Geologica Belgica最新文献

{"title":"Multi-proxy indicators in a Pontocaspian system: a depth transect of surface sediment in the SE Caspian Sea","authors":"S. Leroy, F. Chalié, F. Wesselingh, M. S. Sanjani, H. Lahijani, J. Athersuch, U. Struck, G. Plunkett, P. Reimer, P. Habibi, K. Kabiri, S. Haghani, A. Beni, K. Arpe","doi":"10.20341/GB.2018.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/GB.2018.008","url":null,"abstract":"The response of large water-bodies to global change in terms of ecosystem services and economical value is a major concern. The Caspian Sea, the world’s largest enclosed water-body, has a poorly-known water-level history, but observed changes are a hundred times faster than recent global sea-level rise. This ancient lake, characterised by brackish waters, is rich in endemic species; some of them have spread to similar environments worldwide. However, the ecology of Pontocaspian species remains poorly understood and must be studied in their original habitat. This work aims at improving the capacity to reconstruct Quaternary environments of the Pontocaspian region and to provide a benchmark for biodiversity turnover studies. A transect of surface sediment across a wide shelf was subjected to multidisciplinary analyses: stable isotopes, pollen, dinocysts, diatoms, foraminifers, ostracods and molluscs and vertical oceanographic profiles. Three depositional environments with characteristic communities were found: shore face, shelf and slope. Invasion impact was strongly felt by the molluscs. All biota groups, except diatoms, reflected high endemism. The radiocarbon reservoir effect is highlighted in differential 14C ages for different groups. Understanding such discrepancies require detailed insight into reworking processes. Tephra presence in the sediment shows a potential for tephrochronology. Stable isotope ratios in ostracods appear to reflect temperature depth gradients. Our results provide a baseline for calibrating proxy data to the present Pontocaspian environment.","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":"15 1","pages":"143-165"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74309466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstructing Early Atlantic to Early Subatlantic peat-forming conditions of the ombrotrophic Misten Bog (eastern Belgium) on the basis of high-resolution analyses of pollen, testate amoebae and geochemistry","authors":"M. Streel, Marc Paillet, J. Beghin, Thomas Leclef, M. Lamentowicz, Kamyar Kamran, M. Court-Picon, M. Allan, N. Fagel, P. Gerrienne","doi":"10.20341/GB.2018.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/GB.2018.009","url":null,"abstract":"Reconstruire les conditions de formation de la tourbe entre l'Atlantique ancien et le Subatlantique ancien dans la tourbiere du Misten (Est de la Belgique) sur la base d'analyses a haute resolution du pollen, des thecamoebiens et de la geochimie. La tourbiere du Misten (Hautes-Fagnes, Belgique), epaisse de 7 metres, a ete etudiee avec pour objectifs la reconstitution de l’evolution de la tourbiere et des conditions de la formation de la tourbe, a partir de l’analyse des grains de pollen et spores, des thecamoebiens, ainsi que de la geochimie. La partie etudiee de la tourbiere represente une grande partie de la periode Atlantique, l’entierete de la periode Subboreal et le debut de la periode Subatlantique, soit environ l’intervalle de temps compris entre 7300 cal BP et 2000 cal BP. La reconnaissance d’assemblages polliniques reperes definis par un travail plus ancien (Persch, 1950), realise dans la peripherie de la meme tourbiere, permet de correler etroitement entre eux les deux sites etudies, 460 cm d’epaisseur dans la partie centrale de la tourbiere correspondant a 230 cm d’epaisseur dans la peripherie. La datation precise des reperes polliniques dans la sequence qui fait l’objet de ce travail permet d’obtenir une chronologie plus precise des evenements reconnus dans le diagramme pollinique de Persch en 1950. La comparaison des donnees polliniques indique que, comme attendu, la pluie pollinique de Corylus est proportionnellement plus importante et celle du Quercetum mixtum, moins importante dans la partie centrale de la tourbiere qu’a la peripherie de celle-ci. L’analyse des thecamoebiens dans la partie centrale de la tourbiere constitue l’apport majeur du present travail. Cinq biozones ont ete identifiees par une analyse contrainte stratigraphiquement. La zonation obtenue est essentiellement basee sur les fluctuations d’Archerella (Amphitrema) flavum et Difflugia pulex. Trois fonctions de transfert ont ete appliquees et comparees. Couplee a la mesure du taux d’humification des niveaux concernes, elles permettent une analyse detaillee du taux d’humidite de la tourbe, et donc des conditions climatiques locales au moment de la formation de cette derniere. L’integration des resultats polliniques dans la zonation basee sur les thecamoebiens permet de definir, de dater et d’interpreter 18 intervalles de temps relativement courts, de l’ordre de 200 a 300 ans chacun. Nos resultats valident et completent une premiere interpretation climatique combinant analyse geochimique et donnees preliminaires acquises sur les thecamoebiens.","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":"9 1","pages":"129-142"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78635414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new geological map of the outcrop areas of the Brabant Massif (Belgium)","authors":"A. Herbosch, T. Debacker","doi":"10.20341/GB.2018.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/GB.2018.003","url":null,"abstract":"1. Introduction As a result of the “new geological map of Wallonia” program undertaken by the Walloon Government since 1990, the maps covering the entire southern outcropping part of the Brabant Massif (BM) have been finalised (Fig. 1). These 19 maps at 1/25 000 scale (12 full and 7 partial, Fig. 2; Annex 1), were realized between 1993 and 2017 by several teams of the universities of Brussels (ULB), Louvain (UCL) and Mons (Umons), with occasional input from experts from UGent and KULeuven. During the last two decades the authors’ research has been heavily focused on the geology of the Brabant Massif and they have contributed to the realization of half of these maps, particularly those that cover the Dyle and the Senne valleys (e.g. Verniers et al., 2005; Debacker et al., 2005b, 2011; Herbosch et al., 2008a; Herbosch & Verniers, 2013, 2014, 2015; see also Annex 1). Figure 1. (A) Position of the Brabant Massif within the Anglo-Brabant Deformation Belt (ABDB) along the NE-side of the Midland Microcraton (MM) in the context of Laurentia, Baltica, Avalonia and Armorica (modified after Winchester & PACE TMR Network team, 2002; Sintubin et al., 2009). Abbreviations: IS: Iapetus Suture; LCS: Le Conquet Suture; LNSM: Luneberg-North Sea Terrane; (MM): extension of the Midland Microcraton to the southeast under the Variscan Front; TS: Tornquist Suture; RHS: Rhenohercynian Suture; RS: Rheic Suture; VF: Variscan Front; WB: Welsh Basin. (B) Geological subcrop map of the Brabant Massif, a","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":"23 1","pages":"41-58"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79125442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The rise and fall of Late Devonian (Frasnian) trilobites from Belgium: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and events","authors":"A. Viersen, W. Vanherle","doi":"10.20341/GB.2018.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/GB.2018.005","url":null,"abstract":"1. Introduction The Frasnian was a period of recurrent global eustatic perturbations that had already commenced in the Middle Devonian and led to major faunal crises. Frasnian trilobites, encompassing exclusively benthic and endobenthic inhabitants of the continental shelf, suffered consecutive blows from the worldwide “drowning” of reef ecosystems and a decline of the shallow water environments to which they were confined (Feist, 1991, 1995). The latest Frasnian Kellwasser Event, though not by itself responsible for the demise of Frasnian trilobites, was the “coup de grâce” for many families. This event and its effects on trilobites have been the focus of investigations at various sections located in Germany, France, Morocco and NW Australia, among other countries (e.g. Becker et al., 1989; Feist & Schindler, 1994; Feist, 2002; McNamara & Feist, 2016). Frasnian trilobites from Belgium were described mainly in the monograph on Late Devonian trilobites of Richter & Richter (1926) and in van Viersen & Bignon (2011) and van Viersen & Prescher (2011). Bignon & Cronier (2015) analysed faunal dynamics of Devonian trilobites from Belgium and northern France and recognised two poorly diversified associations in the Frasnian: the Scutellum–Goldius association which they considered to be restricted to reef environments, and the Bradocryphaeus association (Bradocryphaeus, Otarion, Heliopyge) of Cronier & van Viersen (2007) which occurs in lateral shales and limestones below fair-weather","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":"45 1","pages":"73-94"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77426194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismotectonic activity in East Belgium: relevance of a major scarp and two associated landslides in the region of Malmedy","authors":"Anne-Sophie Mreyen, A. Demoulin, H. Havenith","doi":"10.20341/GB.2018.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/GB.2018.006","url":null,"abstract":"L’activite sismotectonique dans l‘Est de la Belgique : l’interet d’un escarpement majeur et de deux glissements de terrain dans la region de Malmedy. Les marqueurs geomorphologiques, tels que les escarpements, les detournements de rivieres et les ruptures de pente, peuvent etre utilises comme indicateurs indirects de l'activite neotectonique d'une region. Cette etude se concentre sur la region de Malmedy-Beverce, dans l’Est de la Belgique, ou des structures geomorphologiques, autrefois inconnues, ont ete decouvertes recemment, dans le cadre de la derniere campagne de cartographie geologique. La region se caracterise par des pentes douces a localement tres raides le long de la vallee de la Warche, traversant le massif de Stavelot et le graben de Malmedy. Couple a une analyse d'imagerie LiDAR-DEM et drone, la cartographie de terrain a revele un escarpement abrupt s'etendant pres de deux ruptures de pente sur les versants sud de la vallee de la Warche, a proximite du village de Beverce. Les instabilites de pente se sont developpees dans le conglomerat permien, connu sous le nom du Poudingue de Malmedy (ou Formation de Malmedy), qui represente le remplissage sedimentaire fluviatile du Graben de Malmedy. Avec une direction N330°E, l’escarpement en question est quasiment perpendiculaire aux structures connues dans le graben, mais parallele a l’orientation de la Zone de Faille de Hockai sismiquement active qui traverse la region de Malmedy a cet endroit. Dans cet article, nous presentons d’abord le contexte geologique et geomorphologique de l’escarpement et des glissements de terrain. Ensuite, nous montrons les resultats d’une campagne geophysique (comportant deux profils sismiques et deux profils electriques) qui a ete realisee sur ces structures. Les profils geophysiques obtenus montrent un deplacement vertical des couches sismiques ainsi que des changements lateraux des resistivites a travers de l’escarpement. Une zone de faible resistivite a pu etre observee a l’interieur de cet escarpement, ainsi que dans le plus grand des deux glissements de terrain, exactement dans le prolongement de l'escarpement. Toutes ces observations sont indicatrices de la presence d’une faille importante, probablement sismiquement active, faisant partie du bord est de la Zone de Faille de Hockai.","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":"5 1","pages":"101-110"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75218440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemistry and origin of Carboniferous (Mississippian; Viséan) bentonites in the Namur-Dinant Basin, Belgium: evidence for a Variscan volcanic source","authors":"Michael A. Pointon, D. Chew, B. Delcambre, G. Sevastopulo","doi":"10.20341/GB.2017.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/GB.2017.011","url":null,"abstract":"1. Introduction Several clay-rich horizons interbedded with Mississippian (Visean) limestones in the Namur-Dinant Basin (NDB), Belgium, are interpreted to be diagenetically altered volcanic ash layers based on their lateral continuity, clay mineralogy and heavy mineral assemblages (e.g. Thorez & Pirlet, 1979; Delcambre, 1989, 1996). Whilst several aspects of these clay horizons have been studied in detail, their original (unaltered) volcanic composition and the location(s) of the source volcanoes are not well constrained. The whole-rock geochemistry of altered volcanic rocks such as bentonites and tonsteins has been employed in several other studies to gain information about the composition of the original (unaltered) ash layers and ultimately the magma from which they were derived (e.g. Spears & Kanaris-Sotiriou, 1979; Merriman & Roberts, 1990; Huff et al., 1993; Christidis et al., 1995). The major elements, which are routinely used to classify fresh or slightly altered volcanic rocks, are of limited use when classifying extensively altered volcanic rocks because several elements, including K and Na, are known to be mobile during weathering and diagenesis (Winchester & Floyd, 1977; Floyd & Winchester, 1978; Zielinski, 1982; Christidis, 1998). Instead, the classification of altered volcanic rocks relies on trace elements including Ti, the high-field-strength elements (HFSE) Hf, Nb, Ta, Zr and the rare-earth elements, which are generally considered to be immobile during most u","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82300183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Macquenoise sandstone (Devonian – Lochkovian), a suitable raw material for ancient querns and millstones: quarries, properties, manufacture and distribution in France and Belgium","authors":"Paul Picavet, S. Reniere, V. Cnudde, W. Clercq, R. Dreesen, G. Fronteau, E. Goemaere, E. Hartoch","doi":"10.20341/GB.2018.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/GB.2018.002","url":null,"abstract":"For some years, a French-Belgian team of archaeologists and geologists is investigating the provenance of ancient quern-stones and millstones. Their study revealed the frequent occurrence of particular coarse sandstones derived from Lower Devonian strata in the Ardenne region, known as either the textquotedblleftArkose of Haybestextquotedblright by geologists or the textquotedblleftArkose of Macquenoisetextquotedblright by archaeologists. Material for Late Iron Age and Roman quern-stones and millstones was quarried from open pits located west of the border between France and Belgium, between the Belgian village of Macquenoise (Commune of Momignies, Province of Hainaut) and the French town of Hirson (Aisne Department, Hauts-de-France region). This paper describes the raw materials, presents the different types of grindstones produced through historical times and provides a detailed diffusion map of the millstones.","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":"1 1","pages":"27-40"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78539421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Hondelange Formation and the sequence stratigraphic model of Belgian Lorraine","authors":"F. Boulvain, I. Belanger","doi":"10.20341/GB.2018.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/GB.2018.004","url":null,"abstract":"1. Introduction This work follows up former papers dedicated to major boreholes in Belgian Lorraine and Grand Duchy of Luxembourg: the Latour borehole (Boulvain & Monteyne, 1993, revised by Boulvain et al., 1995), the Neulimont, Aubange, Saint-Mard and Toernich boreholes (Boulvain et al., 1995), the Villers-devant-Orval borehole (Boulvain et al., 1996) and more recently, the Bonnert, Haebicht, Grouft, Grund, and Consdorf boreholes (Boulvain et al., 2017). These studies, together with data resulting from the geological mapping project for Wallonia (Belanger et al., 2002; Ghysel et al., 2002; Belanger, 2006 a, b; Ghysel & Belanger, 2006) led to a synthesis formalized by a new lithostratigraphical scheme for Belgian Lorraine (Boulvain et al., 2001 a, b). Besides stratigraphical data, the boreholes survey provided results for petrography, clay mineralogy, palynology and paleontology (Boulvain et al., 2001a; Boulvain et al., 2017). The purpose of the current work is (1) to suggest a new status for the Hondelange Formation, formerly considered as a member of the Arlon Formation (Boulvain et al., 2001b) and (2) by synthetizing all the information acquired from the boreholes and outcrops, to propose a sequence stratigraphic interpretation for the Triassic and Jurassic of Belgian Lorraine and border areas. 2. Geological setting The studied Triassic to Jurassic successions are confined to the south eastern part of Belgium, i.e. the Belgian Lorraine and to the Guttland region of G.-D. o","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":"88 1","pages":"59-71"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77562932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First thyreophoran dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) of Luxembourg","authors":"D. Delsate, X. Pereda-Suberbiola, R. Felten, Gilles Felten","doi":"10.20341/GB.2018.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/GB.2018.001","url":null,"abstract":"Le premier Dinosaure thyreophore du Jurassique moyen (Bajocien) du Grand-Duche de Luxembourg. Un osteoderme isole de dinosaure provenant de la carriere d’Ottange-Rumelange (Cimalux, auparavant Intermoselle) du Grand-Duche de Luxembourg est ici decrit. Le fossile a ete trouve dans des depots marno-calcaires des “Marnes sableuses d’Audun-le-Tiche”, d’âge Jurassique moyen (Zone Humphriesianum, Bajocien inferieur). Les depots correspondent a un environnement marin ouvert qui a fourni une faune abondante et variee, comprenant invertebres, actinopterygiens, hybodontes, neoselaciens, chimeres et reptiles marins. L’osteoderme, ovale et portant une quille basse, en forme de toit, est identifie comme etant un ecusson dermique d’un thyreophore. Il pourrait appartenir a un thyreophore basal ou, plus provisoirement, a un des premiers ankylosaures. Le specimen provient probablement d’une carcasse flottante qui a derive sur une certaine distance depuis la terre ferme. L’ecusson dermique de la carriere d’Ottange-Rumelange represente le deuxieme dinosaure decrit jusqu’a present au Luxembourg et le premier trouve dans le Bajocien. D’autre part, il s’agit d’une des rares decouvertes de dinosaures thyreophores non-stegosauriens dans le Jurassique moyen.","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":"18 1","pages":"19-26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83745940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Palaeoecology of the Upper Tournaisian (Mississippian) crinoidal limestones from South Belgium","authors":"Laurent Debout, J. Denayer","doi":"10.20341/GB.2018.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/GB.2018.007","url":null,"abstract":"1. Introduction The Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous) and particularly the Tournaisian is known as the golden age of crinoids (Kammer & Ausich, 2006). In suitable settings, the crinoids lived in vast meadows that formed the carbonate rock through the accumulation of their skeletal elements and named regional encrinites (sensu Ausich, 1997). Tournaisian encrinites are wide developed all over the world with renown examples from Ireland (Waters & Sevastopulo, 1984), N America (Ausich, 1999a,b), S China (Chen & Yao, 1993), Iran (Webster et al., 2003), etc. The expansion of crinoids during the Tournaisian is interpreted as a recovery phase following the Late Devonian extinctions, as it induced a rapid re-colonisation of the ecological niches by crinoids and then a rapid evolution (McGhee, 1996). The autoecology of crinoids is relatively well understood (Ausich & Bottjer, 1982, 2007; Ausich & Simms, 1999; Ausich et al., 1999a) in contrast to their synecology (i.e. interactions with the environment and with other organisms) despite their ability to shape their environment. In South Belgium, Tournaisian encrinites are abundant and locally called “Petit Granit” where quarried as cut stones for building and carving purposes. Several units were – and still are – intensively quarried for these purposes: the Hastiere Formation (Fm), Landelies Fm, Ourthe Fm, Flemalle Membre (Mbr) and Soignies Mbr. The most valuable and renowned are the encrinites of the Ourthe Fm in the Condroz area (cen","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":"16 1","pages":"111-127"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85246347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}