Human Brain Mapping最新文献

{"title":"A Novel Investigation of an In-Scanner Alternative to the Cold Pressor Test in Healthy Individuals","authors":"Sonia Medina,&nbsp;Sam W. Hughes","doi":"10.1002/hbm.70291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.70291","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The cold pressor task (CPT) is widely used to study tonic pain during acute and chronic conditions and is often used as a conditioning stimulus to activate descending pain control systems. However, logistical challenges in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) limit its application, hindering the understanding of CPT's neural dynamics. To address this, we acquired resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) data from 30 healthy participants before, during and after immersion in gelled-cold water, the closest in-scanner alternative to date to CPT for prolonged stimulation. Participants provided subjective pain intensity ratings after each scan, as well as average pain perceived during noxious stimulation, using a numeric rating scale (NRS). Following fMRI, participants rated their pain continuously during identical tonic noxious stimulation of the contralateral hand using a visual analogue scale (VAS). We employed three complementary methods to examine changes in brain function across fMRI conditions: a data-driven approach via independent component analysis (ICA), seed-to-whole-brain connectivity analysis with the periaqueductal grey (PAG) as seed and spectral dynamic causal modelling (spDCM) to explore effective connectivity changes across the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), anterior insulae (AI), thalamus and PAG. NRS scores were significantly higher following tonic cold compared to baseline and recovery conditions. Continuous VAS reflected sustained mild-to-moderate pain over 6 min, with average VAS scores not significantly differing from NRS ratings recorded in the scanner. ICA identified engagement of descending pain control and sensorimotor networks during pain, with the latter persisting during recovery. Seed-based analysis revealed a disengagement between the PAG and cortical/subcortical regions involved in pain processing, such as the dACC, midcingulate cortex, AI, intraparietal sulcus and precuneus. Finally, spDCM revealed tonic pain neural signature was most likely characterised by top-down inhibitory and bottom-up excitatory connections. This study establishes the cold gelled-water paradigm as a potential in-scanner alternative to CPT. By uncovering key neural dynamics of CPT, we provide new insights into the brain and brainstem mechanisms of tonic cold pain paradigms routinely used in psychophysical pain studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13019,"journal":{"name":"Human Brain Mapping","volume":"46 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hbm.70291","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144705135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altered EEG Response of the Parietal Network in Asymptomatic C9orf72 Carriers","authors":"Stefan Dukic,&nbsp;Kevin van Veenhuijzen,&nbsp;Henk-Jan Westeneng,&nbsp;Roisin McMackin,&nbsp;Ruben P. A. van Eijk,&nbsp;Boudewijn T. H. M. Sleutjes,&nbsp;Bahman Nasseroleslami,&nbsp;Orla Hardiman,&nbsp;Leonard H. van den Berg","doi":"10.1002/hbm.70275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.70275","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor neuron degeneration. Around 10% of cases have a genetic basis, with the <i>C9orf72</i> hexanucleotide repeat expansion being the most common cause in individuals of European ancestry. Detecting early alterations in at-risk individuals could aid in identifying biomarkers for timely diagnosis and intervention. In this study, we investigated electrophysiological changes in asymptomatic <i>C9orf72</i> mutation carriers using EEG, focusing on cognitive and motor networks, as these individuals are at risk of developing impairments in both domains. This study included 87 asymptomatic family members (AFM) of patients with familial <i>C9orf72</i> ALS, comprising 37 individuals carrying the pathological repeat expansion (C9+) and 50 without it (C9−). High-density EEG was recorded during the sustained attention to response task (SART), which is a Go/NoGo paradigm that engages the frontoparietal and motor networks. Task performance was recorded and six behavioral measures were extracted: NoGo accuracy, Go accuracy, total accuracy, anticipation error, average response time, and response time variability. Analyses were conducted on EEG data in both sensor- and source-space, using stimulus- and response-locked data. The stimulus-locked Go and NoGo data were analysed within two time windows: 180–350 ms (N2) and 300–600 ms (P3), while response-locked Go data were analysed within a −100 to 100 ms time window. Linear mixed models were used to quantify differences between groups, incorporating familial pedigree to control for between-subject dependencies. While the two groups did not significantly differ in any SART performance measures, EEG analyses revealed differences. During the stimulus-locked N2, significant differences were observed in sensor-space, primarily in central electrodes during both NoGo and Go conditions, with C9+ AFM exhibiting an increased negative potential. Source analysis confirmed these findings and localized the increased activity in the bilateral precuneus and superior parietal regions. Further analysis of the response-locked data supported the involvement of the same posterior regions. No significant relationships were found between these EEG observations and SART performance. These findings provide the first evidence of EEG changes in AFM carrying the <i>C9orf72</i> repeat expansion. The observed functional changes in the parietal regions may reflect genotype-related effects on the motor control network, potentially contributing to early pathophysiology. In contrast, clinical assessments and task performance did not differ between groups, suggesting that our EEG findings may hold promise as biomarkers for monitoring the risk of conversion to symptomatic disease and warrant further exploration to assess their predictive value for future symptom onset.</p>","PeriodicalId":13019,"journal":{"name":"Human Brain Mapping","volume":"46 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hbm.70275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144705134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-Associated Cortical Thinning in Speech Motor Regions Precedes Hippocampal Decline: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease","authors":"Lindsay C. Hanford,&nbsp;John Jacoby,&nbsp;David H. Salat,&nbsp;Steven E. Arnold,&nbsp;Marziye Eshghi","doi":"10.1002/hbm.70288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.70288","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Speech-motor and cognitive impairments are commonly observed in age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Although there is a strong interaction between motor and cognitive functions, intact speech motor control is a crucial yet often-overlooked component of cognitive functioning. Additionally, motor decline can occur independently and may precede the onset of cognitive impairment in neurodegenerative conditions. These impairments can confound measures of higher-order cognition, typically assessed through behavioral performance. Notably, the associations between cognitive performance and biological indices of speech motor production have been largely unexplored. This study is the first to examine cognitive associations of cortical thickness in brain regions implicated in speech motor performance across the adult lifespan, and to investigate whether age-related structural changes in speech motor regions precede those seen in the hippocampus. Our sample included 699 cognitively healthy adults (56% female) spanning 35–90 years from the Human Connectome Project (HCP)-Aging dataset. Cognition was estimated using standard neuropsychological assessments including: the Trail Making Task A/B (TMT), the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), and a cognitive composite score (summating cognitive performance across multiple tasks). Whole-brain T1- and T2-weighted MRI images were acquired using 3-Tesla scanners across multiple study sites. Structural images were preprocessed using the HCP minimal preprocessed pipelines to reconstruct cortical surfaces. Volume-based estimates including hippocampal volume and total gray matter volume were adjusted for head size using an adjusted measure of estimated Total Intracranial Volume (eTIV). Speech motor regions were investigated relative to well-characterized relationships with hippocampal volume (a hallmark region for memory and cognition and AD-related atrophy). Estimates of cortical thickness were extracted from 14 bilateral speech motor control regions spanning premotor, motor, somatosensory, insular, and prefrontal cortices. Performance across all cognitive tasks and estimates of brain structure were all highly correlated with age. After controlling for the effects of age, greater hippocampal volume remained correlated with better cognitive performance across all cognitive tasks. However, only cognitive associations with greater total gray matter volume survived correction for multiple comparisons. As expected, age associations with hippocampal volume differed between early (−0.191%/year) and late adulthood (−0.714%/year) (&lt;i&gt;T&lt;/i&gt; = 6.179, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0002). Age associations with speech motor control regions significantly differed from the associations seen in GMV, mCT, and/or hippocampal volume across the lifespan (Pcor &lt; 0.0001) and during late adulthood when compared separately. Half the speech motor control regions explored showed","PeriodicalId":13019,"journal":{"name":"Human Brain Mapping","volume":"46 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hbm.70288","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144681257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early Nutrition is Associated With Global Motion Perception and V5 Function in 7-Year-Old Children Born Very Preterm","authors":"Linda Nguyen,&nbsp;Andrew E. Silva,&nbsp;Tanya Poppe,&nbsp;Myra Leung,&nbsp;Jane M. Alsweiler,&nbsp;Joanna Black,&nbsp;Jane E. Harding,&nbsp;Anna C. Tottman,&nbsp;Benjamin Thompson,&nbsp;the PIANO Study Group","doi":"10.1002/hbm.70298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.70298","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The dorsal stream vulnerability hypothesis suggests that preterm birth may preferentially impair development of the dorsal visual pathway. We explored the effects of early nutrition on dorsal stream development in a well-characterized cohort of 7-year-old children born very preterm. The children had been admitted to a tertiary hospital neonatal intensive care unit either before (OldPro group) or after (NewPro group) a parenteral nutrition protocol change that was intended to increase protein intake and reduce fluid volume intake. We assessed dorsal stream function using the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response in V1 and V5 to coherent and incoherent random dot kinematograms (RDKs), quantified using functional magnetic resonance imaging. V1 and V5 regions of interest could be localized in 24 children (OldPro <i>n</i> = 11, NewPro <i>n</i> = 13). Motion coherence thresholds, a psychophysical measure of global motion perception, were also available for 22 of these children (OldPro <i>n</i> = 9, NewPro <i>n</i> = 13). The NewPro group demonstrated a higher V5 BOLD response to RDK stimuli (OldPro: mean = 0.5%, SD = 0.2%; NewPro: mean = 1.0%, SD = 0.6%) and exhibited lower (better) motion coherence thresholds (OldPro: median = 74.0%, IQR: 59.5%–81.2%; NewPro: median = 36.8%, IQR: 27.5%–44.5%), compared to the OldPro group. The V1 BOLD response did not differ between the groups. There was a significant association between V5 ΔBOLD (coherent minus incoherent stimulus BOLD response) and motion coherence threshold. Together, these findings suggest that early nutrition may influence dorsal stream development in children born very preterm.</p>","PeriodicalId":13019,"journal":{"name":"Human Brain Mapping","volume":"46 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hbm.70298","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144681259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Early Lateralization of White Matter in the Infant Language Network","authors":"Madeline Marcelle,&nbsp;Venkata Sita Priyanka Illapani,&nbsp;William D. Gaillard,&nbsp;Elissa L. Newport","doi":"10.1002/hbm.70286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.70286","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Neural language development involves the maturation of both frontal and temporal language centers and their white matter connections. Leftward asymmetry of white matter tracts has been seen at 5 years of age, and the maintenance of laterality into adulthood likely supports mature language functioning and cortical lateralization. However, it is not known if this laterality is present in infancy or how it relates to early language acquisition. We examined longitudinal changes in white matter microstructure and macrostructure in language (arcuate fasciculus [AF], uncinate fasciculus [UF]) and motor (corticospinal tract [CST]) white matter pathways in typically developing infants. We hypothesized that left hemisphere language tracts would demonstrate more rapid maturation in infancy compared to their right hemisphere counterparts, supporting an early left hemisphere bias for language in the left hemisphere, and we hypothesized that nonmotor tracts would demonstrate concurrent bilateral maturation. We characterized the development of hemispheric asymmetry in the bilateral AF, UF, and CST in 114 typically developing infants from 0 to 24 months of age using data from the HCP Baby Connectome Project. We measured longitudinal changes in fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD), axial diffusivity (AD), probabilistic streamlines, and tract volume. We used linear mixed-effects modeling to estimate the developmental trajectories in micro- and macrostructure in the left and right hemisphere tracts. We additionally reconstructed these tracts in a cohort of healthy adults from the 100 Unrelated Subjects Cohort of the Human Connectome Project. We successfully reconstructed these tracts in the adult brain and demonstrated broad left-lateralization, replicating prior findings. For infants, all tracts demonstrated rapid age-related changes in microstructure, but there were no age-related increases in tract volume or number of streamlines. There were no main effects of sex in any measure. In contrast to adults, while we did see a difference between hemispheres in the number of streamlines in the UF, which was greater in the right hemisphere, we did not find other differences or any asymmetries in rates of maturation between left and right hemisphere tracts. Our methods are capable of identifying laterality differences between left and right hemisphere white matter tracts in adults. However, the picture was quite different in infants. We found that both the left and right AF and UF demonstrated rapid microstructural maturation over the first 2 years of life. However, left lateralization of these tracts was not present in infancy. This may indicate that strong laterality develops as more language skills are acquired or perhaps not until strong cortical lateralization emerges in childhood. Future studies should add to this work by including other language tracts and including data from infancy through childhood, when functional langu","PeriodicalId":13019,"journal":{"name":"Human Brain Mapping","volume":"46 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hbm.70286","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144681303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Empathy Toward Dissimilar Others in Challenging Everyday Interactions","authors":"Rui Watanabe,&nbsp;Hironobu Kuruma","doi":"10.1002/hbm.70283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.70283","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Empathy is essential for human social interaction; however, extending empathy toward individuals with dissimilar characteristics facing daily challenges may be difficult. This study investigated how people without disabilities empathize with individuals with disabilities, specifically those with stroke-induced hemiplegia, during manual interactions with objects or other people. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA), we examined the neural and behavioral mechanisms underlying empathy in these contexts. Participants observed video stimuli featuring individuals with hemiplegia performing hand movements, such as grasping a human hand or an object (a plastic bottle), using either their hemiplegic or nonhemiplegic hands. Behavioral results showed that observing grasping movements performed by the hemiplegic hand elicited stronger negative empathic feelings than those performed by the nonhemiplegic hand, regardless of the grasping targets. Positive empathic feelings were more pronounced while observing the hemiplegic hand grasping the human hand than the object. Furthermore, classification approaches in MVPA revealed that parts of the mirror neuron system and mentalizing networks distinguished empathic responses to grasping the human hand and the object commonly across the hemiplegic and the nonhemiplegic hands conditions. Additionally, the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) more accurately classified empathic responses to hemiplegic than nonhemiplegic grasping movements. Representational similarity analysis revealed that brain regions associated with affective empathy were specifically attuned to feelings of relief involved in the grasping movements across conditions. These findings suggest that both affective and cognitive empathic brain systems are mutually engaged when empathizing with individuals with hemiplegia who face complex challenges. The dorsal MPFC likely plays a key role in facilitating precise empathic responses to the challenges of hemiplegic movements. Moreover, the affective system is particularly fine-tuned to positive feelings, such as relief. Our findings advance understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying empathy toward individuals with different characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":13019,"journal":{"name":"Human Brain Mapping","volume":"46 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hbm.70283","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144681258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Common and Distinct Neural Mechanisms Underlying Risk Seeking and Risk Aversion: Evidence From the Neuroimaging Meta-Analysis","authors":"Tao Ding,&nbsp;Peihua Xian,&nbsp;Shuai Jin,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Liu,&nbsp;Xuqun You","doi":"10.1002/hbm.70295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.70295","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Risky decision-making, a ubiquitous aspect of human behavior, primarily encompasses two behavioral tendencies: risk seeking and risk aversion. Despite extensive exploration of the neural mechanisms involved in risk decision-making, the specific neural activity patterns underlying risk seeking and risk aversion, along with their dynamic regulatory mechanisms, remain unclear. This study employed a comprehensive meta-analysis approach that includes 43 risk seeking and 22 risk aversion whole-brain experiments to explore the neural basis and functional networks of risk seeking and risk aversion. The results indicated that risk seeking was associated with activations in the right insula and left caudate, whereas risk aversion was related to activations in the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Further analyses showed that risk seeking primarily was linked to the reward network, salience network, and cognitive control network, while risk aversion primarily was involved in the cognitive control network and valuation network. These findings lend support to the dual-system theory, wherein risk seeking is predominantly influenced by the emotional system, whereas risk aversion is primarily driven by the cognitive system. Our study offers a novel perspective on the neural mechanisms underpinning risky decision-making and provides a theoretical foundation for interventions aimed at individuals with decision-making impairments.</p>","PeriodicalId":13019,"journal":{"name":"Human Brain Mapping","volume":"46 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hbm.70295","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decreases in Hormone Levels Modulate Neurovascular Coupling but Not Reduced Insular Functional Connectivity in Menstrual-Related Migraine","authors":"Xinyu Li,&nbsp;Lisa W. C. Au,&nbsp;Huifen Hao,&nbsp;Yingying Li,&nbsp;Xiuju Gao,&nbsp;Junqiang Yan,&nbsp;Raymond K. Y. Tong,&nbsp;Wutao Lou","doi":"10.1002/hbm.70289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.70289","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Menstrual-related migraine (MRM) is a neurovascular disorder associated with decreased sex hormone levels. The menstrual cycle influences both cerebrovascular function and functional brain connectivity, with accumulating evidence linking migraine to altered connectivity, particularly in the insula. However, the neuropathological mechanisms underlying MRM during the menstrual cycle remain poorly understood. In this longitudinal study, 36 MRM patients and 29 healthy controls were recruited. Sex hormone levels and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) were collected during both the late-follicular phase (LFP) and the perimenstrual phase (PMP). Neurovascular function was assessed using voxel-wise hemodynamic response function (HRF) parameters. The subregions of insula-to-whole-brain phase synchronization were estimated using the HRF variations corrected phase information. Our results showed that hormone level decreases from the LFP to the PMP modulated HRF response heights. Changes in the HRF width were reversed between MRM patients and controls, with hormone fluctuations particularly affecting the superior temporal gyrus in the MRM group. Additionally, MRM patients exhibited increased insular phase synchronization in the LFP and reduced synchronization in the PMP. These findings suggest that menstrual cycle-related hormone fluctuations contribute to dysregulated neurovascular coupling in MRM. The reduced insular phase synchronization in the PMP may not be directly driven by these hormone changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13019,"journal":{"name":"Human Brain Mapping","volume":"46 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hbm.70289","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effort Expenditure Reduces Prosocial Decision-Making: Computational Principles and Neural Mechanisms","authors":"Yaxin Zhang,&nbsp;Jiarui Dong,&nbsp;Ningxuan Chen,&nbsp;Ping Wei","doi":"10.1002/hbm.70290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.70290","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Charitable giving is a costly prosocial act in which individuals donate money or other resources to benefit others. Although the relationship between effort and prosocial behavior has been explored, how effort expenditure affects subsequent prosocial decisions and the underlying neurocognitive processes remains poorly understood. We conducted two experiments to address this, using cognitive modeling of behavioral responses in Experiment 1 and electrophysiological recordings in Experiment 2. In both experiments, participants received cues indicating the effort type required (effort vs. no-effort) before completing a task involving either physical effort or rest. They earned monetary rewards based on performance or unconditionally and then decided whether to accept donation offers at low, medium, or high costs. Behavioral results in both experiments revealed that participants were more likely to reject donation offers after exerting effort, particularly for medium- and high-cost offers. Analysis using a hierarchical drift diffusion model revealed that participants accumulated information more rapidly and required less evidence for decision-making in the effort condition compared to the no-effort condition. Electrophysiological results revealed that effort expenditure heightened reward-sensitive neural responses upon receiving monetary feedback, as reflected by increased reward positivity, fb-P3, and fb-delta power. Moreover, higher amplitudes of reward positivity and fb-P3 in response to effort-earned feedback were associated with less generous prosocial donations. These findings demonstrate that effort expenditure amplifies reward sensitivity, expedites the accumulation of self-interest, simplifies the decision-making process, and ultimately strengthens proself choices during decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":13019,"journal":{"name":"Human Brain Mapping","volume":"46 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hbm.70290","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144657679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Extreme Value Statistics to Reconceptualize Psychopathology as Extreme Deviations From a Normative Reference Model","authors":"Charlotte Fraza,&nbsp;Mariam Zabihi,&nbsp;Christian F. Beckmann,&nbsp;Andre F. Marquand","doi":"10.1002/hbm.70281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.70281","url":null,"abstract":"<p>For many problems in neuroimaging, the most informative features occur in the tail of the distribution. For example, when considering psychiatric disorders as deviations from a ‘norm’, the tails of the distribution are considerably more informative than the bulk of the distribution for understanding risk, stratifying and predicting such disorders, and for anomaly detection. Yet, most statistical methods used in neuroimaging focus on modeling the bulk and fail to adequately capture extreme values occurring in the tails. To address this, we propose a framework that combines normative models with multivariate extreme value statistics to accurately model extreme deviations of a reference cohort for individual participants. Normative models are now widely used in clinical neuroscience and similar to the employment of normative growth charts in pediatric medicine to track a child's weight in relation to their age; normative models can be used with neuroimaging measurements to quantify individual neurophenotypic deviations from a reference cohort. However, formal statistical treatment of how to model the extreme deviations from these models has been lacking until now. In this article, we provide such an approach inspired by applications of extreme value statistics in meteorology. Since the presentation of extreme value statistics is quite technical, we begin with a non-technical introduction to the fundamental principles of extreme value statistics to accurately map the tails of the normative distribution for biological markers, including mapping multivariate tail dependence across multiple markers. Next, we give a demonstration of this approach to the UK Biobank dataset and demonstrate how extreme values can be used to accurately estimate risk and detect atypicality. This framework provides a valuable tool for the statistical modeling of extreme deviations in neurobiological data, which could provide us with more accurate and effective diagnostic tools for neurological and psychiatric disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":13019,"journal":{"name":"Human Brain Mapping","volume":"46 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hbm.70281","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144657689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}