Human Biology最新文献

{"title":"Juvenile Body Mass Estimation from the Femur Using Postmortem Computed Tomography Data.","authors":"Laure Spake, Julia Meyers, Hugo F V Cardoso","doi":"10.1353/hub.2021.0006","DOIUrl":"10.1353/hub.2021.0006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Skeletal estimation methods to reconstruct the juvenile biological profile are largely limited to those estimating age and, to a lesser extent, sex. While body mass is not generally estimated as part of the biological profile in forensic investigations, this is a logical candidate for inclusion in the forensic biological profile, as it has long been of interest in paleoanthropology and several methods to estimate juvenile body mass currently exist. To explore the performance of body mass estimation for juveniles, the authors tested the accuracy and precision of previously published panel regression formulae using two femoral measurements: the breadth of the distal metaphysis and the cross-sectional polar moment of inertia (<i>J</i>). The test sample consisted of measurements of 94 individuals from birth to 12.5 years of age, taken from postmortem computed tomography scans housed at the Office of the Medical Investigator, New Mexico, USA. Results indicate that body mass estimates are more accurate when estimated from cross-sectional than from metaphyseal measures. Both formulae, however, consistently underestimated weight, and the magnitude of the underestimation increased exponentially with age. This suggests that, contrary to what others have argued, body mass estimation is complicated by population variation in body composition. This study reinforces the importance of documenting and investigating the ontogeny of human variation. The global increase in medical imaging in clinical settings can be leveraged to obtain skeletal data for juveniles from a wide range of ontogenic environments, marking an exciting time for the study of human variation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"93 2","pages":"125-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41111691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long Runs of Homozygosity Are Correlated with Marriage Preferences across Global Population Samples.","authors":"Samali Anova Sahoo,&nbsp;Rslan A Zaidi,&nbsp;Santosh Anagol,&nbsp;Iain Mathieson","doi":"10.1353/hub.2021.0011","DOIUrl":"10.1353/hub.2021.0011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Children of consanguineous unions carry long runs of homozygosity (ROH) in their genomes, due to their parents' recent shared ancestry. This increases the burden of recessive disease in populations with high levels of consanguinity and has been heavily studied in some groups. However, there has been little investigation of the broader effect of consanguinity on patterns of genetic variation on a global scale. This study, which collected published genetic data and information about marriage practice from 395 worldwide populations, shows that reported preference for cousin marriage has a detectable association with the distribution of long ROH in this sample, increasing the expected number of ROH longer than 10 cM by a factor of 2.2. Variation in marriage practice and consequent rates of consanguinity are therefore an important aspect of demographic history for the purposes of modeling human genetic variation. However, reported marriage practices explain a relatively small proportion of the variation in ROH distribution, and consequently, population genetic data are only partially informative about cultural preferences.</p>","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"93 3","pages":"201-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10497073/pdf/nihms-1892476.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10606819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fine-Scale Genetic Profile and Admixture History of Two Hmong-Mien-Speaking Miao Tribes from Southwest China Inferred from Genome-Wide Data.","authors":"Hui Tan, Rui Wang, Chuan-Chao Wang","doi":"10.1353/hub.2021.0010","DOIUrl":"10.1353/hub.2021.0010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As the dominant indigenous minority in southern China, Hmong-Mien-speaking Miao people were thought to be the descendants of Neolithic Yangtze rice farmers. However, the fine-scale population structure and genetic profile of the Miao populations remain unclear due to the limited Miao samples from southern China and Southeast Asia. We genotyped 19 individuals from the two largest Miao tribes in Guizhou Province (Southwest China) via SNP chips and co-analyzed the data with published modern and ancient East Asians. The Guizhou Miao displayed a closer genomic affinity with present-day and Neolithic to Iron Age southern East Asians (SEAs) than with most northern East Asians (NEAs). The genetic substructure within Miao groups was driven by different levels of genetic interaction with other ethnolinguistic groups: Hunan Miao (Central China) harbored higher proportions of NEA-related ancestry; Guizhou Miao (Southwest China) and Vietnam Miao (mainland Southeast Asia) received additional gene flow mainly from surrounding groups with Tai-Kadai-related ancestry. There were also more complex admixture events in the newly studied groups between Guizhou Xijiang Miao and surrounding populations compared with Guizhou Congjiang Miao. The qpAdm model further demonstrated that the primary ancestry of Hunan Miao, Guizhou Miao studied here, and Vietnam Miao derived from ancient SEA-related ancestry (represented by coastal early Neolithic SEA Liangdao2), with the additional gene flow from ancient NEA-related ancestry (represented by spatiotemporally inland Yellow River farmers), with slightly different proportions. Our genomic evidence reveals the complex and distinct demographic history of different Miao tribes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"93 3","pages":"179-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41102119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genotype Frequency of the Common TLR4 SNPs in a Kurdish Population: Global Reviews and Out-of-African Migrations.","authors":"Sherko Subhan Niranji, Sirwan M A Al-Jaf","doi":"10.1353/hub.2021.0008","DOIUrl":"10.1353/hub.2021.0008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are cellular innate immune receptors that explore microbial molecules. For instance, TLR4 can sense bacterial lipopolysaccharides, inducing cytokines and antimicrobial peptides against the bacteria. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR4 are associated with diseases such as septic shock. Therefore, investigations of common SNPs may help explain the pathogenesis of diseases and various innate immune responses to infections. This study investigated genotypic frequencies of the two common TLR4 SNPs, Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile, in a Kurdish population using restriction length fragment polymorphisms (RFLPs). Global frequencies of both TLR4 SNPs in different populations of sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, western Asia, Eurasia, and East Asia were also used to infer human migrations and past settlements. The RFLP data demonstrate that, in the Kurdish population, the genotypic frequencies of both SNPs are similar to Iranian or other West Asian populations, which in turn are comparable to Eurasian populations, suggesting past admixture due to migrations, population intermixing, and common ancestry. Globally, the frequencies of the homozygous wild-types of TLR4 variants are prevalent, but homozygous mutants are rare or lacking in almost all global populations. Frequencies of the heterozygotes varied among populations. For instance, in sub-Saharan Africa the frequency of the Asp299Gly SNP is higher than that of Thr399Ile, whereas in the Arabian Peninsula both SNPs are present at high frequencies. In contrast, East Asian populations lack or have very low frequencies of both TLR4 SNPs of interest. Moreover, co-segregation of the TLR4 SNPs is common in some populations, which may indicate important associations with certain diseases. Future studies are required to link the TLR4 SNPs with either resistance or susceptibility to diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"93 3","pages":"143-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41119059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating Identity: The Intersection of Social and Biological Identity from the World War II Battle of Tarawa.","authors":"Rebecca J Taylor, Briana T New, Caryn E Tegtmeyer","doi":"10.1353/hub.2021.0005","DOIUrl":"10.1353/hub.2021.0005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 1943 Battle of Tarawa resulted in the loss of approximately 1,000 US service members on or around Betio Island, Tarawa Atoll, Republic of Kiribati. Nearly half these casualties were accounted for after the battle. The Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA) has worked to identify the remaining ∼510 unaccounted-for service members and has successfully identified ∼160 service members to date. Demographic data pulled from historical documentation of the US losses indicate a relatively homogeneous population (99% White, 81% 17-23 years of age, and only two individuals with a documented religious preference other than Protestant or Catholic). Using this demographic data as a framework, three case studies are presented to demonstrate how a holistic biosocial approach to building identity could facilitate forensic identifications. The temporal and sociocultural contextualization of analyses enables anthropologists to navigate inconsistencies between 21st-century and historical (1940s) social identity concepts to overcome challenges to identification. The case studies demonstrate how biological evidence, genetic evidence, and material evidence (material culture) differently contribute to the social identity of an individual and can impact identification efforts when analytical conclusions are incongruent with historical documentation. The first case of US Battle of Tarawa casualties examines how morphometric biological affinity assessments are biased by the fluidity of social identity concepts when complex morphological and metric indicators of biological affinity are not represented in historical race categories. The second case demonstrates how biogeographic genetic affinity predictions, through a discussion of the G2a4 haplogroup, need to be examined holistically in the context of other lines of evidence. The third case highlights how material evidence can further define social identity beyond physicality, genetic structure, and race. The challenges of interpreting identity from human remains, as highlighted through these examples, are commonly encountered by anthropologists working in disaster victim identification and other humanitarian contexts. Thus, it is imperative for anthropologists to be self-aware of implicit biases toward the current prevailing definitions of biological and social identity and to consider historical perceptions of identity when working in these contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"93 2","pages":"105-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41122913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Narratives of Injustice: An Investigation of Toxic Dumping within the Blackfeet Nation.","authors":"Kimberly L Paul,&nbsp;Laura B Caplins","doi":"10.13110/humanbiology.92.1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13110/humanbiology.92.1.04","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For over 50 years, the people of the Amskapi Piikani (Blackfeet) Nation have relayed information of \"something bad\" being covertly dumped within their remaining homelands. These stories, addressing contaminated waste and the locations of rumored dump sites, have also been linked with perceived cancer clusters among residents who live within the Blackfeet Nation. The concept of environmental injustice suggests that often the most vulnerable populations, including communities of color, experience the most negative realities of environmental toxic exposures, and it is not uncommon for toxic wastes to be disposed of within Native American lands. Given that Blackfeet communities suffer from some of the highest rates of cancer in the state of Montana, these narratives warrant further investigation. This research examined whether illicit dumping within Blackfeet sovereign lands can be substantiated and if this is a case of environmental injustice. This investigation employed a mix of both traditional Indigenous and Western-based scientific methodologies, both quantitative and qualitative. Traditional methodologies included the use of Indigenous oral narratives. These oral narratives are then further informed with Western processes of document review and geologic, water, and radiation surveys. The authors found compelling evidence through the oral histories and document reviews for toxic dumping within Blackfeet lands; however, cursory water and radiation surveys were not conclusive. This initial inquiry provides the foundation for further research needed to press this investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"92 1","pages":"27-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38635407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traditional Ecological Knowledge Policy Considerations for Abandoned Uranium Mines on Navajo Nation.","authors":"Tommy Rock, Jani C Ingram","doi":"10.13110/humanbiology.92.1.01","DOIUrl":"10.13110/humanbiology.92.1.01","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Environmental justice is a prominent issue for Native American nations within the United States. One example is the abandoned uranium mines on the Navajo Nation that have been left unremediated since the Cold War. Often, environmental policy is developed for issues facing Native American nations that do not include input from those nations. Instead, Native American nations should have the opportunity to address environmental issues using their traditional ecological knowledge (TEK). TEK has ties to natural laws long respected by tribal communities; these laws provide the foundation for addressing the complex relationship between nature and humans. Often, policy development addressing environmental concerns is determined by non-Native American stakeholders, which can have negative effects on the Native American communities. These policies harm Native Americans rather than ultimately helping them. The focus of this discussion is how TEK can play a role in environmental policy development for the Navajo Nation surrounding abandoned uranium mines.</p>","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"92 1","pages":"19-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8477793/pdf/nihms-1742709.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38635406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Justice, Indigenous Knowledge Systems, and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders.","authors":"Michael S Spencer, Taurmini Fentress, Ammara Touch, Jessica Hernandez","doi":"10.13110/humanbiology.92.1.06","DOIUrl":"10.13110/humanbiology.92.1.06","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders, and the environment they are in relationship with, have been the targets of exploitation, extraction, and destruction. Environmental atrocities throughout the Pacific have demonstrated how imperialism, capitalism, and white supremacy drive destruction through efforts to dominate and exploit for material gain. The relationship between Pacific people and the environment, which defines who they are socially, spiritually, and ancestrally, continues to be damaged and even severed by these injustices. The purpose of this article is to provide examples of major environmental injustices in the Pacific and to develop a deeper understanding of the relationship between settler colonialism and environmental injustices. Indigenous knowledge, with a focus on traditional ecological knowledge, is incorporated not just to demonstrate the deep impact of injustices on Pacific people's cultures but also to highlight how this way of knowing cultivates a path to revitalization and community resilience. Cultural practices rooted in traditional ecological knowledge, such as the preservation of food systems, promote reciprocity between living beings and self-determination, necessary for community flourishing. With this understanding, Pacific peoples' relationship with their land offers further evidence of the critical role culture and Indigenous knowledge can play in environmental justice policies and practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"92 1","pages":"45-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38635409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Pua ka wiliwili, nanahu ka manō</i>: Understanding Sharks in Hawaiian Culture.","authors":"Noelani Puniwai","doi":"10.13110/humanbiology.92.1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13110/humanbiology.92.1.03","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Kanaka Maoli (Indigenous Hawaiians) are blessed with a written literature that documents observations and relationships with their environment in the form of chants, stories, and genealogies passed down orally for centuries. These literatures connect them to their ancestral knowledge and highlight species, places, and processes of importance. Such sayings as <i>Pua ka wiliwili, nanahu ka manō</i> (When the wiliwili blossoms, sharks bite), from the Kumulipo (a Kanaka Maoli creation story), are examples of the place of nature, humans, and a specifijic creature-here the shark, or <i>manō</i>-in ecological phenology. This article focuses on manō because of the importance of manō in Hawaiian culture and the availability of historical references, in contrast to the relatively little available scientifijic knowledge. Manō are understood through Hawaiian Indigenous science in their roles as <b>'aumakua</b> (guardians) and as unique individuals. By using manō as a lens through which to recognize the uniqueness of the Hawaiian worldview, the author highlights the classifijication system developed and applies this framework in analyzing management scenarios. She argues that using Hawaiian Indigenous science can help adapt new ways to classify our environmental interactions and relationships that will bring us closer to our living relatives. Management decisions regarding culturally important species need not be based solely on the most current Western scientifijic data but can utilize the much longer data set of knowledge stored in Kanaka Maoli oral literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"92 1","pages":"11-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38635405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weaving Indigenous Science into Ecological Sciences: Culturally Grounding Our Indigenous Scholarship.","authors":"Jessica Hernandez,&nbsp;Michael S Spencer","doi":"10.13110/humanbiology.92.1.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13110/humanbiology.92.1.05","url":null,"abstract":"2School of Social Work, Indigenous Wellness Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. *Correspondence to: Jessica Hernandez, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, College of Environment, University of Washington, Anderson Hall, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. E-mail: jhernan@uw.edu. Michael Spencer, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Box 354900, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. E-mail: mspenc@uw.edu.","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":"92 1","pages":"5-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38635404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}