Gut Pathogens最新文献

{"title":"The C-terminal proline-rich repeats of Enteropathogenic E. coli effector EspF are sufficient for the depletion of tight junction membrane proteins and interactions with early and recycling endosomes.","authors":"Imran Ansari, Anupam Mandal, Kritika Kansal, Pangertoshi Walling, Sumbul Khan, Saima Aijaz","doi":"10.1186/s13099-024-00626-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13099-024-00626-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) causes acute infantile diarrhea accounting for significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries. EPEC uses a type three secretion system to translocate more than twenty effectors into the host intestinal cells. At least four of these effectors, namely EspF, Map, EspG1/G2 and NleA, are reported to disrupt the intestinal tight junction barrier. We have reported earlier that the expression of EspF and Map in MDCK cells causes the depletion of the TJ membrane proteins and compromises the integrity of the intestinal barrier. In the present study, we have examined the role of the proline-rich repeats (PRRs) within the C-terminus of EspF in the depletion of the tight junction membrane proteins and identified key endocytosis markers that interact with EspF via these repeats.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We generated mutant EspF proteins which lacked one or more proline-rich repeats (PRRs) from the N-terminus of EspF and examined the effect of their expression on the cellular localization of tight junction membrane proteins. In lysates derived from cells expressing the mutant EspF proteins, we found that the C-terminal PRRs of EspF are sufficient to cause the depletion of TJ membrane proteins. Pull-down assays revealed that the PRRs mediate interactions with the TJ adaptor proteins ZO-1 and ZO-2 as well as with the proteins involved in endocytosis such as caveolin-1, Rab5A and Rab11.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study demonstrates the direct role of the proline-rich repeats of EspF in the depletion of the TJ membrane proteins and a possible involvement of the PRRs in the endocytosis of host proteins. New therapeutic strategies can target these PRR domains to prevent intestinal barrier dysfunction in EPEC infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11229284/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141554634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equol: a metabolite of gut microbiota with potential antitumor effects.","authors":"Jing Lv, Shengkai Jin, Yuwei Zhang, Yuhua Zhou, Menglu Li, Ninghan Feng","doi":"10.1186/s13099-024-00625-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13099-024-00625-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An increasing number of studies have shown that the consumption of soybeans and soybeans products is beneficial to human health, and the biological activity of soy products may be attributed to the presence of Soy Isoflavones (SI) in soybeans. In the intestinal tracts of humans and animals, certain specific bacteria can metabolize soy isoflavones into equol. Equol has a similar chemical structure to endogenous estradiol in the human body, which can bind with estrogen receptors and exert weak estrogen effects. Therefore, equol plays an important role in the occurrence and development of a variety of hormone-dependent malignancies such as breast cancer and prostate cancer. Despite the numerous health benefits of equol for humans, only 30-50% of the population can metabolize soy isoflavones into equol, with individual variation in gut microbiota being the main reason. This article provides an overview of the relevant gut microbiota involved in the synthesis of equol and its anti-tumor effects in various types of cancer. It also summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying its anti-tumor properties, aiming to provide a more reliable theoretical basis for the rational utilization of equol in the field of cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11229234/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141554632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Power-law scaling in intratumoral microbiota of colorectal cancer.","authors":"Nikolas Dovrolis, Maria Gazouli, François Rigal, Robert J Whittaker, Thomas J Matthews, Konstantinos Georgiou, George Theodoropoulos, Kostas A Triantis","doi":"10.1186/s13099-024-00631-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13099-024-00631-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It has recently been proposed that the study of microbial dynamics in humans may gain insights from island biogeographical theory. Here, we test whether the diversity of the intratumoral microbiota of colorectal cancer tumors (CRC) follows a power law with tumor size akin to the island species-area relationship. We confirm a direct correlation between the quantity of Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) within CRC tumors and tumor sizes, following a (log)power model, explaining 47% of the variation. Understanding the processes involved, potentially through the analogy of tumors and islands, may ultimately contribute to future clinical and therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11229225/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141554633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut microbiota shifts from onset to remission in immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced enterocolitis: a case report.","authors":"Yuki Hirata, Yoshiki Tanaka, Haruka Yokota, Hiroshi Ohno, Koji Nishida, Hikaru Shimizu, Noboru Mizuta, Kei Nakazawa, Ryoji Koshiba, Kazuki Kakimoto, Takako Miyazaki, Shiro Nakamura, Hiroki Nishikawa","doi":"10.1186/s13099-024-00630-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13099-024-00630-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are crucial in cancer treatment; however, they carry the risk of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), such as enteritis.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>This study investigated the role of the gut microbiota during the onset and remission of irAE enteritis in a patient with stage IV melanoma undergoing anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapy. Following commencement of ICI treatment, the patient developed severe diarrhea and was diagnosed with grade 3 irAE enteritis. Steroid and probiotic treatments provided swift symptom relief and remission, as confirmed by reduced fecal calprotectin levels and gastrointestinal imaging. Microbiota diversity analysis conducted via 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified a decrease in Streptococcus prevalence with improvement in enteritis symptoms. Conversely, genera Fusobacterium, Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Bifidobacterium showed increased representation after remission. These genera are associated with anti-inflammatory properties and fibrous substrate degradation, aiding gut health. Immunological assessment demonstrated fluctuations in cytokine expression and the modulation of costimulatory molecules, aligning with therapeutic interventions and microbiota alterations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings indicate a significant correlation between gut microbiota and immune responses in irAE enteritis. This underscores the potential utility of microbiome profiling in predicting irAE occurrence and in providing treatment strategies, thereby promoting a more comprehensive approach to managing the adverse effects of ICIs.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11225377/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141534310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clostridium perfringens in central Colombia: frequency, toxin genes, and risk factors.","authors":"Anny Camargo, Laura Bohorquez, Diana Paola López, Atilio Ferrebuz-Cardozo, José Castellanos-Rozo, Javier Díaz-Ovalle, Mariana Rada, Milena Camargo, Juan David Ramírez, Marina Muñoz","doi":"10.1186/s13099-024-00629-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13099-024-00629-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clostridium perfringens is an opportunistic bacterium that causes intestinal diseases in both humans and animals. This study aimed to assess the frequency of C. perfringens and the presence of toxin-encoding genes in fecal samples from individuals with or without gastrointestinal symptoms in the Department of Boyacá, Colombia. Additionally, risk factors associated with carriage and disease development were analyzed. A total of 114 stool samples were analyzed using a molecular test based on specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting 16S-rRNA and alpha toxin (cpa) genes. For individuals with a positive result for the PCR test, stool samples were cultured on Tryptose Sulfite Cycloserine (TSC) agar. Two to five colonies forming units were selected based on phenotypic characteristics, resulting in 56 bacterial isolates. These isolates were then analyzed for toxin-coding genes associated with gastrointestinal diseases. In addition, sociodemographic and clinical data from 77 individuals were also analyzed. The overall frequency of C. perfringens was 19.3% (n = 22/114). The detection frequency in 77 individuals with clinical data was 16.6% (n = 5/30) among symptomatic individuals and 21.2% (n = 10/47) among asymptomatic individuals. All 56 isolates obtained carried the cpa gene, while cpb2 was present in 10.7% (n = 6/56); cpe and cpb genes were not detected. Notably, diabetes and autoimmune diseases are significantly associated with an increased risk of C. perfringens detection (adjusted OR 8.41: 95% CI 1.32-35.89). This study highlights an elevated frequency of C. perfringens and the presence of the cpb2 gene in asymptomatic individuals compared with their symptomatic counterparts. These findings offer insights into the distribution and virulence factors of C. perfringens at a micro-geographical level. This information supports the need for developing tailored prevention strategies based on local characteristics to promote active surveillance programs based on molecular epidemiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11225238/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141534309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An examination of global research trends for exploring the associations between the gut microbiota and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through bibliometric and visualization analysis.","authors":"Sa'ed H Zyoud, Samer O Alalalmeh, Omar E Hegazi, Muna Shakhshir, Faris Abushamma, Samah W Al-Jabi","doi":"10.1186/s13099-024-00624-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13099-024-00624-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly recognized as a significant health issue. Emerging research has focused on the role of the gut microbiota in NAFLD, emphasizing the gut-liver axis. This study aimed to identify key research trends and guide future investigations in this evolving area.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This bibliometric study utilized Scopus to analyze global research on the link between the gut microbiota and NAFLD. The method involved a search strategy focusing on relevant keywords in article titles, refined by including only peer-reviewed journal articles. The data analysis included bibliometric indicators such as publication counts and trends, which were visualized using VOSviewer software version 1.6.20 for network and co-occurrence analysis, highlighting key research clusters and emerging topics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 479 publications on the gut microbiota and NAFLD, the majority were original articles (n = 338; 70.56%), followed by reviews (n = 119; 24.84%). The annual publication count increased from 1 in 2010 to 118 in 2022, with a significant growth phase starting in 2017 (R² = 0.9025, p < 0.001). The research was globally distributed and dominated by China (n = 231; 48.23%) and the United States (n = 90; 18.79%). The University of California, San Diego, led institutional contributions (n = 18; 3.76%). Funding was prominent, with 62.8% of the articles supported, especially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (n = 118; 24.63%). The average citation count was 43.23, with an h-index of 70 and a citation range of 0 to 1058 per article. Research hotspots shifted their focus post-2020 toward the impact of high-fat diets on NAFLD incidence.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study has effectively mapped the growing body of research on the gut microbiota-NAFLD relationship, revealing a significant increase in publications since 2017. There is significant interest in gut microbiota and NAFLD research, mainly led by China and the United States, with diverse areas of focus. Recently, the field has moved toward exploring the interconnections among diet, lifestyle, and the gut-liver axis. We hypothesize that with advanced technologies, new opportunities for personalized medicine and a holistic understanding of NAFLD will emerge.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11223324/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141497912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro investigations on interference of selected probiotic candidates with Campylobacter jejuni adhesion and invasion of primary chicken derived cecal and Caco-2 cells.","authors":"Thomas Willer, Zifeng Han, Colin Pielsticker, Silke Rautenschlein","doi":"10.1186/s13099-024-00623-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13099-024-00623-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Campylobacter (C.) jejuni is one of the most important bacterial foodborne pathogens worldwide. Probiotics such as Lactobacillus or Bacillus species are considered one option for reducing the colonization rate and magnitude in poultry, the most frequent source of human infections. Due to the lack of suitable avian in vitro models such as chicken intestinal cell lines, especially those derived from the cecum, most in vitro studies on C. jejuni host interaction have been conducted with human intestinal cell lines. In this study, we compared C. jejuni-cell interactions between primary chicken cecal cells and the human intestinal cell line Caco-2, which is derived from colorectal adenocarcinoma, and investigated possible interfering effects of selected probiotic candidates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We detected differences in adhesion and invasion between the two tested gut cell types and between different C. jejuni strains. The probiotic inhibition of C. jejuni adhesion and invasion of human and avian gut cells was affected by host cell type, investigated C. jejuni strain and time points of probiotic treatment. Additionally, our results suggest a possible correlation between C. jejuni invasion and the detected increase in IL-6 mRNA expression.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results indicate distinct differences between avian and human gut cells in their interaction with C. jejuni. Therefore, data obtained in one host species on C. jejuni-host interaction may not easily be transferrable to another one. The factors influencing the variable efficacy of probiotic intervention in chicken and human derived cells should be investigated further.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11191211/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141436769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gastrointestinal parasitic infections: Prevalence and risk factors in West Ismailia, Arab Republic of Egypt.","authors":"Shahira Abdelaziz Ali Ahmed, Samar Farag Mohamed, Heba Sayed El-Mahallawy, Annalisa Quattrocchi, Panagiotis Karanis","doi":"10.1186/s13099-024-00622-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13099-024-00622-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites (GIP) in the rural community of West Ismailia and its associated risk factors. Human infection by GIP is natural and expected. There are few records concerning parasitic infection in the rural areas of the Ismailia Governorate.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From 520 individuals, sociodemographic and risk factors information were retrieved. Fecal samples were collected, concentrated, and tested for GIP infection using a microscopic examination.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The West Ismailia study population had a 40.4% prevalence of GIP infection, including single and concomitant parasite infections. The most common cause of GIP infection was protists (38%). Entamoeba sp., Blastocystis sp., and G. duodenalis were the most common parasites. Poly-parasitism was prevalent within the West Ismailia region. Age, abdominal symptoms, perianal itching, ownership of numerous animal species, exposure to turbid water, previous parasitic infection (PPI), and non-treatment reception of PPI were all considered significant factors associated with GIP infection. Specific individuals from the same family have been observed to have identical GIP.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>GIP infection remains underestimated in rural areas. Periodic screening and treatment for GIP infection in children and public education on GIP hazards and prevention, focusing on personal hygiene, are recommended. Family members of affected individuals should be screened and treated for GIP.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11186246/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141426702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recalcitrant intussusception: exploring potential associations with Helicobacter pylori infection - a case report and literature review.","authors":"Kuan-Chieh Wang, Chun-Hao Chu, Che-Ming Chiang, Fu-Ruei Zeng, Ching-Wen Huang, Chien-Ming Lin","doi":"10.1186/s13099-024-00621-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13099-024-00621-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Intussusception, a common cause of abdominal pain in children, often lacks clear underlying causes and is mostly idiopathic. Recurrence, though rare, raises clinical concerns, with rates escalating after each episode. Factors like pathological lead points and Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) are associated with recurrent cases. On the other hand, the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), often asymptomatic, in children has been declining. Although its infection is reported to be linked with HSP, its role in recurrent intussusception remains unexplored. Further research is needed to understand the interplay among H. pylori (culprit pathogen), HSP (trigger), and intractable intussusception so as to develop effective management strategies.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A two-year-old girl experienced four atypical episodes of intussusception at distinct locations, which later coincided with HSP. Despite treatment with steroids, recurrent intussusception persisted, suggesting that HSP itself was not a major cause for intractable presentations. Subsequent identification of H. pylori infection and treatment with triple therapy resulted in complete resolution of her recalcitrant intussusception.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This instructive case underscored a sequence wherein H. pylori infection triggered HSP, subsequently resulting in recurrent intussusception. While H. pylori infection is not common in young children, the coexistence of intractable intussusception and steroid-resistant recurrent HSP necessitates consideration of H. pylori infection as a potential underlying pathogen.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11144320/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141185606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The gut microbiome, resistome, and mycobiome in preterm newborn infants and mouse pups: lack of lasting effects by antimicrobial therapy or probiotic prophylaxis.","authors":"Elizabeth Y Yuu, Christoph Bührer, Tim Eckmanns, Marcus Fulde, Michaela Herz, Oliver Kurzai, Christin Lindstedt, Gianni Panagiotou, Vitor C Piro, Aleksandar Radonic, Bernhard Y Renard, Annicka Reuss, Sara Leal Siliceo, Nadja Thielemann, Andrea Thürmer, Kira van Vorst, Lothar H Wieler, Sebastian Haller","doi":"10.1186/s13099-024-00616-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13099-024-00616-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Enhancing our understanding of the underlying influences of medical interventions on the microbiome, resistome and mycobiome of preterm born infants holds significant potential for advancing infection prevention and treatment strategies. We conducted a prospective quasi-intervention study to better understand how antibiotics, and probiotics, and other medical factors influence the gut development of preterm infants. A controlled neonatal mice model was conducted in parallel, designed to closely reflect and predict exposures. Preterm infants and neonatal mice were stratified into four groups: antibiotics only, probiotics only, antibiotics followed by probiotics, and none of these interventions. Stool samples from both preterm infants and neonatal mice were collected at varying time points and analyzed by 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing, ITS amplicon sequencing and whole genome shotgun sequencing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The human infant microbiomes showed an unexpectedly high degree of heterogeneity. Little impact from medical exposure (antibiotics/probiotics) was observed on the strain patterns, however, Bifidobacterium bifidum was found more abundant after exposure to probiotics, regardless of prior antibiotic administration. Twenty-seven antibiotic resistant genes were identified in the resistome. High intra-variability was evident within the different treatment groups. Lastly, we found significant effects of antibiotics and probiotics on the mycobiome but not on the microbiome and resistome of preterm infants.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although our analyses showed transient effects, these results provide positive motivation to continue the research on the effects of medical interventions on the microbiome, resistome and mycobiome of preterm infants.</p>","PeriodicalId":12833,"journal":{"name":"Gut Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11089716/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140912108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}