Health Security最新文献

{"title":"Past and Future Utilities of Biological Weapons.","authors":"James Revill","doi":"10.1177/23265094251387129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23265094251387129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biological weapons can take many forms and have been designed for a variety of purposes, including-but not limited to-attacks on human populations. The 1972 Biological Weapons Convention has played a key role in the comprehensive prohibition and prevention of such weapons over the past 50 years. To sustain this prohibition into the future, states parties to the treaty must carefully monitor advances in science and technology, while also remaining vigilant against the risks posed by older, outdated forms of biological weapons.</p>","PeriodicalId":12955,"journal":{"name":"Health Security","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145285968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemic-Ready Primary Healthcare and the Application of 7-1-7 Metrics: A Case Study on a Measles Outbreak in Sierra Leone, January to March 2024.","authors":"Oliver Eleeza, Amy Elizabeth Barrera-Cancedda, Ronald R Mutebi, Amon Njenga, Mohamed A Vandi, Stacey Mearns, AbdulRaheem Yakubu, Mame Toure, Susan Michaels-Strasser","doi":"10.1177/23265094251384635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23265094251384635","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic exposed vulnerabilities in health systems' abilities to detect, report, and respond to threats. Inadequate preparedness led to healthcare worker infections, essential service disruptions, and impacts on communities. Primary healthcare (PHC) is often overlooked in health security initiatives. Epidemic Ready Primary Health Care (ERPHC) is an initiative that strengthens PHC facilities to prevent, detect, and respond to outbreaks, while maintaining essential services. ICAP at Columbia University, the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health, and Resolve to Save Lives is implementing a multiyear ERPHC project in Sierra Leone. We conducted a retrospective data review of 52 confirmed measles cases across 4 PHC facilities from January to March 2024. Data are presented using an adapted 7-1-7 quality improvement approach for detection and notification to evaluate the key tenants of ERPHC: speed, safety, and surge. Out of the 52 confirmed cases, 98% and 100% met the first \"7\" and \"1\" for detection and notification. Immediate case management and safety actions were completed for all 52 cases. None of the facilities were able to implement 2 readiness parameters for surge: sufficient supplies and referral pathways. Key bottlenecks included patient late presentation to health facilities, delayed notification via the electronic case-based surveillance system, inadequate personal protective equipment availability, and no updated referral pathways. These results underscore the need to scale and implement ERPHC in PHC facilities using adapted 7-1-7 metrics. Healthcare worker safety, increased community engagement, national supply chain mechanism strengthening, and established patient referral pathways need to be the foci of further health security investment in Sierra Leone.</p>","PeriodicalId":12955,"journal":{"name":"Health Security","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145274158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Balancing Public Health and Privacy: South Korea's Infectious Disease Laws Post-MERS and COVID-19.","authors":"Sungmin Park","doi":"10.1089/hs.2024.0059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2024.0059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluates South Korea's legislative amendments related to infectious disease after the 2015 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak and how they were applied during the COVID-19 pandemic. A significant legal case after the 2015 MERS outbreak highlighted the government's liability due to inadequate response, which led to amendments in the Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act. Key revisions included changes to epidemiological investigations, information disclosure, and requests to provide information. This study reviews the application of these amendments during COVID-19, focusing on related litigation and Korean courts' decisions. Additionally, it examines South Korea's efforts after COVID-19, which aim to balance effective infectious disease responses with personal information protection, incorporating lessons from past outbreaks. The study concludes that continuous legal and systemic improvements focused on the specific circumstances are crucial for managing future infectious disease crises, highlighting the need for a legal framework that maximizes the beneficial aspects of being able to curb the spread of infectious disease while minimizing the problematic issue of personal information infringement.</p>","PeriodicalId":12955,"journal":{"name":"Health Security","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145250839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the BWC Through Scientific Communities and Networks of New Actors in the Era of Emerging Science and Technology.","authors":"Yuhan Bao, Kirsten A Angeles, Delfina Fernandes Hlashwayo, Ketan Thorat, Musonda Mandona, Keletso Masisi, Faizan Ahmad, Amèwouga Kassegne","doi":"10.1177/23265094251387073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23265094251387073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the past 5 decades, the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) and the broader biosecurity agenda have evolved significantly, shaped by the widespread and rapid development of emerging science and biotechnologies. This evolving landscape demands more inclusive governance mechanisms and has driven scientific communities and networks of nonstate actors to play a crucial role in shaping biosecurity governance, thereby paving the way for a new approach for the BWC in the coming decades. In this commentary, we explore innovative approaches to strengthening global biosecurity governance by emphasizing the role of scientific communities and networks of new actors in enhancing the BWC's framework. We identify 5 key approaches for advancing biosecurity by analyzing cases we observed: (1) exploring governance strategies and providing early warning for emerging technology risks, (2) promoting biosecurity by design and responsible innovation, (3) capacity building through grassroots networks of new actors, (4) building action networks based on knowledge sharing and collaboration for rapid response to biosecurity risks, and (5) engaging in science diplomacy and bridging governance gaps. Building on the analysis of the linkages between these innovative approaches and the BWC, we seek to offer a forward-looking vision for revitalizing the BWC by incorporating efforts through a well-designed bottom-up mechanism, ensuring a more inclusive, collaborative, and proactive biosecurity governance framework in the coming decades.</p>","PeriodicalId":12955,"journal":{"name":"Health Security","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145250883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioplatform for Detecting Organophosphorus Compound Exposure.","authors":"Tobias Ramiro Filippini, Andres Hunt, M Gabriela Lagorio, Gabriela Cordon, Virginia Diz, Graciela A González","doi":"10.1177/23265094251384642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23265094251384642","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article presents results from The Plant Biomarker Challenge, an initiative funded by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. The proposed platform-a plant species and measurement methodology-distinguishes between unexposed plants and those exposed to chlorpyrifos, a model organophosphorus pesticide. These compounds are active ingredients in pesticides and chemical warfare agents. Plants expressing acetylcholinesterase activity are affected by such compounds and can serve as biomarkers for accidental or criminal exposures, which is the focus of this study. An electrochemical method is proposed to assess pesticide exposure by analyzing alterations in acetylcholinesterase enzymatic activity. Initial assays in aqueous phase validate the mechanism, complemented by infrared spectrometry, before transitioning to plant samples. Chicory extracts exposed to varying chlorpyrifos concentrations are analyzed, enabling differentiation between nonexposed plants and those subjected to doses exceeding one-tenth of the manufacturer's recommended mean dose. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy evaluates acetylcholinesterase activity indirectly via its reaction with acetylthiocholine chloride and the subsequent interaction between generated thiocholine and silver nanoparticles. This comprehensive system integrates plant species and a measurement method to detect environments exposed to organophosphates.</p>","PeriodicalId":12955,"journal":{"name":"Health Security","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145250880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survival by Design: The BWC's Autopoietic Response at Fifty to a Disaggregated Biosecurity Ecosystem.","authors":"Frederico S Duque Estrada Meyer, Leandro Antunes Mariosi","doi":"10.1177/23265094251381803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23265094251381803","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Marking the 50th anniversary of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), this commentary examines adaptive strategies underpinning the treaty's resilience within an increasingly complex and fragmented global biosecurity ecosystem. By conceptualizing the BWC as an autopoietic subsystem-one that is self-sustaining and yet structurally coupled to its environment-we argue that the BWC's historical effectiveness in preventing large-scale biological weapons use derives from its capacity for normative memory. Its reflexive operation enables the treaty to continuously reinterpret and apply its foundational prohibition amid evolving scientific and technological landscapes. Recent advancements in synthetic biology, bioinformatics, and artificial intelligence intensify risks by blurring boundaries between biosafety and biosecurity, between peaceful and weaponized biotechnology applications, challenging the BWC's ability to differentiate clearly between permissible and prohibited activities. In response, internal structural differentiation through specialized frameworks becomes essential, notably via the proposed science and technology mechanism. This body would function explicitly as a structural coupling device, mediating uncertainty and translating the flux of scientific possibility into legally referable categories without collapsing the normative autonomy of the Convention. Concurrently, the international cooperation and assistance mechanism would enhance global preparedness and interoperability among cross-disciplinary biosecurity communities. The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the urgency for institutional adaptability, heightened preparedness, and proactive engagement across disciplines. Analyzing ongoing diplomatic negotiations within the Working Group on the Strengthening of the BWC, we highlight substantial convergences alongside residual divergences across 7 key topics: international cooperation and assistance; science and technology; compliance and verification; confidence-building measures; assistance, response and preparedness; national implementation; and organizational, institutional, and financial arrangements. Ultimately, we advocate for integration of scientific expertise and diplomatic practice, emphasizing sustained interdisciplinary collaboration and robust institutional commitment as prerequisites for ensuring the BWC's normative vitality and operational efficacy for decades to come.</p>","PeriodicalId":12955,"journal":{"name":"Health Security","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145225380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blockchain in Biosecurity: A Case Study for Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention.","authors":"Shawn J Kim, Vanak Huot, Vivian Neilley","doi":"10.1177/23265094251381802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23265094251381802","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>New verification approaches are needed to strengthen compliance and build transparency under the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). This study considers how blockchain technology could support laboratory oversight by addressing issues like data integrity, traceability, and secure data sharing in facilities handling sensitive biological materials. Low submission rates of confidence building measures currently limit the impact of the BWC. Blockchain's decentralized, tamper-resistant ledger brings security and openness critical for international collaboration in biosecurity. Using blockchain, laboratories can establish unalterable records that build accountability and trust among stakeholders while lowering the risk of data manipulation. This system also supports cooperative investigations under Article V of the BWC by providing a secure platform for sharing sensitive biological data between states. Key benefits include more substantial information reliability, better control over access, and the ability to trace biological materials' origins and uses, helping distinguish lawful activities from illicit ones. These improvements support BWC compliance by allowing for selective and privacy-conscious data sharing. Challenges such as scalability, technical training, balancing data security with transparency, and securing long-term funding must be addressed through thoughtful planning and cooperation. As BWC member states seek stronger compliance measures, integrating blockchain provides a solution that could significantly support global biosecurity over the next 50 years.</p>","PeriodicalId":12955,"journal":{"name":"Health Security","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145225450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Dynamics of Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, and Experience Regarding Infection Control Among Health Quarantine Officials at Points of Entry: A Multicenter Study in Vietnam.","authors":"Thi Ngoc Anh Hoang, Minh Duc Hoang, Luong Tam Nguyen, Van Ngoc Hoang, Ngoc Long Vu, Ha-Linh Quach","doi":"10.1089/hs.2024.0032","DOIUrl":"10.1089/hs.2024.0032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Health quarantine officials play a critical role in safeguarding public health and preventing infectious diseases at Vietnam's air, land, and sea points of entry. While previous evidence suggests that knowledge, attitudes, practices, and experiences are interrelated, many interventions in Vietnam have focused solely on improving infection control knowledge. This study aimed to assess the correlations between knowledge, attitudes, practices, and experiences and identify variables associated with higher levels of these domains to inform more effective interventions for strengthening infection control capacity. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 618 health quarantine officials across 163 points of entry using a self-reported web-based questionnaire. To ensure reliability and validity of the questionnaire, we used Cronbach α, McDonald ω, and confirmatory factor analyses. Path analysis and a generalized linear model with a gamma distribution were used to establish relationships between knowledge, attitude, practice, and experience, and identify associated sociodemographic factors with higher levels of these domains. The final analysis included 378 valid responses, representing 61.2% of Vietnamese health quarantine officials. Our instrument demonstrated good reliability and validity. Path analysis revealed a significant positive effect of attitude on practice (direct coefficient 0.82; 95% CI, 0.64 to 1.01; total coefficient 0.86; 95% CI, 0.68 to 1.04). Attitude also showed a significant positive association with experience (coefficient 0.62; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.89). A positive attitude emerged as a key factor in enhancing experience and practice of infection control, highlighting the need for targeted interventions that foster positive attitudes while considering certain socioeconomic factors affecting willingness to change.</p>","PeriodicalId":12955,"journal":{"name":"Health Security","volume":" ","pages":"217-229"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144788910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthening Bilateral Cooperation Through the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare Liaison to the US Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response.","authors":"Yukimasa Matsuzawa, Adam Tewell, Jun Sugihara, Takeo Okada, Tomoka Funasaka, Yu Nanamatsu, Yoshiteru Yano, Kanako Kitahara, Kazunori Umeki, Takanori Funaki, Rieko Takahashi, Sayaka Hikida, Akiko Kitayama, Ryusuke Matsuoka, Kilsun K Hogue, K Gayle Bernabe, Silvia Garcia-Livelli, Bonnie Arthur, Chris Crabtree, Erik Vincent, Tomoya Saito, Norio Ohmagari, Michael Nealy, Takaji Wakita, Joseph Lamana","doi":"10.1089/hs.2023.0139","DOIUrl":"10.1089/hs.2023.0139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Beginning in 2016, the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) began stationing liaisons within the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response to strengthen cooperation on bilateral health security engagement and collaboration. Notable accomplishments include the establishment of the US-Japan Health Security Committee and collaborations between the US-Japan Disaster Medical Assistance Team on mass event responses, such as the repatriation of American citizens from the Diamond Princess in February 2020 and the COVID-19 response. Japan has also embedded liaisons at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to advance collaboration on public health. In 2021, with COVID-19 highlighting the importance of collaboration on pandemic preparedness, MHLW established a liaison program with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. These liaisons with HHS agencies have paid dividends to health security collaboration, particularly by enabling greater connections between technical experts in MHLW and HHS.</p>","PeriodicalId":12955,"journal":{"name":"Health Security","volume":" ","pages":"270-275"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12499883/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144788908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Consequences of US Retreat From the Global Health Security Leadership.","authors":"Abhijit Poddar, S R Rao","doi":"10.1089/hs.2025.0055","DOIUrl":"10.1089/hs.2025.0055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Upon the commencement of their second term in 2025, the Trump Administration initiated significant policy shifts within health security, driven by an \"America First\" agenda. This marks a notable departure from the United States' long-standing role as a central and influential leader in global health security. Historically, the US has championed this domain through substantial financial contributions, the sharing of critical technical expertise, and the establishment and support of numerous international health initiatives. This leadership was underpinned by a bipartisan consensus that recognized global health as integral to American values, enhancing its soft power and global standing. Decades of this commitment yielded tangible progress in controlling infectious diseases, strengthening health systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and fostering essential international cooperation. However, this recent pivot in US policy carries profound implications for the established global health architecture. It is generating a cascade of both tangible and intangible consequences across various health security domains, including funding mechanisms, global health governance, preparedness and response capabilities, outcomes in LMICs, science diplomacy, US soft power, and ultimately, US national security. Given the inherent difficulty in predicting the next pandemic, global solidarity and collective international efforts are paramount. In this, effective prevention and management demand proactive, multidisciplinary preparations worldwide where continued US support and leadership through increased investment in surveillance networks, strengthened international collaboration, and data-driven decisionmaking are instrumental. There is an urgent need for prioritizing global health leadership and ensuring sensible health security policies that reverse the systematic dismantling of established public health infrastructure.</p>","PeriodicalId":12955,"journal":{"name":"Health Security","volume":" ","pages":"282-288"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144788909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}