Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of intraorbital hydroxyapatite implant exposure beyond 10 years of implantation.","authors":"Xia Ding, Dai Su, Yuan Cao, Xiaowei Zhu, Yue Xing, Ming Lin, Jin Li","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06785-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00417-025-06785-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To analyze intraorbital Hydroxyapatite(HA) implant exposure occurring beyond ten years of implantation and suggest potential contributing factors.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A retrospective cohort study based in the Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One hundred and one Chinese patients with HA implant exposure were identified, from which 38 patients with implants exposure after ten years of insertion were selected and analyzed for demographic and medical records, clinical manifestations, surgery type, implant size, exposure area, follow-up duration, complications, details regarding prosthesis care, and treatment methods. All of the removed implants were sent for an HE pathologic examination.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 38 cases experienced exposure 10 to 19 years after implantation and presented to the clinic with increased secretions, proliferation of granulation tissue, visible suture exposure, and difficulty in wearing the external prosthesis. Other complications included implant forward position in 3 patients, eyelid retraction in 4 patients, and all the patients presented with post-enucleation socket syndrome. Reviewing the medical history, HA implant sizes ranged from 18 to 22 mm. Fourteen patients underwent implant repair surgery, of which 2 experienced recurrence, and ultimately, 26 implants were removed. Of the 26 removed implants, histologic examination showed that 17 exhibited chronic infection, and 12 had limited fibrovascular ingrowth. The questionnaires indicated that 26 patients did not renew the external prosthesis regularly.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study identified late complications and potential risk factors for implant exposure beyond ten years of implantation, including chronic infection, non-absorbable sutures, and low and delayed vascularization.</p>","PeriodicalId":12795,"journal":{"name":"Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"2025-2032"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into scleral violaceous hue in anterior scleritis: anterior segment optical coherence tomography evaluation.","authors":"Plern Sutra, Thananop Pothikamjorn, Sarah Lopez, Jaskirat Takhar, Mathinee Chongchareon, Jeremy Keenan, John A Gonzales","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06788-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00417-025-06788-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine the scleral thickness of inactive scleritis characterized by a violaceous hue (violaceous sclera) using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective observational case series of patients with inactive unilateral anterior scleritis featuring a violaceous hue. Mean scleral thickness was measured by AS-OCT in violaceous areas and compared with the same region in the contralateral unaffected eye. Measurements were performed by two masked graders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nine patients with median age of 52 ± 12.8 years were assessed. Eight patients were female. Rheumatoid arthritis and history of treated latent tuberculosis (33.3%) were the most common causes of anterior scleritis. Mean scleral thickness was 582.93 ± 124.03 µm and 648.59 ± 103.61 µm for violaceous sclera and the corresponding unaffected areas of the contralateral eye, respectively (mean difference = -65.65 µm, 95% CI: -143.73 to 12.42, p = 0.0885). The mean image contrast percentage of scleral hyperreflectivity as assessed by image conversion in an area of violaceous hue was 65.07 µm ± 6.49 µm compared to 42.70 µm ± 5.46 µm of unaffected areas (mean difference = 22.37 µm, 95% CI: 14.72 µm to 30.03 µm, p = 0.0001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Using AS-OCT, the thicknesses of violaceous sclerae were not significantly thinner than the contralateral unaffected areas, despite a mean difference of approximately 65 microns. The increased scleral hyperreflectivity observed in the violaceous sclera may suggest collagen remodeling in these areas. Such remodeling could play a role in the sclera reflecting violaceous hues while still preventing direct visualization of the underlying choroid.</p>","PeriodicalId":12795,"journal":{"name":"Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"1997-2004"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12373549/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143648279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical characteristics of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in patients over 90 years in a tertiary center in Germany: 90-TOSG report 2.","authors":"Focke Ziemssen, Ayşe Güzin Taşlipinar Uzel, Spyridon Dimopoulos, Jonas Neubauer, Karl Ulrich Bartz-Schmidt, Faik Gelisken","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06821-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00417-025-06821-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aims to investigate the clinical characteristics of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) in patients aged over 90 years, a demographic that has been underrepresented in previous research.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Retrospective, single-center, observational case series. The study included patients over 90 years old, excluding those with significant ocular trauma or other specific eye diseases affecting the retina. Data on demographic characteristics, RRD extent, surgical interventions, and postoperative outcomes were collected and analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 24 patients (24 eyes, 75% female) where the median age was 93 years (range: 91-98). Most patients displayed macular involvement, and about one-third experienced proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Surgical interventions primarily involved pars plana vitrectomy, with a noted delay from symptom onset to surgery averaging ten days. Postoperative improvements in visual acuity were significant, yet the final visual acuity remained low. Baseline median BCVA was 2.30 logMAR, and 1.0 (0.30-2.30) log MAR at the last visit (p = 0.017). RRD was in 52% of the eyes over two quadrants, in 83.3% with macula involvement, and in 37.5% with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) at baseline. Of these patients, 61.9% were pseudophakic. Twenty-one eyes of 21 patients underwent treatment and postoperative follow-up was available in 47.6% (n = 10) of the patients. Four of the 10 patients with follow-up had redetachment at the last visit.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The high rate of macular involvement and the complexities associated with PVR highlight the challenges of treating RRD in the elderly. Delayed hospital presentation, impaired adherence to posturing and low postoperative follow-up rates may significantly impact the treatment success. This study underscores the need for tailored management strategies to improve outcomes in this age group.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>What is known An increase in retinal detachments has occurred mainly due to earlier lens surgery in the younger age group but will also occur in the old-aged group as a result of demographic changes. What is new Elderly patients show variable symptoms of retinal detachments and management is complicated by frequent ocular and systemic comorbidities. The clinical characteristics of detachments at age over 90 years include proliferative vitreoretinopathy and late presentation. Like vitreoretinal surgery at the end of life, the decision to operate presents a particular challenge.</p>","PeriodicalId":12795,"journal":{"name":"Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"1899-1905"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12373664/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143983013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aggressive subtypes in basal cell carcinomas might need different treatment and follow-up due to the higher risk of surgically uncontrollable recurrences.","authors":"Svenja Rebecca Sonntag, Rebecca Beach, Stefanie Gniesmer, Joyce Tohme, Salvatore Grisanti, Armin Mohi, Sara Hsin-Yi Yang, Vinodh Kakkassery","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06807-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00417-025-06807-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most frequent malignant tumor of the eyelid and recurrences of BCC may lead to massive destruction of the orbital region. The objective of this study was to evaluate predictors for surgically difficult-to-control or uncontrollable recurrences.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>All BCCs of the periorbital region treated in the Department of Dermatology or Ophthalmology between 2011 and 2021 were included in a retrospective single center study and divided into a group of primary BCCs (pBCCs) and a group of recurrent BCCs (rBCCs). The following risk factors were compared between the two groups using the Chi² test: tumor localization, histological subtype and presence of R1 situation. Furthermore, difference in severity of reconstruction between pBCCs and rBCCs was analyzed. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data from 474 pBCCs and 33 rBCCs were included in this retrospective analysis. Both R1 status (p < 0.001) and aggressive subtype (p = 0.028) were significant risk factors for recurrence. The two most frequent reasons for R1 were the patient's rejection of further surgical intervention (n = 4) and the fact that the surgery was not performed at a specialized center (n = 6). In 10 of the 33 rBCCs, a further recurrence occurred despite R0 status and all 10 cases showed an aggressive subtype (p = 0.020). In all BCCs with R1 status, there was no significant difference in the recurrence rate regarding the subtype.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results show the impact of incomplete tumor resection and aggressive subtype on patient outcome after BCC surgery. We suggest that the aggressiveness of the BCC may be the precondition for multiple recurring BCCs. Furthermore, especially patients who underwent surgery outside our Departments showed R1 situations and rBCCs. Therefore, personalized treatment and follow-up care as well as efforts to avoid high-risk recurrences with aggressive subtypes are necessary to improve long-term success after surgery and should be conducted by a specialized center.</p>","PeriodicalId":12795,"journal":{"name":"Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"2033-2040"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12373693/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143718772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interocular comparison of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and vasculature in non-pathological myopia with anisometropia.","authors":"Yafei Mu, Maierhaba Mijiti, Wei Wei, Reyila Ainiwaer, Bixia Wei, Yanli Qin, Lin Ding, Tao Shen","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06826-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00417-025-06826-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the interocular differences in the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and retinal vasculature in non-pathological myopic patients with anisometropia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cross-sectional study included 100 eyes from 50 participants aged 11 to 40 with anisometropic myopia. All participants underwent comprehensive ocular examinations, and then the RNFL thickness, ONH parameters, macular vessel density (MVD), optic disc vessel density (OVD), and optic disc perfusion density (OPD) were obtained using the Cirrus spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The participants were divided into two groups based on the degree of anisometropia: Group 1 had the interocular difference of spherical equivalent (SE) over 1.50 diopters (D), and Group 2 had the interocular difference of SE between 1.00 D and 1.50 D. The interocular differences in retinal parameters were analyzed and compared between the two studied groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The superior and inferior RNFL were thinner, and the temporal RNFL was thicker in the more myopic eyes. The interocular differences of the temporal RNFL thickness, nasal MVD, temporal and inferior OVD, and temporal OPD were correlated with the interocular differences of SE and AL. The interocular differences of the temporal RNFL thickness, OVD, and OPD in Group 1 were more significant than in Group 2.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study revealed that the temporal peripapillary RNFL was thicker in more myopic eyes, accompanied by higher OVD and OPD. These regional retinal alterations in the temporal peripapillary area may occur before the decrease in RNFL thickness and the onset of myopic pathological changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12795,"journal":{"name":"Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"1877-1884"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143811181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological characteristics of high myopes complicated by serous retinal detachment with dome-shaped macula or inferior staphyloma.","authors":"Jeong Hyun Lee, Woosung Jeon, Min Seok Kim, Kwangsic Joo, Se Joon Woo, Joo Young Shin, Jeeyun Ahn","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06802-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00417-025-06802-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the morphological characteristics of dome-shaped macula (DSM) and inferior staphyloma complicated by serous retinal detachment (SRD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Electronic medical records and multimodal images of patients diagnosed with DSM and inferior staphyloma were retrospectively reviewed. Morphological features, including axial length, curvature height, orientation of the dome, presence of retinal pigment epithelial detachment, choroidal vascular features such as subfoveal choroidal thickness, variations in choroidal thickness, presence of abrupt changes in choroidal thickness and presence of large choroidal vessels were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty-three eyes of 37 patients were included, of which 33 eyes had DSM and 20 eyes had inferior staphyloma, and 15 (28.3%) were complicated with SRD. Four (12.1%) of the DSM and 11 (55.0%) of the inferior staphyloma eyes had SRD. On univariate analysis of risk factors for SRD, shorter axial length (p = 0.002), presence of inferior staphyloma (p = 0.004), higher subfoveal curve height (p = 0.009), thicker subfoveal choroidal thickness (p = 0.038), greater variation in choroidal thickness (p = 0.005), presence of both abrupt changes in choroidal thickness (p < 0.001) and large choroidal vessels (p = 0.001) showed a significantly higher risk. On multivariate analysis, shorter axial length (p = 0.038) and presence of abrupt changes in choroidal thickness (p = 0.008) were identified as significant risk factors for SRD.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SRD was more prevalent in eyes with inferior staphyloma compared to DSM. Shorter axial length and abrupt changes in choroidal thickness were associated risk factors for SRD.</p>","PeriodicalId":12795,"journal":{"name":"Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"1847-1858"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12373529/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) nomogram construction based on optical coherence tomography angiography parameters: a preliminary exploration of DR prediction.","authors":"Zongyi Zhan, Yuqing Lan, Zijing Li","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06824-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00417-025-06824-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To construct a diabetic retinopathy (DR) prediction nomogram based on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) parameters. Ophthalmologists can then use this nomogram to assess the risk of early-stage DR.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective study, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who completed DR screening were enrolled and divided into training and validation sets. Fifteen parameters, including OCTA parameters, axial length (AL), age, and sex, were selected via least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) in the training set. The chosen parameters were used to construct the model. Model performance was evaluated for both the training and validation sets via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis (DCA). A corresponding nomogram was created.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 464 eyes from 464 patients were divided into a training set (324, 69.83%) and a validation set (140, 30.17%). The superficial parafoveal capillary density (CD), deep parafoveal CD, foveal CD in the 300 µm-wide area surrounding the foveal avascular zone (FD- 300 area), AL, and patient ages were included in the final model. The area under curve of the model was 0.825 in the training set and 0.831 in the validation set. The calibration curves showed good alignment between the actual and predicted outcomes in both datasets. DCA demonstrated that the nomogram was clinically useful.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A model with good performance for predicting DR via OCTA parameters was developed. The superficial parafoveal CD, deep parafoveal CD, and FD- 300 area were important predictive parameters in this model. The corresponding nomogram may serve as a convenient tool for early DR risk prediction and lay the foundation for developing OCTA-based automated diagnostic software for early DR detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":12795,"journal":{"name":"Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"1867-1876"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143811180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroprotection beyond intraocular pressure: game changer or quiet addiction.","authors":"A Grosso, E Borrelli, M Sacchi, G Calzetti, P Ceruti, G Neri, M Marchetti, A Pinna, V Kostin, M Reibaldi, T Borsello, G Vizzeri","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06816-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00417-025-06816-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The topic of neuroprotection in glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is well disseminated in the literature. However, the problem is providing ophthalmologists with clear, evidence-based messages to draw on. This review examines the landscape of neuroprotective therapies for glaucoma and AMD. While promising neuroprotective agents, such as citicoline and nicotinamide, have been explored for their potential to mitigate neurodegeneration in glaucoma, robust clinical evidence validating their efficacy remains limited and there is a need for further large-scale, long-term studies to substantiate the neuroprotective effects of these agents. Maintaining low intraocular pressure plays a vital role in preventing neuronal death in glaucoma. AMD has traditionally been considered a disease affecting the outer retinal layers; however, growing evidence suggests that the inner layers are also involved. Neuroprotection is an emerging area of research, with strategies focusing on alleviating oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. A reassessment of clinical endpoints and methodologies in neuroprotection research is critical to better evaluate the efficacy of these therapies in glaucoma and AMD.</p>","PeriodicalId":12795,"journal":{"name":"Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"1755-1763"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143788093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imaging biomarkers and artificial intelligence for diagnosis, prediction, and therapy of macular fibrosis in age-related macular degeneration: Narrative review and future directions.","authors":"Rishikesh Gandhewar, Thales Guimaraes, Sagnik Sen, Nikolas Pontikos, Ismail Moghul, Theodoros Empeslidis, Michel Michaelides, Konstantinos Balaskas","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06790-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00417-025-06790-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Macular fibrosis is an end-stage complication of neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration (nAMD) with a complex and multifactorial pathophysiology that can lead to significant visual impairment. Despite the success of anti-vascular endothelium growth factors (anti-VEGF) over the last decade that revolutionised the management and visual prognosis of nAMD, macular fibrosis develops in a significant proportion of patients and, along with macular atrophy (MA), is a main driver of long-term vision deterioration. There remains an unmet need to better understand macular fibrosis and develop anti-fibrotic therapies. The use of imaging biomarkers in combination with novel Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms holds significant potential for improving the accuracy of diagnosis, disease monitoring, and therapeutic discovery for macular fibrosis. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the various imaging modalities and biomarkers for macular fibrosis alongside outlining potential avenues for AI applications. We discuss manifestations of macular fibrosis and its precursors with diagnostic and prognostic significance on various imaging modalities, including Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), Colour Fundus Photography (CFP), Fluorescein Angiography (FA), OCT-Angiography (OCTA) and collate data from prospective and retrospective research on known biomarkers. The predominant role of OCT for biomarker identification is highlighted. The review coincides with a resurgence of intense research interest in academia and industry for therapeutic discovery and clinical testing of anti-fibrotic molecules.</p>","PeriodicalId":12795,"journal":{"name":"Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"1789-1800"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12373684/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143585526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal changes in the position and thickness of the peak peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer in school children.","authors":"Takehiro Yamashita, Hiroto Terasaki, Ryo Asaoka, Naoya Yoshihara, Naoko Kakiuchi, Taiji Sakamoto","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06810-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00417-025-06810-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study investigated the relationship between changes in the position and thickness of the peak circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) and axial elongation in schoolchildren.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective cohort study involved the right eyes of 75 elementary school students examined over a period of six years (from the age of 8-9 years to 14-15 years). During the first and final years, all participants underwent optical axial length measurements, color fundus photography, and cpRNFL thickness measurements using optical coherence tomography. The supratemporal (ST) and infratemporal (IT) peak angles (ST and IT angle) were defined as those formed by the ST/IT peak position of the cpRNFL curve, the center of the optic disc, and the fovea. The RNFL thickness at the peaks (ST and IT thicknesses) was also determined. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the cpRNFL parameters and axial lengths in the first and final years.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean axial length was significantly longer in the final year (24.82 mm) than in the first year (23.34 mm). The mean ST and IT angles were significantly lower in the final year (67.6° and 58.2°) than in the first year (74.2° and 64.0°). The mean IT thickness was significantly greater in the final year (195.1 μm) than in the first year (185.0 μm); however, no significant changes in ST thickness were observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The ST and IT peaks shifted toward the line connecting the fovea and the center of the optic disc between ages 8-9 and 14-15 years, and IT thickness increased. These changes indicate that nerve fibers are concentrated on the temporal side of the optic disc, especially in the IT area.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>WHAT IS KNOWN : The circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) in normal eyes exhibits a double-hump pattern, with individual variability in the position of the peaks. Additionally, the mechanisms underlying these differences remain unclear.</p><p><strong>What is new: </strong>Eyes with greater axial elongation tended to have narrower supratemporal (ST) and infratemporal (IT) angles and increased IT thickness. Greater axial elongation during childhood growth caused a significant shift of the cpRNFL peaks toward the fovea and increased IT thickness. Based on the plate hypothesis, the shift and compression of nerve fibers during growth may serve as a potential predictor of normal-tension glaucoma onset in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":12795,"journal":{"name":"Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"1977-1984"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12373550/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}