The rise and fall of Late Devonian (Frasnian) trilobites from Belgium: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and events

1. Introduction The Frasnian was a period of recurrent global eustatic perturbations that had already commenced in the Middle Devonian and led to major faunal crises. Frasnian trilobites, encompassing exclusively benthic and endobenthic inhabitants of the continental shelf, suffered consecutive blows from the worldwide “drowning” of reef ecosystems and a decline of the shallow water environments to which they were confined (Feist, 1991, 1995). The latest Frasnian Kellwasser Event, though not by itself responsible for the demise of Frasnian trilobites, was the “coup de grâce” for many families. This event and its effects on trilobites have been the focus of investigations at various sections located in Germany, France, Morocco and NW Australia, among other countries (e.g. Becker et al., 1989; Feist & Schindler, 1994; Feist, 2002; McNamara & Feist, 2016). Frasnian trilobites from Belgium were described mainly in the monograph on Late Devonian trilobites of Richter & Richter (1926) and in van Viersen & Bignon (2011) and van Viersen & Prescher (2011). Bignon & Cronier (2015) analysed faunal dynamics of Devonian trilobites from Belgium and northern France and recognised two poorly diversified associations in the Frasnian: the Scutellum–Goldius association which they considered to be restricted to reef environments, and the Bradocryphaeus association (Bradocryphaeus, Otarion, Heliopyge) of Cronier & van Viersen (2007) which occurs in lateral shales and limestones below fair-weather