Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Clinical factors and predictors for spontaneous separation of epiretinal membranes.","authors":"Juseok Lee, Junwon Lee, Christopher Seungkyu Lee, Min Kim, Suk Ho Byeon, Sung Soo Kim, Hyun Goo Kang","doi":"10.1007/s00417-024-06646-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00417-024-06646-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the clinical characteristics, imaging features, and predictive factors for spontaneous separation in patients with idiopathic or secondary ERM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The overall cohort was divided into two subgroups: idiopathic ERM (28 eyes, 56%) and secondary ERM (22 eyes, 44%). Electronic records and multimodal imaging were reviewed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 50 eyes included in this study, the self-separation of ERM occurred over a mean duration of 28.1 ± 25.3 months (median: 25.4 months). Compared with the secondary ERM group, the idiopathic group had a shorter interval to separation (idiopathic vs. secondary, 23.4 vs. 34.1 months, respectively; P = .01) and better vision at diagnosis (logMAR 0.094 vs. 0.224; P = .009) and after separation (logMAR 0.097 vs. 0.188; P = .01). Overall, in both subgroups, spontaneous ERM separation appeared to have been induced by posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) (P < .001). Multivariate analysis revealed that the self-separation interval (odds ratio [OR] 0.936) and IRF (OR 0.049) were significantly associated with complete ERM separation (all P < .05). Additionally, secondary ERM (OR 15.224) and lower initial best-corrected visual acuity (OR 267.589) were significantly associated with improvements in vision after self-separation (all P < .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The self-separation of ERM appears to be induced by PVD development in most eyes. Owing to the possibility of complete spontaneous separation, surgical membrane peeling may be delayed by up to 28 months in eyes without PVD, regardless of whether the cause is idiopathic or secondary. Patients with secondary ERM may experience favorable visual improvement after self-separation despite having poor vision at diagnosis and IRF on OCT.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>What is known • An epiretinal membrane (ERM), the most prevalent retinal disease in adults, is less understood regarding clinical factors and the accurate mechanism of spontaneous separation. What is new • The separation of ERM appears to be induced by PVD development in most eyes. • Favorable vision outcomes were associated with secondary ERMs and lower initial visual acuity. • Complete ERM separation was associated with a shorter self-resolution interval and the absence of intraretinal fluid (IRF) in OCT imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":12795,"journal":{"name":"Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"347-359"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142361430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive microRNA analyses using vitreous humor of ocular sarcoidosis.","authors":"Masaki Asakage, Yoshihiko Usui, Hiroyuki Komatsu, Kazuichi Maruyama, Naoya Nezu, Hiroyuki Shimizu, Kinya Tsubota, Naoyuki Yamakawa, Tomohiro Umezu, Masakatsu Takanashi, Masahiko Kuroda, Hiroshi Goto","doi":"10.1007/s00417-024-06619-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00417-024-06619-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs which have attracted attention as biomarkers in a variety of diseases. However, extensive unbiased analysis of miRNA in vitreous humor of sarcoidosis patients has not been reported. In the present study, we comprehensively analyzed the dysregulated miRNAs in ocular sarcoidosis to search for potential biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study included seven patients diagnosed with ocular sarcoidosis (five definite and two presumed). Five patients with unclassified uveitis and 24 with non-inflammatory diseases served as controls. MicroRNA expression levels in vitreous humor samples were measured by microarray, and differentially expressed miRNAs between sarcoidosis and other diseases were explored. Next, pathway enrichment analysis was performed to evaluate the functions of the dysregulated miRNAs, and machine learning was used to search for candidate biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 614 upregulated miRNAs and 8 downregulated miRNAs were detected in vitreous humor of patients with ocular sarcoidosis compared with patients with unclassified uveitis and non-inflammatory diseases. Some dysregulated miRNAs were involved in the TGF-β signaling pathway. Furthermore, we identified miR-764 as the best predictor for ocular sarcoidosis using Boruta selection.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this study, comprehensive miRNA analysis of vitreous humor samples identified dysregulated miRNAs in ocular sarcoidosis. This study suggests new insights into molecular pathogenetic mechanisms of sarcoidosis and may provide useful information toward developing novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for sarcoidosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":12795,"journal":{"name":"Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"501-526"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142153694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of peripheral retinal degenerations using ultra-widefield swept source optical coherence tomography.","authors":"Ayushi Agarwal, Mousumi Banerjee, Shorya Vardhan Azad, Rohan Chawla, Rajpal Vohra, Pradeep Venkatesh, Vinod Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s00417-024-06593-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00417-024-06593-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe the features of peripheral retinal degenerations using an Ultra-Widefield (UWF) Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography (SS-OCT).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In this cross-sectional study done at a tertiary eye care centre in Northern India, peripheral retinal degenerations such as lattices, snail track lesion, paving stone, White With-Out Pressure(WWOP), micro-cystoid lesions, retinoschisis and other suspicious lesions were identified with clinical examination. Following clinical examination, these eyes with peripheral retinal degenerations underwent UWF OCT.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>100 eyes with 14 peripheral lesions like lattices (31%), snail track lesions (10.4%), peripheral retinoschisis (7.5%), non-specific pigmented doubtful lesions (13.2%), WWOP (7.5%), paving stone (6.6%), peripheral retinal detachment (3.8%) along with CHRPE, micro-cystoid lesions and dark without pressure areas were identified. All the lesions could be imaged with the help of UWF-OCT. It significantly helped in improving diagnostic capability with early identification of specific structural features such as vitreoretinal attachment and traction, full-thickness hole or tear, and sub-retinal fluid which were not so evident on indirect ophthalmoscopy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>UWF-OCT deepens our understanding of the structure of the retina and its associated peripheral pathologies, allowing early recognition of vision-threatening lesions that may influence clinical management.</p>","PeriodicalId":12795,"journal":{"name":"Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"305-313"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142284408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retinal detachment and mortality in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis: A multicenter study in taiwan.","authors":"Po-Yi Wu, Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang, Wei-Dar Chen, Sunir J Garg, Wei-Yu Chiang, Ming-Hsun Lee, Hung-Da Chou, Nan-Kai Wang, An-Ning Chao, Kuan-Jen Chen, Wei-Chi Wu, Yih-Shiou Hwang","doi":"10.1007/s00417-024-06651-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00417-024-06651-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To characterize patients with cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis and identify risk factors for retinal detachment (RD) and mortality in this Taiwanese patient population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included patients diagnosed with CMV retinitis between 2007 and 2019. The diagnosis was confirmed through aqueous polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Relevant data were collected from the Chang Gung Research Database. Univariate Cox regression was performed to identify the associations of RD and mortality risks with various patient characteristics, including demographic features, comorbidities, laboratory results, and medication use patterns.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 32 patients with CMV retinitis were included. Among these patients, 78.1% had an immunocompromised status, including 56.3% with high-dose systemic steroid use, 21.9% with HIV infection, 12.5% with hematologic malignancy, and 9.4% with renal transplantation. Approximately 21.9% of patients had RD 2.4 ± 2.1 months after CMV retinitis diagnosis, and 34.4% died within 6.2 [4.2, 38.2] months after diagnosis. Patients with RD had a statistically significant, but likely not clinically significant, later initiation of anti-CMV medications compared to their non-RD counterparts (8 [5, 23] days vs. 2 [1, 11] days, p = 0.039). Mortality was significantly associated with older age (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.10), hematologic malignancy (HR: 5.92; 95% CI: 1.44-24.37), and positivity for CMV on blood PCR (HR: 4.93; 95% CI: 1.49-16.35).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study suggests that older age, hematologic malignancy, and positivity for CMV on blood PCR are risk factors for mortality in patients with CMV retinitis.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>What is known Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is the predominant sight-threatening opportunistic ocular infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). What is new In the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy for AIDS, the majority of CMV retinitis patients are those receiving immunomodulatory therapy for underlying diseases. Older age, hematologic malignancy, and positive blood polymerase chain reaction for CMV are potential risk factors for mortality in patients with CMV retinitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":12795,"journal":{"name":"Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"393-403"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142463310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prolene suture stenting: a novel approach to mitigate postoperative hypotony in PRESERFLO MicroShunt surgery.","authors":"Eamon Sharkawi, Maria L Dari, Adriano Guarnieri","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06753-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-025-06753-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12795,"journal":{"name":"Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143074633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to letter to the editor regarding \"Prolene suture stenting: a novel approach to mitigate postoperative hypotony in PRESERFLO MicroShunt surgery\".","authors":"Lorenzo Governatori, Leandro Oliverio, Alessandra Scampoli, Tomaso Caporossi","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06754-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-025-06754-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12795,"journal":{"name":"Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143074635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual and anatomical evaluation of navigated subthreshold micropulse laser versus photodynamic therapy in managing chronic central serous chorioretinopathy.","authors":"Lisa Toto, Ignacio Ares, Alberto Quarta, Pasquale Viggiano, Marialudovica Ruggeri, Federico Formenti, Giacomo Boscia, Annamaria Porreca, Marta Di Nicola, Francesco Boscia, Rodolfo Mastropasqua","doi":"10.1007/s00417-024-06666-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00417-024-06666-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To compare the visual and anatomical results of navigated subthreshold micropulse laser (nSML) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients who underwent either half-dose PDT or nSML for the management of chronic CSCR were included in this study. Comprehensive ophthalmic examination, fundus autofluorescence, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) were performed at baseline and at 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up visits after nSML or PDT. Fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography were performed only at baseline. Main outcome measures were best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), subretinal fluid (SRF), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), and choroidal vascularization index (CVI) that were collected at baseline and at each follow-up visit for up to 6 months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-two eyes of 42 patients (PDT group-20 eyes, nSML group-22 eyes) affected by chronic CSCR were enrolled. At 6-month follow-up, no significant differences were observed between the nSML group compared to the PDT group in BCVA (0.10 [0.00; 0.20]) and 0.10 [0.10; 0.10], respectively, p=0.69, and between some OCT parameters, namely CMT and CVI. SFCT was significantly reduced in the PDT group more than in the nSML group (p=0.01). Twelve eyes (60%) in the PDT group had complete resolution of the SRF at 6 months compared to 8 eyes (36.4%) in the nSML group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.14).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Results from patients treated with PDT and nSML showed that, at 6 months, no significant differences except for choroidal thickness. nSML is less invasive than PDT and can be used as an effective alternative to PDT.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>WHAT IS KNOWN : Treating chronic CSCR is a therapeutic conundrum for clinicians because of a lack of definitive consensus over remediation options, two of which are photodynamic therapy (PDT) and navigated subthreshold micropulse laser (nSML) therapy.</p><p><strong>This study shows: </strong>Results from patients treated with PDT and nSML showed no significant differences except for choroidal thickness. Even though patients treated with PDT recovered more quickly, retreatment was necessary due to fluid recollection. Although patients treated with nSML also needed retreatment, nSML is less invasive than PDT and can be used as an effective alternative to PDT.</p>","PeriodicalId":12795,"journal":{"name":"Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"405-414"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142463311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diabetic macular edema: Upcoming therapies.","authors":"Audrey Yan, Crandall Jones, Sibel Demirel, Jay Chhablani","doi":"10.1007/s00417-024-06595-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00417-024-06595-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a serious vision-threatening complication that can arise at any stage of diabetic retinopathy. Primary treatment involves anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents, which are highly effective but associated with challenges, such as the need for frequent injections, relapses, and resistance to therapy. Therefore, there has been a growing interest in developing new treatments that offer similar or superior outcomes in DME. This review article explores emerging treatments, including WNT agonists, gene therapy, protein inhibitors, and, most importantly, the first-ever non-invasive and oral drugs. The evolving therapies in diabetic retinopathy offer hope for continued improvement in vision loss associated with one of the most common chronic conditions worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":12795,"journal":{"name":"Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"249-258"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141787814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of choroidal vascularity index in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: implications for disease monitoring.","authors":"İbrahim Edhem Yılmaz, Gizem Gürbostan Soysal, Veysel Doğru, Sevim Ayca Seyyar","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06759-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-025-06759-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) can affect ocular structures, but choroidal involvement is not well understood. This study investigates the Choroidal Vascularity Index (CVI) in JIA patients compared to healthy controls and explores its relationship with disease activity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional study, 35 JIA patients and 40 healthy controls underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination and swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). CVI, central macular thickness (CMT), and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) were measured. The Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (JADAS) was calculated for JIA patients. Statistical analysis included comparison between groups and correlation analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>JIA patients showed significantly lower CVI compared to controls (68.3 ± 2.5% vs. 72 ± 4.6%, p < 0.001). No significant difference was found in SFCT. CVI demonstrated a moderate negative correlation with JADAS (r = -0.368, p < 0.05). However, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed poor diagnostic performance of CVI for detecting JIA (AUC = 0.25).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study reveals reduced choroidal vascularity in JIA patients and a correlation between CVI and disease activity. While CVI shows limited diagnostic utility, it may serve as a potential marker for monitoring inflammatory burden and treatment response in JIA. Further research is needed to establish its clinical utility fully.</p>","PeriodicalId":12795,"journal":{"name":"Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143074630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between outer retinal tubulation, retinal volume, and visual field in Bietti crystalline dystrophy.","authors":"Yuka Kishi, Hanako O Ikeda, Manabu Miyata, Shogo Numa, Takuro Kamei, Akitaka Tsujikawa","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06742-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-025-06742-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the presence of tubulation in the outer nuclear layer of patients with Bietti crystalline dystrophy (BCD) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and evaluate its relationship with visual field, visual field progression, and retinal volume.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cross-sectional study included 37 patients diagnosed with BCD who underwent spectral-domain OCT examination. OCT examinations and Humphrey visual field tests (10-2 program) were conducted. We performed correlation analyses to assess the correlation of the number of tubulations with the visual field parameters and retinal volume. We also compared the number and prevalence of tubulations in groups based on median values of the parameters. The primary outcome measure was the number and prevalence of tubulations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average age of the participants was 58.7 ± 9.6 years. The mean deviation (MD) value was -25.0 ± 9.0 decibels (dB). The MD slope value during an average follow-up period of 5.9 ± 3.8 years was -0.91 ± 1.02 dB/year. The number of tubulations tended to increase as the MD values worsened (P = 0.055, r = -0.33). Moreover, the number (P = 0.48) and prevalence (P = 0.42) of tubulations tended to be higher in the group with lower MD values. The number of tubulations decreased with worsening logarithmic minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) (P = 0.68, r = -0.07). The prevalence of tubulations was higher in the group with poorer logMAR (P = 0.068). We observed no significant correlations between the number of tubulations and the retinal outer, inner, or center volume (P = 0.46, r = -0.13; P = 0.76, r = 0.05; P = 0.47, r = 0.12, respectively). However, the prevalence of tubulations in the group with smaller retinal center volume was lower (P = 0.054).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The number of tubulations correlated with the severity of visual field loss in patients with BCD; however, it did not correlate with visual field progression or retinal volume measurements. Further studies are needed to understand the development of tubulations and their implications for retinal atrophy in BCD.</p>","PeriodicalId":12795,"journal":{"name":"Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143064943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}