Hepatology International最新文献

{"title":"Lean-MAFLD: imperatives for updated evidence, mechanistic clarity, and methodological rigor.","authors":"Longshan Yang, Xiaojun Zeng","doi":"10.1007/s12072-025-10832-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-025-10832-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12901,"journal":{"name":"Hepatology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143999315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting the safety profile of tenofovir alafenamide: methodological reflections on real-world data.","authors":"Mohamed El-Kassas, Khalid M AlNaamani","doi":"10.1007/s12072-025-10829-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-025-10829-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12901,"journal":{"name":"Hepatology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143983359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive value of soluble PD-1 for HBsAg loss in HbeAg-negative patients with chronic hepatitis B: results from a prospective study.","authors":"Huili Guo, Lili Wu, Chengyou Yu, Huiying Yu, Wenjian Deng, Qiyi Zhao, Zhishuo Mo, Bingliang Lin, Zhiliang Gao, Xiaoyan Li","doi":"10.1007/s12072-025-10826-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-025-10826-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Soluble PD-1 (sPD-1) has emerged as a potential biomarker in chronic hepatitis B (CHB), but its predictive value for treatment response remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine the relationship between sPD-1 dynamics and HBsAg loss in HBeAg-negative CHB patients undergoing IFN-based therapy and assess the potential of sPD-1 as a biomarker for treatment response.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We enrolled 222 HBeAg-negative CHB patients from a prospective study. Patients received at least 48 weeks of PEG-IFNα-2b therapy and were grouped based on HBsAg status at week 48 (loss vs. persistence). Peripheral blood sPD-1 levels were measured by ELISA, and PD-1 expression on CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. Propensity score matching (PSM) and Cox regression were applied to identify predictors of HBsAg loss.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the patients, 38.7% (86/222) achieved HBsAg loss. After PSM, both the HBsAg loss and HBsAg persistence groups included 74 patients, respectively. A reduction in HBsAg of more than 70% at week 12 (p = 0.012) and baseline sPD-1 level lower than 100 pg/mL (p = 0.016) were identified as independent predictors of HBsAg loss. sPD-1 levels showed a positive correlation with HBsAg levels, whereas PD-1 expression on peripheral CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells demonstrated no significant association with HBsAg levels, suggesting that sPD-1 may better reflect systemic immune status.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>sPD-1 may serve as a potential biomarker for predicting HBsAg loss in HBeAg-negative CHB patients undergoing IFN-based therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":12901,"journal":{"name":"Hepatology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144008712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulatory role of gut microbiota in immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma.","authors":"Jiajia Du, Yan Guan, Erlei Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s12072-025-10822-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-025-10822-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The gut microbiota plays a role in triggering innate immunity and regulating the immune microenvironment (IME) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by acting on various signaling receptors and transcription factors through its metabolites and related molecules. Furthermore, there is an increasing recognition of the gut microbiota as a potential therapeutic target for HCC, given its ability to modulate the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This review will discuss the mechanisms of gut microbiota in modulating immunotherapy of HCC, the predictive value of efficacy, and the therapeutic strategies for modulating the gut microbiota in detail.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Chinese databases for articles involving the influence of gut microbiota on HCC immunotherapy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mechanisms underlying the effect of gut microbiota on HCC immunotherapy include gut-liver axis, tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), and antibodies. Patients who benefit from ICIs exhibit a higher abundance of gut microbiota. Antibiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), probiotics, and prebiotics are effective methods to regulate gut microbiota.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The strong connection between the liver and gut will provide numerous opportunities for the development of microbiome-based diagnostics, treatments, or prevention strategies for HCC patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":12901,"journal":{"name":"Hepatology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143984203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A robust diagnostic model for high-risk MASH: integrating clinical parameters and circulating biomarkers through a multi-omics approach.","authors":"Jie Zhang, Wei Wang, Xiao-Qing Wang, Hai-Rong Hao, Wen Hu, Zong-Li Ding, Li Dong, Hui Liang, Yi-Yuan Zhang, Lian-Hua Kong, Ying Xie","doi":"10.1007/s12072-025-10792-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-025-10792-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a critical health concern, with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) representing a severe subtype that poses significant risks. This study aims to develop a robust diagnostic model for high-risk MASH utilizing a multi-omics approach.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We initiated proteomic analysis to select differential proteins, followed by liver transcriptional profiling to localize these proteins. An intersection of differential proteins and liver-expressed genes facilitated the identification of candidate biomarkers. Subsequently, scRNA-seq data helped ascertain the subcellular localization of these biomarkers in kupffer cells. We then established two MASLD models to investigate the co-localization of F4/80 and the target proteins in Kupffer cells using immunofluorescence dual-labeling. Correlation analyses were performed using blood samples from a discovery cohort of 144 individuals with liver pathology to validate the relationships between candidate biomarkers and MASLD phenotypes. Using LASSO regression, we established the ABD-LTyG predictive model for high-risk MASH (NAS ≥ 4 + F ≥ 2) and validated its efficacy in an independent cohort of 171 individuals. Finally, we compared this model against three classic non-invasive liver fibrosis diagnostic methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A proteo-transcriptomic comparison identified 58 consistent biomarkers in plasma and liver, with 25 closely associated with MASLD phenotype. Utilizing single-cell data and the HPA database, we delineated the localization of these biomarkers in liver cells, identifying TREM2, IL18BP, and LGALS3BP predominantly in the Kupffer cell subpopulation. Validation in animal models confirmed elevated expression and cellular localization of TREM2, IL18BP, and LGALS3BP in MASLD. To enhance diagnostic capability, we integrated clinical characteristics using LASSO regression to develop the ABD-LTyG model, comprising AST, BMI, total bilirubin (TB), vitamin D, TyG, and the biomarkers LGALS3BP and TREM2. This model demonstrated an AUC of 0.832 (95% CI 0.753-0.911) in the discovery cohort and 0.807 (95% CI 0.742-0.872) in the validation cohort for diagnosing high-risk MASH, outperforming traditional assessments such as FIB-4, NFS, and APRI.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The integration of circulating biomarkers and clinical parameters into the ABD-LTyG model offers a promising approach for diagnosing high-risk MASH. This study underscores the importance of multi-omics strategies in enhancing diagnostic accuracy and guiding clinical decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":12901,"journal":{"name":"Hepatology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143984202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatic immune-related adverse event increased the overall survival of patients with malignancies treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.","authors":"Kaori Matsumoto, Tatsuo Kanda, Junichiro Wakatsuki, Young-Jin Kim, Ritsuko Yokouchi, Naho Sato, Yuko Hasegawa, Kenji Amemiya, Yosuke Hirotsu, Sumio Hirose, Yushi Imai, Shinya Takaoka, Hiroyuki Amano, Yukiko Asakawa, Kouwa Nagasaka, Yoshiki Asahina, Yuichiro Kojima, Shodai Toyama, Hitoshi Mochizuki, Shuntaro Obi, Masao Omata","doi":"10.1007/s12072-025-10825-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-025-10825-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Associations between the occurrence of abnormal liver function tests, an immune-related adverse event (irAE) caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and treatment efficacy are unclear. We investigated the association between the incidence of these hepatic irAE occurrences and treatment response in patients treated with ICIs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We studied 924 patients treated with ICIs to determine the relationship between the incidence of irAEs and overall survival (OS) with and without the continuation of ICIs due to hepatic irAEs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 924 treated, 338 (36.6%) developed all types of irAEs. Median OS for patients with and without irAEs were 34.3 months (n = 338) and 13.1 months (n = 586), respectively (p = 2.49 × 10^-14). Of 924, 62 (6.7%) patients developed hepatic irAE; 31 discontinued and 31 continued ICI. Of interest, median OS with and without the continuation of ICI therapy due to hepatic irAEs was 54.3 months and 11.5 months, respectively (p = 0.00589). We further compared the difference of liver function tests among the two groups. Although aminotransferases are higher among discontinued group, stigmata of impending hepatic failure were no different among these two groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In patients who developed hepatic irAEs, OS was longer in the continued treatment group than in the discontinued treatment group. Most patients who developed hepatic irAEs and stopped the treatment had higher aminotransferase, but often lacks the stigmata of impending hepatic failure such as prothrombin time prolongation or gradual elevation of total bilirubin. Multi-disciplinary cooperation, including hepatologists, may be important for OS improvement by the prolonged use of ICIs.</p>","PeriodicalId":12901,"journal":{"name":"Hepatology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143811310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diverse approaches and sources to derive antitumor T cell for liver cancer: a single-cell sequence based research.","authors":"Ai-Xian Zhang, Jia-Rui Chen, Ai-Rong Yang, Bo Yang, Zhao-Yi Lin, Bo-Yuan Liu, Tao Zeng, Pei-Ying Wang, Xue-Ying Wu, Yang Zhou, Heng-Hui Zhang, Xiu-Ping Zhang, Ming-Gen Hu","doi":"10.1007/s12072-025-10818-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-025-10818-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Despite advancements in adoptive cell therapy (ACT) for hematologic tumors, its role in solid tumors still lacks satisfactory performance, especially in Primary Liver Cancer (PLC). Therefore, further studies are needed on potential ACT sources for PLC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Primary liver cancer patients who had not previously received treatment were prospectively enrolled in this research. Tumor tissues combined with lymph node and blood samples were acquired during surgery. Two different antigen-specific T-cell induction approaches were used to form cytotoxic T-cell groups from PBMCs, and antitumor T cells from tumor tissues combined with TDLNs were derived. A single-cell RNA sequence coupled with a T-cell receptor sequence was used to identify the cell subsets based on the molecular and functional properties of diverse antitumor T-cell induction approaches and sources.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three primary liver cancer patients were included in the present study. A total of 79,300 cell transcriptomes in 19 clusters were isolated from the clinical samples. After two different induction approaches, substantial amplification of immune cells occurred in both the CTL and CTL2 groups, with highly consistent T-cell subtypes, and selective amplification of antitumor T-cell clones in the two groups was also detected. The three-aspect comparison, which was based on the proliferation score, effect score and cytokine expression, indicated that the immunological effect of the mRNA approach was comparable to that of the multiantigen peptide approach. Finally, the antigen-specific expanded T-cell clones found in CTL, CTL2 and TAL-T cells indicated the potential of tumors combined with lymph nodes as sources for ACT.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Diverse antitumor T-cell induction approaches and sources were compared, revealing multiple effective options for antitumor T-cell derivation as a source of ACT for liver cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":12901,"journal":{"name":"Hepatology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143795143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mindin orchestrates the macrophage-mediated resolution of liver fibrosis in mice.","authors":"Yong-Dong Huang, Xian-Ling Zhao, Ying Lin, Xiao-Mei Ouyang, Xiao-Shen Cheng, Lai-Ying Liang, Ya-Ni Huo, Gui-Jing Xie, Jun-Hui Lin, Amarsanaa Jazag, Bayasi Guleng","doi":"10.1007/s12072-025-10813-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-025-10813-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background & aims: </strong>Liver disease that progresses to cirrhosis is an enormous health problem worldwide. The extracellular matrix protein Mindin is known to have immune functions, but its role in liver homeostasis remains largely unexplored. We aimed to characterize the role of Mindin in the regulation of liver fibrosis.</p><p><strong>Approach & results: </strong>Mindin was upregulated in mice with carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) or thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis, and was primarily expressed in hepatocytes. Global Mindin knockout mice were generated, which were susceptible to liver fibrosis. Notably, Mindin failed to activate hepatic stellate cells directly; however, it played a role in promoting the recruitment and phagocytosis of macrophages, and caused a phenotypic switch toward restorative macrophages during liver fibrosis. Furthermore, Mindin was found to bind to the αM-I domain of CD11b/CD18 heterodimeric receptors. To further explore this mechanism, we created Mindin and CD11b double-knockout (DKO) mice. In DKO mice, phagocytosis was further reduced, and liver fibrosis was markedly exacerbated.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Mindin promotes the resolution of liver fibrosis and the Mindin/CD11b axis might represent a novel target for the macrophage-mediated regression of liver fibrosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":12901,"journal":{"name":"Hepatology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143788270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sequential combination with ropeginterferon alfa-2b and anti-PD-1 treatment as adjuvant therapy in HBV-related HCC: a phase 1 dose escalation trial.","authors":"Albert Qin, Ming-Chih Ho, Chan-Yen Tsai, Chun-Jen Liu, Pei-Jer Chen","doi":"10.1007/s12072-025-10824-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-025-10824-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/purpose: </strong>Post-operative recurrence is a major clinical challenge with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While currently unapproved, anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor combination adjuvant therapy showed promise. We initiated a phase I trial using sequential treatment with ropeginterferon alfa-2b (ropeg), a novel interferon-based antiviral and antitumor agent, followed by anti-PD-1 therapeutic antibody nivolumab as an adjuvant therapy for hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients who underwent surgical resection of HBV-related HCC with curative intent received sequential therapy with six doses of ropeg every two weeks at 450 μg, followed by three doses of nivolumab escalating from 0.3 to 0.75 mg/kg every two weeks. Safety, HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) loss or decrease, anti-HBV surface (HBs) antibodies, cancer recurrence, and survival were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifteen eligible patients were enrolled. Most adverse events (AEs) were mild or moderate and no severe or serious AEs were observed. Alanine transaminase flares, including one grade 3 event as dose-limiting toxicity, were noted in five cases and the final recommended dose for anti-PD1 was determined at 0.75 mg/kg. Interestingly, all five cases had HBsAg clearance or reduction. All patients in the study were alive without cancer recurrence during a median follow-up of 1024 days with six patients surviving > 4 years and three for > 5 years.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This phase I trial supports the safety and clinical efficacy of sequential treatment with ropeg and nivolumab in post-resection HBV-related HCC. This regimen holds promise for further adjuvant therapy trials in HCC, both HBV-related and other types.</p>","PeriodicalId":12901,"journal":{"name":"Hepatology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143788272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimates of the global prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection in population under 18 years old: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Yuchen Pan, Zhifang Jia, Yangyu Zhang, Yanhua Wu, Jing Jiang","doi":"10.1007/s12072-025-10816-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-025-10816-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) is defined by the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA, while HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen) remains undetectable. The infectivity of OBI and its potential ability to contribute to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma has been reported, with infection in children potentially leading to more severe outcomes. However, the global prevalence and disease burden remain unclear, and this study aimed to assess the prevalence of OBI in population under 18 years old.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Chinese databases for articles evaluating OBI in population under 18 years old. The prevalence of OBI was pooled after quality assessment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 49 studies was included, allowing a meta-analysis of 1,070,526 HBsAg-negative individuals. Data from 28 and 25 studies were extracted for analysis of the high- and low-risk population, respectively. The overall prevalence of OBI in population ≤ 18 years old was 2.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.9%-3.8%] and 9.7% (95% CI: 4.9%-15.8%) in the low- and high-risk population, respectively. In the subgroup analysis of the high-risk population, the OBI prevalence in the African, Eastern Mediterranean, and Western Pacific regions was 21.5% (95% CI: 0.0%-69.9%), 26.8% (95% CI: 13.0%-43.4%), and 4.3% (95% CI: 1.5%-8.2%), respectively. The OBI prevalence was 6.3% (95% CI: 2.7%-11.1%) in children born to mothers infected with HBV, 20.5% (95% CI: 0.0%-66.6%) in population infected with HIV or HCV, and 37.8% (95% CI: 30.8%-45.1%) in population who received blood transfusion. The OBI prevalence was 6.0% (95% CI: 2.4%-11.0%) in participants whose mothers were infected with HBV and vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) and HBIG, 7.1% (95% CI: 0.0%-22.9%) in participants only vaccinated with HepB.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The global prevalence of OBI among individuals under 18 years old, particularly in high-risk population, cannot be neglected. Given the stealthy transmission of OBI and its potential for serious clinical outcomes, OBI in population younger than 18 years old should be emphasized as a global health issue.</p>","PeriodicalId":12901,"journal":{"name":"Hepatology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143779820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}