggests\u0000that the genetic structure of investigated southern Tunisian populations retains signatures of historical\u0000events that occurred between the 7th and 17th centuries, particularly the trans-Saharan slave trade and\u0000the emigration of Berbers in remote areas of the south during the Arab conquest.","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"253 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140769430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paternal Origins of Mongolic-Speaking Populations: A Review of Studies from Recent Decades (1999–2019) and Their Implications for Multidisciplinary Research in the Future","authors":"Sharengaowa, Peng-Cheng Ma, W. Yang, Altangoo Ochirbat, M. Zhabagin, Na Sun, Yong-Mei Xie, Yong-Lan Li, Lan-Hai Wei","doi":"10.1353/hub.2017.a879188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2017.a879188","url":null,"abstract":"The activities of Mongolic-speaking populations, a large group of people in eastern Eurasia, have important impacts on the history of East Asia and other parts of Eurasia. Most previous genetic research of East Asian populations, including ancient DNA studies, has involved samples from Mongolic-speaking populations or their ancient relatives. This review summarizes frequency data of paternal Y-chromosome haplogroups from all available literature about Mongolic-speaking populations from 1999 to 2019. Fourteen paternal components were identified, and six of them are proposed as major and common components in ancestor groups of Mongolic-speaking populations. The article thoroughly discusses the possible origin, migration patterns, and the roles of these six components in the evolutionary history of Mongolic-speaking populations, as well as implications of present achievements in human genetics for future multidisciplinary research in ethnology, history, archaeology, and linguistics.","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"30 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79649719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Susceptibility to Neurodegenerative Disorders: Insights from Paleogenomic Data","authors":"D. Toncheva, S. Karachanak-Yankova, M. Marinova, P. Borovska, D. Serbezov","doi":"10.1353/hub.2017.a879187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2017.a879187","url":null,"abstract":"Ancient human genome data accumulated in recent years can be employed to establish the spatiotemporal trajectories of genetic variants associated with human diseases. Such knowledge might illuminate if and how past adaptations impact contemporary human health and medicine. Scarcely any studies have yet attempted to evaluate genetic susceptibility to neurodegenerative disorders in ancient human communities. Using publicly available ancient human genome-wide data, this study evaluated the molecular predisposition to neurodegenerative disorders in ancient human communities. Ancient genome-wide data was screened for the presence of variants unequivocally associated with neurodegenerative disorders in modern populations, identifying two rare variants in the LRRK2 gene associated with Mendelian Parkinson’s disease, a pathogenic variant in the CRH gene associated with an uncommon form of epilepsy, and a rare variant in the TREM2 gene that is a possible risk modifier associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Their historical and geographic prevalence was also assessed, indicating differing spatiotemporal frequency dynamics for these clinically significant variants. Neurodegenerative disorders often have poorly understood pathogenesis that might be elucidated by studying the interaction of past genetic variability with ecological and evolutionary factors such as adverse environmental conditions, specific selective pressures, periods of population isolation, and admixture processes. Data on molecular predisposition to neurodegenerative disorders in ancient genomes is instructive to modern medical diagnostic and therapeutic practices.","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89318656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Gene Expression Profiles in a Prospective, Community-Based Cohort.","authors":"Jan Dahrendorff, Agaz Wani, Thomas Keller, Don Armstrong, Annie Qu, Derek E Wildman, Maria Carmen Valero, Karestan C Koenen, Allison E Aiello, Monica Uddin","doi":"10.1353/hub.2017.a935047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2017.a935047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common and debilitating psychiatric disorder that may occur in individuals exposed to traumatic events such as accidents, interpersonal violence, war, combat, or natural disasters. Additionally, PTSD has been implicated in the development of a variety of chronic conditions including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, suggesting that the biological alterations associated with the disorder can manifest themselves as chronic diseases in those suffering from PTSD. The biological underpinnings of the disorder are not well understood. Gene expression studies can illuminate the complex physiology of PTSD reflecting the embodiment of trauma, i.e., the process in which traumatic experiences in our social environments could potentially be manifested in our body by genomic mechanisms. To date, gene expression studies that examine the whole transcriptome are scarce and limited to single-timepoint assessments. Here we applied a transcriptome-wide gene expression screen with RNA-sequencing to whole blood samples from predominantly African-American participants in a community-dwelling setting to elucidate the gene expression signatures associated with the development of PTSD. The study participants (N=72, of whom 21 eventually developed PTSD) are a trauma-exposed subsample of participants enrolled in a longitudinal and prospective cohort study of adults living in Detroit, Michigan. PTSD was assessed in a structured telephone interview and whole blood samples were taken both before and after trauma exposure. We found 45 differentially expressed genes associated with PTSD development with an estimated log2 fold change > 1.5 at a nominal p-value (pPAX6, TSPAN7, PXDN, VWC2, SULF1, and NFATC4 were also ubiquitously expressed in all brain regions. Longitudinal sampling provides a promising mean to elucidate the pathophysiology underlying the embodiment of trauma.</p>","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"95 1","pages":"33-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11606054/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142768567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}