Health Security最新文献

{"title":"Regulating Select Agent Chimeras: Defining the Problem(s) Through the Lens of SARS-CoV-1/SARS-CoV-2 Chimeric Viruses.","authors":"Elizabeth W Wells,&nbsp;Michael T Parker","doi":"10.1089/hs.2023.0008","DOIUrl":"10.1089/hs.2023.0008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In late 2021, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) posted an interim final rule (86 FR 64075) to the federal register regulating the possession, use, and transfer of SARS-CoV-1/SARS-CoV-2 chimeric viruses. In doing so, the CDC provided the reasoning that viral chimeras combining the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 with the pathogenicity and lethality of SARS-CoV-1 pose a significant risk to public health and should thus be placed on the select agents and toxins list. However, 86 FR 64075 lacked clarity in its definitions and scope, some of which the CDC addressed in response to public comments in the final rule, 88 FR 13322, in early 2023. To evaluate these regulatory actions, we reviewed the existing select agent regulations to understand the landscape of chimeric virus regulation. Based on our findings, we first present clear definitions for the terms \"chimeric virus,\" \"viral chimera,\" and \"virulence factor\" and provide a list of SARS-CoV-1 virulence factors in an effort to aid researchers and federal rulemaking for these agents moving forward. We then provide suggestions for a combination of similarity and functional characteristic cutoffs that the government could use to enable researchers to distinguish between regulated and nonregulated chimeras. Finally, we discuss current select agent regulations and their overlaps with 86 FR 64075 and 88 FR 13322 and make suggestions for how to address chimera concerns within and/or without these regulations. Collectively, we believe that our findings fill important gaps in current federal regulations and provide forward-looking philosophical and practical analysis that can guide future decisionmaking.</p>","PeriodicalId":12955,"journal":{"name":"Health Security","volume":" ","pages":"392-406"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10285183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Modular-Incremental Approach to Improving Compliance Verification With the Biological Weapons Convention.","authors":"Nicholas R Cropper,&nbsp;Shrestha Rath,&nbsp;Ryan J C Teo,&nbsp;Kelsey Lane Warmbrod,&nbsp;Mary J Lancaster","doi":"10.1089/hs.2023.0078","DOIUrl":"10.1089/hs.2023.0078","url":null,"abstract":"The Ninth Review Conference of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) concluded in December 2022 with the establishment of a working group that will make recommendations on, among other issues, verification and compliance, enabling discussion on a topic that was sidelined for over 2 decades. Unlike other major disarmament treaties, the BWC does not have an effective mechanism for verifying compliance among states parties. Verification is an essential function of many international disarmament treaties; however, there is little agreement among stakeholders about what form or function verification should take for the BWC. For the Chemical Weapons Convention or the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, for example, verification is based on a framework driven by accounting that involves the meticulous documentation of facilities, tools, and raw materials of relevance to the fulfillment of state treaty obligations. Relying on this accounting approach alone is both technologically and practically infeasible in the context of the BWC. The dual-use nature of bioscience makes it difficult to differentiate between peaceful and offensive applications from an accounting-driven framework. Furthermore, the increased availability of and ever-widening access to biotechnology has increased the potential for misuse by a variety of nonstate actors. These new, distributed security risks present different verification challenges in the biological context, in contrast with the Chemical Weapons Convention or Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and have led some experts to argue that compliance verification is currently impossible, although others have pointed out the opportunities that advances in biosciences bring to technical verification. This commentary offers solutions to some of the political and technical challenges that have led to this conclusion. No single verification activity can provide unambiguous evidence for assessing treaty compliance. A pragmatic approach to BWC compliance verification should leverage","PeriodicalId":12955,"journal":{"name":"Health Security","volume":" ","pages":"421-427"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10541916/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9874286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Mark: Modeling and Forecasting for Public Health Impact.","authors":"Mark J Panaggio,&nbsp;Shelby N Wilson,&nbsp;Jeremy D Ratcliff,&nbsp;Luke C Mullany,&nbsp;Jeffrey D Freeman,&nbsp;Kaitlin Rainwater-Lovett","doi":"10.1089/hs.2023.0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2023.0033","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12955,"journal":{"name":"Health Security","volume":"21 S1","pages":"S79-S88"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41121654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chimeric Viruses Containing Select Agents: The Biology Behind Their Creation, Attenuation, and Exclusion From Regulation.","authors":"Elizabeth W Wells, Michael T Parker","doi":"10.1089/hs.2023.0007","DOIUrl":"10.1089/hs.2023.0007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as part of the Federal Select Agent Program, and under the purview of 42 CFR §73.3, has the ability to regulate chimeric viruses that contain portions of pathogens that are part of the select agents and toxins list. In addition, the CDC is responsible for excluding pathogens from regulation, including chimeric viruses, that are sufficiently attenuated. Since 2003, the CDC has excluded over 20 chimeric viruses that contain portions of select agents. But in late 2021, the CDC proposed a regulatory first-the addition of a chimeric virus to the select agents and toxins list. To better understand the importance and applicability of this action, we surveyed the landscape of previous exclusions from select agent regulation. First, we reviewed the exclusion criteria used by the Intragovernmental Select Agents and Toxins Technical Advisory Committee in their advisement of the Federal Select Agent Program. We then reviewed the literature on chimeric viruses that contain portions of select agents and that have been excluded from regulation due to sufficient attenuation, focusing on chimeric alphaviruses and chimeric avian influenza viruses. By analyzing biological commonalities and patterns in the structure and methodology of the development of previously excluded chimeric viruses, we provide insight into how the CDC has used exclusion criteria in the past to regulate chimeric viruses. We conclude by contrasting previous exclusions with the recent addition of SARS-CoV-1/SARS-CoV-2 chimeric viruses to the select agents and toxins list, demonstrating that this addition strays from established, effective regulatory processes, and is thus a regulatory misstep.</p>","PeriodicalId":12955,"journal":{"name":"Health Security","volume":" ","pages":"384-391"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10285181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Multisite Investigation of Areas for Improvement in COVID-19 Surge Capacity Management.","authors":"Emily R Post,&nbsp;Reena Sethi,&nbsp;Adeteju A Adeniji,&nbsp;Clark J Lee,&nbsp;Sophia Shea,&nbsp;Rebecca Metcalf,&nbsp;Jamie Gaynes,&nbsp;Kila Tripp,&nbsp;Thomas D Kirsch","doi":"10.1089/hs.2023.0019","DOIUrl":"10.1089/hs.2023.0019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The congressionally authorized National Disaster Medical System Pilot Program was created in December 2019 to strengthen the medical surge capability, capacity, and interoperability of affiliated healthcare facilities in 5 regions across the United States. The COVID-19 pandemic provided an unprecedented opportunity to learn how participating healthcare facilities handled medical surge events during an active public health emergency. We applied a modified version of the Barbisch and Koenig 4-S framework (<i>staff, stuff, space, systems</i>) to analyze COVID-19 surge management practices implemented by healthcare stakeholders at 5 pilot sites. In total, 32 notable practices were identified to increase surge capacity during the COVID-19 pandemic that have potential applications for other healthcare facilities. We found that <i>systems</i> was the most prevalent domain of surge capacity among the identified practices. <i>Systems</i> and <i>staff</i> were discussed across all 5 pilot sites and were the 2 domains co-occurring most often within each surge management practice. These results can inform strategies for scaling up and optimizing medical surge capability, capacity, and interoperability of healthcare facilities nationwide. This study also specifies areas of surge capacity worthy of strategic focus in the pilot's planning and implementation efforts while more broadly informing the US healthcare system's response to future large-scale, medical surge events.</p>","PeriodicalId":12955,"journal":{"name":"Health Security","volume":" ","pages":"333-340"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10541923/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10331780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reimagining Preparedness Through Systems Approaches.","authors":"Eric S Toner","doi":"10.1089/hs.2023.0133","DOIUrl":"10.1089/hs.2023.0133","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12955,"journal":{"name":"Health Security","volume":"21 5","pages":"331-332"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41178678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reimagining Incident Management Systems for Public Health Responses.","authors":"Regina W Hawkins,&nbsp;Kimberly Y Ma,&nbsp;Andrew D Pickett,&nbsp;Gerrit Bakker,&nbsp;Steven S Kipp,&nbsp;Alysia Mihalakos,&nbsp;Paul E Petersen","doi":"10.1089/hs.2023.0037","DOIUrl":"10.1089/hs.2023.0037","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12955,"journal":{"name":"Health Security","volume":"21 S1","pages":"S95-S100"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41178679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Boosting\" Surveillance for a More Impactful Public Health Response During Protracted and Evolving Infectious Disease Threats: Insights From the COVID-19 Pandemic.","authors":"Saba A Qasmieh, McKaylee M Robertson, Denis Nash","doi":"10.1089/hs.2023.0046","DOIUrl":"10.1089/hs.2023.0046","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12955,"journal":{"name":"Health Security","volume":" ","pages":"S47-S55"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10818055/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10112775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New York State, New York City, New Jersey, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands' Health Department Experiences Promoting Health Equity During the Initial COVID-19 Omicron Variant Period, 2021-2022.","authors":"Heidi Cox, Yonathan Gebru, Libby Horter, Francisco S Palomeque, Kristopher Myers, Daniel Stowell, Torian Easterling, Nayeli Salazar de Noguera, Amanda Medina-Forrester, Josely Bravo, Siomara Pérez, Jaikiz Chaparro, Lisa La Place Ekpo, Hannah Cranford, Scott Santibañez, Diana Valencia","doi":"10.1089/hs.2023.0001","DOIUrl":"10.1089/hs.2023.0001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this case study, we aim to understand how health departments in 5 US jurisdictions addressed health inequities and implemented strategies to reach populations disproportionately affected by COVID-19 during the initial Omicron variant period. We used qualitative methods to examine health department experiences during the initial Omicron surge, from November 2021 to April 2022, assessing successful interventions, barriers, and lessons learned from efforts to promote health equity. Our findings indicate that government leadership supported prioritizing health equity from the beginning of the pandemic, seeing it as a need and vital part of the response framework. All jurisdictions acknowledged the historical trauma and distrust of the government. Health departments found that collaborating and communicating with trusted community leaders helped mitigate public distrust. Having partnerships, resources, and infrastructure in place before the pandemic facilitated the establishment of equity-focused COVID-19 response activities. Finally, misinformation about COVID-19 was a challenge for all jurisdictions. Addressing the needs of diverse populations involves community-informed decisionmaking, diversity of thought, and delivery measures that are tailored to the community. It is imperative to expand efforts to reduce and eliminate health inequities to ensure that individuals and communities recover equitably from the effects of COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":12955,"journal":{"name":"Health Security","volume":" ","pages":"S25-S34"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10818041/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10094075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengths, Weaknesses, and Catharsis: The Role of Information Sharing in Public Health After the COVID-19 Response.","authors":"Andrew D Pickett","doi":"10.1089/hs.2023.0034","DOIUrl":"10.1089/hs.2023.0034","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12955,"journal":{"name":"Health Security","volume":"21 S1","pages":"S101-S104"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41099122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}