Geological Journal最新文献

{"title":"Differential Diagenetic Evolution and the Mechanism of Low-Porosity, Ultra-Low-Permeability Sandstone Reservoirs in the Jurassic Badaowan Formation, Central Depression of the Junggar Basin, China","authors":"Jingyi Wang,&nbsp;Huixi Lin,&nbsp;Fujie Jiang,&nbsp;Qinhong Hu,&nbsp;Dingye Zheng,&nbsp;Fushun Zhang","doi":"10.1002/gj.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The aim of this study is to investigate the diagenetic processes and their impact on reservoir quality within the Jurassic Badaowan Formation of the Junggar Basin. Various experimental techniques were employed, including thin section petrography, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and fluid inclusion micro-thermometry, to characterise the rock composition, pore types, and diagenetic alterations from core samples of nine wells in the study area. The results reveal that the compaction and cementation are the dominant factors contributing to reservoir densification, with porosity significantly reduced by mechanical compaction and carbonate cementation. A total of four facies were identified based on diagenetic strength and sedimentary cycle associated with different diagenesis stages and reservoir physical-property responses: (1) “Low-plastic lithic weak compaction facies (LPLF)” occurred the cementation of chlorite rims at the early diagenetic stage and multiple stages of cementation and dissolution at the middle diagenesis stage; (2) “Volcanic lithic-rich dissolution facies (VLDF)” was the characteristic of weak compaction at the early diagenetic stage and intense dissolution and weak cementation of middle diagenesis stage; and (3) “Calcareous cemented facies (CCF)” and (4) “carbonaceous-laminated strongly compacted dense facies (CLCF)” underwent strong cementation and compaction respectively at the early diagenetic stage resulting in a tight reservoir. Dissolution processes, primarily driven by acidic fluids from coal-bearing strata, enhance secondary porosity development, particularly in feldspar and volcanic rock fragments. However, in certain lithofacies, these improvements are offset by extensive calcite and siderite cementation, reducing permeability and hindering fluid flow. The study concludes that the diagenetic heterogeneity plays a critical role in reservoir quality variation across the Badaowan Formation, with the findings providing valuable insights into the differential diagenesis evolution of reservoir quality for improving hydrocarbon exploration strategies in similar geological settings.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12784,"journal":{"name":"Geological Journal","volume":"61 3","pages":"650-670"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147562682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foraminiferal Proxies Reveal Miocene Climatic Shifts in the Gulf of Suez: Insights From the Rudeis and Kareem Formations on Lithostratigraphic Ambiguities and Central Paratethys Climatic Linkages During Burdigalian-Langhian Intervals","authors":"Haitham M. Ayyad,&nbsp;Youssef S. Bazeen,&nbsp;Ahmed Samir,&nbsp;Shaaban G. Ghanem,&nbsp;Ali H. Ali,&nbsp;Abdallah T. Gaafar,&nbsp;Ali Abdel-Gawad","doi":"10.1002/gj.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study applies non-destructive foraminiferal proxies to refine the stratigraphic framework, clarify climatic variations during the Miocene period, and investigate potential climatic teleconnections in the Gulf of Suez, Egypt. A comprehensive biostratigraphic differentiation of the Burdigalian-Langhian Rudeis and Kareem formations is achieved based on distinctive assemblages of planktonic foraminifera. The Rudeis Formation is characterised by <i>Globigerina falconensis</i> and <i>Trilobatus sacculifer</i> (&gt; 50%), while the Kareem Formation is characterised by <i>Orbulina universa</i> and <i>O. suturalis</i>. The consistent absence of <i>Praeorbulina glomerosa</i>, <i>O. suturalis</i>, and <i>O. universa</i> from the Rudeis Formation is a major diagnostic feature for its distinction from the Kareem Formation. A clear unconformity at the contact between the Rudeis and Kareem formations is linked with hiatuses of about 1.15 and 1.57 Myr, providing justification for separating the two formations. Reconstructed sea surface temperatures (SST) from planktonic foraminifera record significant warming events throughout the Burdigalian-Langhian period, with average SSTs in the Gulf of Suez attaining 20.5°C within the Middle Miocene Warm Interval (Mi1b) and 20.4°C, 19.7°C, and 19.6°C within the Langhian Warming (Mi2a). The Gulf of Suez SSTs exhibit 0.8°C–1.7°C warming above the Global Average Temperature, reflecting regional amplification of global trends. Correlating the first appearance of key taxa (<i>Orbulina universa</i>, <i>O. suturalis</i>) in the Kareem Formation with regional bioevents aligns the local stratigraphy with broader Mediterranean-Paratethyan frameworks. This multi-proxy integration strengthens the stratigraphic resolution and establishes the Gulf of Suez as a critical archive for understanding Miocene climatic dynamics in the Mediterranean-Paratethys gateway region, offering analogs for assessing modern marine ecosystem resilience under anthropogenic climate change.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12784,"journal":{"name":"Geological Journal","volume":"61 3","pages":"625-649"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147564624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Palaeozoic Convergence in the Central Beishan Orogenic Belt: Evidences From the Middle Silurian to Early Devonian Intrusive Rocks","authors":"Jian Tian,&nbsp;Jun-hong Zhao,&nbsp;Yang Liu,&nbsp;Guo-zhen Zhang,&nbsp;Hou-tian Xin,&nbsp;Xue-jian Teng,&nbsp;Zhong-yu Meng","doi":"10.1002/gj.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Hongliuhe–Xichangjing ophiolitic belt transects the axial zone of the Beishan Orogenic Belt, a key segment within the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), serving as a structural boundary for Palaeozoic terrane amalgamation. The Middle Silurian–Early Devonian intrusive rocks distributed along both flanks of the ophiolitic belt preserve a magmatic record critical for reconstructing Palaeozoic subduction processes. This study reports integrated geochronological and geochemical analyses of arc-related intrusives from the Gongpoquan–Hanshan arc. Zircon U–Pb dating constrains two magmatic episodes: Middle Silurian hornblende gabbros (430.2 ± 3.5 Ma) and quartz diorites (426.6 ± 3.5 Ma), and Early Devonian syenogranites (407.4 ± 2.2 Ma). The quartz diorites exhibit typical arc magmatism signatures, including pronounced Nb–Ta depletion, high Sr contents (400–587 ppm), and steep rare earth element (REE) fractionation patterns ([La/Yb]_<i>N</i> = 16.43–20.01). In contrast, certain Middle–Late Silurian (435–423 Ma) intrusive rocks in the region display geochemical affinities with sanukitoids or adakites. In addition, the Early Devonian (415–395 Ma) granites exhibit pronounced depletions in Nb, Ta, P, and Ti, displaying geochemical signatures typical of arc-related magmatism. Most samples show positive <i>ε</i>_Hf(<i>t</i>) values, suggesting a predominantly juvenile crustal source. Furthermore, a dioritic porphyry into the Xichangjing ophiolite yields a crystallisation age of 411.1 ± 2.9 Ma, indicating that the ocean basin represented by the Hongliuhe–Xichangjing ophiolite had closed by the Early Devonian. Based on the findings of this study and previous data, we propose a revised model for the Palaeozoic tectonic evolution of the central Beishan Orogenic Belt.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12784,"journal":{"name":"Geological Journal","volume":"61 3","pages":"688-709"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147570356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reply to Comment on ‘On the Transition From Remnant Tethys Sea to Foreland Basin During the Late Paleogene in the Western Himalayas, Pakistan’ by Ali et al. (2025)","authors":"Nowrad Ali,&nbsp;Muhammad Hanif,&nbsp;Mohibullah Mohibullah,&nbsp;Abdullah Khan,&nbsp;Azmatullah Orakzai,&nbsp;Syed Irfanullah Hashmi","doi":"10.1002/gj.70226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.70226","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ali, Hanif et al. present an integrated sedimentological and biostratigraphic analysis of late Paleogene sediments from the Sulaiman fold-thrust belt (SFTB), Pakistan, documenting the transition from remnant Tethys Sea to the Himalayan foreland basin. While this study provides valuable field observations and a comprehensive stratigraphic framework, we identify several significant technical issues that affect the interpretation of depositional environments, biostratigraphic age assignments and the relative roles of tectonic versus eustatic controls on the retreat of the Tethys Sea. These issues warrant clarification to ensure accurate paleogeographic and tectonic reconstructions for this critical region.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12784,"journal":{"name":"Geological Journal","volume":"61 3","pages":"852-859"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147566221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lithofacies and Tectonic Controls on Upper Miocene Girujan Formation in the North Assam Shelf, NE India: Implications for Petroleum Exploration","authors":"Priyadarshi Chinmoy Kumar,&nbsp;Tapos Kumar Goswami,&nbsp;Ranjan Kumar Sarmah,&nbsp;Manashi Senswa,&nbsp;Kalachand Sain","doi":"10.1002/gj.5249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.5249","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tectonic modifications of the Tertiary geologic succession in the North Assam Shelf (NAS) have impacted the basin's petroleum system, providing insights into the region's tectono-stratigraphic framework. This research investigates the lithofacies variation and tectonic controls experienced by the Girujan Formation, which was deposited in the basin during the Upper Miocene. To achieve this, we integrated and interpreted outcrop and subsurface data to elucidate the litho-tectonic controls during the Girujan interval in the basin. Specifically, outcrops from the Amguri and Tipongpani sections were analysed, and these findings were combined with petrophysical logs from drilled boreholes across the southwestern, central and southeastern parts of the NAS. Our observations reveal that while the Girujan Formation is characterised by mottled clay, significant lithological variation exists throughout the basin. In the western region, mottled clays—both sticky and non-sticky—are interbedded with medium-grained sand facies. In contrast, the central and eastern regions exhibit a dominance of sand lithology alongside clay facies. Notably, the thickness of the Girujan Formation increases from west to east across the basin, where lithological variations are structurally influenced by the tectonic activities of the Naga-Margherita-Disang Thrust sequences. Moreover, the Upper Miocene Girujan Formation exhibits significant lithological diversity, functioning variably as a cap rock in the western and central areas due to its clay content and intercalation with sand and shale/coal streaks, while in the eastern region, it is intermixed with sediments of the Barail and Tipam formations, which rendered it as a potential reservoir rock.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12784,"journal":{"name":"Geological Journal","volume":"61 3","pages":"593-608"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147569917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlocking the Complexities of Karstic Reservoirs Using Comprehensive Framework for Advanced 3D Static Modelling in JTN Carbonate Field in Central Luconia Province","authors":"Adi Trianto,&nbsp;Grisel Jimenez,&nbsp;Abdul Halim Latiff,&nbsp;Siti Nur Fathiyah Jamaludin","doi":"10.1002/gj.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.70010","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Carbonate reservoirs, notably those within the Luconia Area (Sarawak) and Malaysia, constitute significant oil and gas resources and are crucial to CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Storage Assessment (CCS), strategically addressing karst-related risks. These carbonate reservoirs demonstrate varying degrees of karstification, influenced by multiple diagenetic phases. Karstification involves the gradual dissolution of soluble rocks, predominantly carbonates, leading to distinct landforms such as dolines and sinkholes. Geomorphological studies during the 1980s have indicated that the impact of both local and regional tectonic movements, as well as fluctuations in sea levels, contributed to the karst development in the Central Luconia area. In this work, correlations between depositional concepts and karst formation are proposed, linked to syndepositional tectonics, influencing coral atoll growth and reef debris trajectory. Recent advancements utilising seismic attribute techniques, including spectral decomposition and variance for 3D geobody detection, have uncovered dendritic karst features within the JTN and Fx platforms. The geological configuration in the Central Luconia Province, offshore Sarawak, involves approximately 250 carbonate structures from the Middle to Upper Miocene age. This study integrates seismic data, petrophysical logs, regional geology, and core samples to construct a comprehensive stratigraphic model. The stratigraphic model aids in identifying potential karst networks within stratigraphic intervals, crucial for comprehensive reservoir architecture and fluid flow assessment in karstic intervals. The study explores fractal concepts to characterise 3D karst networks and utilises a deterministic workflow for 3D karstic static model construction. This research addresses geological uncertainties by exploring an innovative 3D karstic reservoir modelling methodology. The 3D karst network modelling employs a script-based discrete fractured network (DFN) for identifying karst geobodies and utilises a fault seal analysis (FSA) approach to assess karst fills. These two methods aim to integrate 3D karst networks into a 3D conventional carbonate matrix model, establishing a dual-properties modelling approach within a unified grid geological model. Additionally, it provides a foundation for analysing the interaction between carbonate matrix properties and karst networks, helping to address fluid flow uncertainties through three karsts fill assessment scenarios—opened, no-flow and partial. Integrating the 3D karstic reservoir model with 3D dynamic modelling parameters, such as productivity heterogeneity as observed in production history, highlights the presence of karst networks for better reservoir characterisation solutions. This approach can help identify potential karst drainage systems or regions, offering a more refined assessment of the karst's impact on fluid flow compared to single property modelling in proven karstic fie","PeriodicalId":12784,"journal":{"name":"Geological Journal","volume":"61 3","pages":"785-808"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147566278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyrite Texture, Geochemical and Isotopic Signatures of Huangjindong Gold Deposit: Implication for Ore-Forming Process","authors":"Cuiyun Wang,&nbsp;Jia Liao,&nbsp;Zhenghua Zhu,&nbsp;Biao Chen,&nbsp;Nengli Peng,&nbsp;Xiang Gao","doi":"10.1002/gj.70011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Huangjindong gold deposit, as one of the largest gold deposits in Hunan Province, its refined history of fluid evolution and the relevant gold mineralization remain unsolved. In situ trace element and sulphur isotopic compositions of pyrite types are investigated to fingerprint the ore-forming process. Two auriferous pyrite generations are identified: G1 (Py1a and Py1b) and G2 (Py2a, Py2b, Py3). The auriferous G1, intergrown with sericite, quartz, and minor arsenopyrite, is relatively hyper-enriched with a large number of geochemically unrelated trace elements (e.g., Ti, W, V Co, Ni, Mo, Au, and As) and shows a broader range of δ³⁴S values. These features indicate G1 genesis via fluid–rock interaction. The auriferous G2 (Py2a, Py2b, Py3) mainly occurs in quartz-sulphide veins. Py2a and Py2b are associated with arsenopyrite, whereas Py3 coexists with minor sphalerite and chalcopyrite. Py2a is characterised by hyper-enrichment in Au, As, and Se but depletion in Co and Ni, indicating an injection of As-Au-rich fluid. Au, Sb, Bi, Cu, and Pb progressively decrease from Py2a to Py3, demonstrating a continued compositional variation of the hydrothermal fluids. Laminated fault-fill G2-bearing quartz veins, Py2a with enrichment in Au, As, Pb, Bi, Sb, and Se, Py2b with more negative δ³⁴S values related to fluid oxidation, together with oscillatory zoned Py3, are indicative of G2 genesis via a fault-valve process which likely leads to the decomposition of Au(HS)²⁻ complexes. In short, the variations of trace elements and sulphur isotopes of pyrite generations can provide critical information for the evolution of ore-forming fluid and the gold depositional mechanism.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12784,"journal":{"name":"Geological Journal","volume":"61 3","pages":"809-831"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147566438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ore-Forming Process and Ore Genesis of the Guokuidingzi Cu Deposit in Central Jilin Province, Northeast China: Evidence From Fluid Inclusions and H–O–S–Pb Isotopes","authors":"Chan Li,&nbsp;Qun Yang,&nbsp;Yun-sheng Ren,&nbsp;Xiao-lei Peng,&nbsp;Hao-zhe Li,&nbsp;Si-tong Chen,&nbsp;Yao-heng Fang","doi":"10.1002/gj.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Guokuidingzi is a poorly studied porphyry copper (Cu) deposit situated in the eastern Xar Moron–Changchun Cu–Mo metallogenic belt (XCMB), positioned along the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC). The mineralization of copper is predominantly hosted within porphyritic granodiorite. The mineralisation process of the Guokuidingzi porphyry Cu deposit can be classified into three distinct stages. In hydrothermal quartz and calcite grains, four distinct types of primary fluid inclusions (FIs) have been identified across different mineralisation stages: liquid-rich FIs (L-type), vapour-rich FIs (V-type), CO₂ FIs (C-type) and daughter mineral-bearing three-phase or multiphase FIs (S-type). From stages I to III, the fluid inclusion assemblages (FIAs) change from L-, S-, and C-types to L-, V-, and S-types, and finally to L-types only. The corresponding homogenisation temperatures range from 371°C–418°C, 289°C–351°C, and 144°C–222°C, respectively, and the salinities equate to 4.69–49.25, 0.53–42.50, and 1.05–3.85 wt.% NaCl equiv. The δ¹⁸O_H2O values vary from −6.30‰ to 5.30‰, and δ D values from −103.3‰ to −95‰, both of which indicate a magmatic origin for the fluids. The δ³⁴ S values of sulphides are 1.9‰–2.7‰ (average 2.3‰), suggesting that the sulfur isotopes were derived from the porphyritic granodiorite. The Pb isotope compositions of the sulphides (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.139–18.436, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.511–15.572, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 37.856–38.249) are consistent with those of the porphyritic granodiorite. The mineral assemblages, fluid inclusions, and H–O–S–Pb isotopic data collectively suggest that the initial ore-forming fluids were exsolved from the porphyritic granodiorite and were characterised by high temperatures and high salinities. As the temperature and pressure decreased gradually, the fluid underwent a process of immiscibility, ultimately resulting in the formation of minor metal sulphides such as arsenopyrite and pyrite during stage I in a relatively confined environment. Subsequently, complex physical–chemical changes, including fluid boiling, declining temperatures and pressures, and the influx of minor meteoric water, led to the precipitation of Cu and other metal sulphides from the ore-forming fluids during stage II (the major stage of Cu mineralisation). Finally, the incorporation of additional meteoric water and the continued decreases in temperature and pressure caused the ore-forming fluids to evolve into a homogeneous NaCl–H₂O fluid system. The Guokuidingzi Cu deposit is an Early Triassic porphyry-type Cu deposit and exhibits a comparable genesis to the contemporaneous porphyry-type deposits on the western XCMB, indicating that the eastern XCMB also has significant potential for the exploration of Early Triassic porphyry-type deposits.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12784,"journal":{"name":"Geological Journal","volume":"61 3","pages":"725-747"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147562230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence in Paleobotany and Palynology","authors":"Yan Liu,&nbsp;Leon Nahuel Torres,&nbsp;Bing Wang,&nbsp;Wenpei Pei,&nbsp;Yuling Na,&nbsp;Qianqian Song,&nbsp;Xiao Shi","doi":"10.1002/gj.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionised various fields, including paleobotany and palynology. This paper systematically reviews the development and application of AI in these disciplines from the 1980s to 2025. The integration of AI, encompassing expert systems, neural networks, support vector machines, and other machine learning algorithms, has significantly automated a variety of paleontological research workflows. The application of AI in paleobotany involves multiple aspects such as image classification, image segmentation and prediction. This greatly promotes the process of data-driven palaeontology. Despite the advancements, key challenges in AI fossil recognition persist, including data scarcity, variability in fossil preservation, and the need for high-quality training datasets. To address these issues, techniques such as data augmentation, transfer learning, and the use of synthetic data are recommended. Future research should focus on expanding the size and quality of fossil image datasets, integrating advanced image segmentation and predictive techniques, and exploring three-dimensional model datasets to capture the intricate geometric structures of fossils. The expert and AI collaborative model could prove more efficient and accurate than relying on either manual or automated work alone. At the same time, the use of automated identification systems should not overshadow the importance of academic training in the knowledge domain for these experts. The role of paleobotanists remains not only crucial but also continues to evolve. It is anticipated that the integration of palaeontology and AI will have profound impacts in the coming years and decades, particularly in addressing complex issues that are challenging to resolve using traditional methods. Research using AI in paleobotany and palynology has significant potential for advancing our understanding of paleoecosystems. By addressing current challenges and fostering deeper integration between AI and domain expertise, the field is poised to enter a new era of intelligent and transformative paleontological research.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12784,"journal":{"name":"Geological Journal","volume":"61 3","pages":"748-769"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147566008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Heavy Metal Contamination, Distribution and Sources in Agricultural Soil of Yellow River Irrigation Area","authors":"Ling Ma,&nbsp;Youqi Wang,&nbsp;Xiaowen Ma,&nbsp;Yan Ma,&nbsp;Zhiqin Ma,&nbsp;Zhuo Pan,&nbsp;Yiru Bai","doi":"10.1002/gj.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Heavy metal (HM) pollution in irrigated agricultural soil seriously affects the soil ecosystem, food security and human health. To investigate the HM pollution level, ecological risk, distribution and source in agricultural soil in the Yellow River Irrigation Area, 117 soil samples were collected from the farmland of Helan County, and the concentrations of HMs arsenic (As), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) were measured. The single-factor pollution index (<i>P</i>_<i>i</i>), Nemerow comprehensive pollution index (<i>P</i>_<i>c</i>) and potential ecological risk index (<i>RI</i>) were used to evaluate the pollution and accumulation characteristics of soil HMs. Then, the positive matrix factorisation (PMF) model was used to analyse the sources of the eight HMs. The results showed that (1) the mean contents of Pb, Ni, Co, Cr, As, Mo, Zn and Cd were 17.16, 39.51, 14.80, 69.19, 21.30, 0.90, 64.35 and 0.23 mg/kg, respectively, which were lower than the soil pollution risk screening value in soil environmental quality in China. (2) The trend of the mean values of <i>P</i>_<i>i</i> for the eight elements was Pb &lt; Ni &lt; Zn &lt; Cr &lt; Co &lt; Mo &lt; As &lt; Cd. As shown by <i>P</i>_<i>c</i>, 72.65% and 25.64% of the sample sites indicated mild and moderate pollution, respectively. Through <i>RI</i>, it could be seen that 51.28% and 48.72% of the sample points showed moderate and strong ecological risk, respectively. (3) The PMF model indicated that Cr, Ni and Cd were mainly from agricultural sources, contributing 33.0%, 32.6% and 50.3%, respectively; the sources of As and Zn were mainly from atmospheric deposition sources, contributing 44.5% and 35.8%, respectively. Mo was mainly from industrial sources, contributing 80.9%; and Co and Pb were mainly from natural sources, contributing 45.1% and 64.5%, respectively. Overall, HM elements in the farmland of Helan were within the safe range, but more than 70% of HMs in the soil of the research area could be traced back to human activities. The results could provide data support to prevent and control HM pollution in soil and ensure food security and agricultural sustainable development in the Yellow River Irrigation Area.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12784,"journal":{"name":"Geological Journal","volume":"61 3","pages":"770-784"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147567523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}