Frontiers in Sports and Active Living最新文献

{"title":"Water retention influences thigh skin temperature variation post-exercise: preliminary study of bioimpedance analysis and thermography data.","authors":"Alessandra Amato, Luca Petrigna, Martina Sortino, Paulo Roberto S Amorim, Giuseppe Musumeci","doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1516570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1516570","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the influence of body composition variables, focusing on the extracellular water level and gender difference, on infrared thermography detection during and post exercise.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>One hundred two participants were included in the study. Body composition was analyzed by bioimpedance, and three thermal imaging were taken before, at the end, and 5 min after a vigorous exercise. First, participants were divided by gender, and differences in skin temperature variation during exercise were highlighted. In the second analysis, the subjects were divided into three groups depending on the percentage of extracellular water. The correlation between body composition variables and skin temperature at the 3-time points was studied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>an association between extracellular water (%) and basal thigh temperature both in the dominant leg (r: -0.27, <i>p</i> < 0.01) and non-dominant leg (r: -0.26, <i>p</i> < 0.01) was found; temperature variation analysis shows a significative temperature reduction between baseline and the end of exercise in both leg for (non-dominant: <i>p</i> < 0.001; dominant: <i>p</i> < 0.001) and a significative skin temperature increase after 5 min recovery, 0.14°C for the dominant leg (<i>p</i> > 0.05) and 0.12°C for the non-dominant leg (<i>p</i> > 0.05) considering the whole group. However, when we considered the separate group for extracellular contente the same significative decrease was found just in the lower water retention group (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and medium water retention group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The high water retention group showed an opposite skin temperature trend in 5-min post-exercise recovery and had lower skin temperature at each time point compared with the other groups. The female group had lower skin temperature than the male at each time point.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Water retention could influence basal skin temperature and the temperature variation following vigorous exercise. A value of less than 45% of extracellular water should be considered for reliable use of thermal imaging. Further studies are needed to confirm this value.</p>","PeriodicalId":12716,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","volume":"7 ","pages":"1516570"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11868167/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143541010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case Report: Impact of dolphin kick implementation during backstroke finishes on swimming performance. From regional to olympic-level swimmers. A comparative case study.","authors":"Konstantinos Papadimitriou, Stefanos Zafeiriadis, Nikos Papadimitriou, George Tsalis","doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1531427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1531427","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>According to the World Aquatics (WA) an updated swimming regulation (SW) concerning the backstroke finish has been implemented, allowing, the swimmers to fully submerge their bodies at once when some part of their head pass the 5-meter mark immediately before touching the wall. Therefore, the present comparative case study aims to apply the new regulation on backstroke finish, examining the swimming efficiency and underwater kinematics of an elite Olympic-level swimmer, and comparing the data with the published ones from a previous study on regional-level swimmers. A 19-year-old male Olympic-level backstroke swimmer performed three all-out 20 m backstroke swims: (i) touching the wall, breaking the water's surface with one part of their body (Classic), (ii) touching the wall with one hand, submerging the body two strokes after passing the last 5 m (Dive-One Hand) and (iii) touching the wall on streamline position, submerging the body two strokes after passing the last 5 m (Dive-Streamline) Kinematic analysis of the intermediate 10 m and the last 5 m was conducted using a digital video camera. Descriptive statistics and the Crawford-Howell <i>t</i>-test were utilized for the comparisons between elite and regional-level swimmers. Based on the swimmer's analysis, intermediate 10 m were faster than that in regional level swimmers (Elite vs. Regional: 1.68 ± 0.1 vs. 1.29 ± 0.1 m·s^-1, <i>p</i> = 0.00). Also, the elite-level swimmer increased his transition swimming speed (SS) (from 10 to the last 5 m) in all backstroke finishes (0.05 ± 0.03 vs. -0.07 ± 0.03 m·s^-1). Also, in the last 5 m showed an extreme increase in velocity at the sink- to-finish speed (SFS), 2.16 and 2.28 m·s^-1 for Dive-One hand, and Dive-Streamline, respectively. However, the tendency in velocity between backstroke finishes was similar between regional and elite-level swimmers. The elite swimmer can utilize the two variations of backstroke finishes more effectively compared to the regional-level swimmers. The swifter dolphin kick ability appears to play a significant role in achieving a successful backstroke finish, However, further investigations involving elite swimmers, differentiating the sinking approach and improving the speed before sinking (SBS) factor, could potentially provide more insights.</p>","PeriodicalId":12716,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","volume":"7 ","pages":"1531427"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11868261/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143541207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-level personal trainer perspective for industry practice and development in Serbia: a qualitative descriptive study.","authors":"Ivan Curovic, David Grecic","doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1549979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1549979","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Personal trainers (PTs) play a pivotal role in promoting positive gym experiences, implementing effective weight loss strategies, and influencing healthier lifestyle choices. In Serbia, however, the absence of national accrediting bodies for standardised qualifications has led to a lack of formal recognition of exercise professionals. The views of personal training clients regarding their training practices and experiences have been explored previously. Building on this, the current study investigated the perspectives of high-level Serbian PTs, examining their professional developmental journeys, educational background, coaching philosophies, professional needs and experiences. The aim was to provide insights for educational institutions and other practitioners to adopt successful approaches that inspire lifelong exercise and promote positive lifestyle changes for increasingly sedentary populations. Using a snowball sampling method, we interviewed 12 high-level PTs, selected for their exceptional practice as recognised by their peers. The findings suggest a need for a shift from traditional, physical performance-focused approaches toward a more holistic model that incorporates psychosocial support and a care for the whole person, fostering an appreciation for the concept of physical literacy. Additionally, the study identifies critical gaps in PTs education and training, particularly concerning the lack of focus on behavior change models and inquiry-based skills essential for their future self-directed learning. These areas were highlighted as vital for continued professional development after formal qualifications are obtained. In conclusion, this research underlines the need for holistic training approaches to improve clients' physical and health outcomes. The study offers guidance to shape industry standards, foster accreditation systems, and start the debate on how best to continually support PTs during their careers. Such action is essential if the evolving personal training profession in Serbia is to be equipped with the tools needed to promote long-term client engagement and achieve the health benefits for the wider Serbian population.</p>","PeriodicalId":12716,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","volume":"7 ","pages":"1549979"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11868263/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143541208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive walking performance is related to the hip joint position sense during active hip flexion rather than during passive hip flexion.","authors":"Taishi Matsui, Kosuke Hirata, Naokazu Miyamoto, Ryota Akagi","doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1510447","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1510447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between hip joint position sense during active or passive hip flexion and adaptive walking performance across obstacles. After screening, 30 young men with the right dominant leg (age, 21 ± 2 years) participated in the experiment. To measure adaptive walking performance on the first day, the participants stepped over an obstacle underfoot with the left leg just high enough to avoid touching the obstacle. The difference between the height of the knee joint at the moment of crossing the obstacle and the height of the obstacle was normalized to the lower limb length and used to evaluate performance. To measure hip joint position sense on the second day, the participants adjusted their left hip joint angle to the target angle (range of joint motion: 80° of hip flexion) by active or passive hip flexion using a dynamometer. Although the absolute error in hip joint position sense during active hip flexion (6.3° ± 4.4°) significantly correlated with that during passive hip flexion (23.2° ± 11.0°) (<i>r</i> = 0.507, <i>P</i> < 0.001), a notable difference was observed between the two (<i>P</i> < 0.001). The normalized knee joint height was significantly correlated with the absolute error of hip joint position sense during active hip flexion (<i>r</i> = 0.477, <i>P</i> < 0.001) but not during passive hip flexion. The results of this study suggest a strong association between hip joint position sense under conditions that closely resemble actual walking behavior and adaptive walking performance, such as crossing over obstacles.</p>","PeriodicalId":12716,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","volume":"7 ","pages":"1510447"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11865228/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143523171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does becoming a parent reduce sports participation? A longitudinal study of short- and long-term effects.","authors":"Hidde Bekhuis, Femke van Abswoude","doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1504793","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1504793","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Parenthood can have a negative effect on sport behaviour despite the known health benefits of participation in sports. Recent studies have shown that becoming a parent is related to a reduction in exercise. However, this relationship is less clear for men than women. In addition, most studies only focused on short-term effects. Therefore, it is unknown whether these effects remain prevalent one year after becoming a parent.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Using twelve data waves of the Dutch Longitudinal Internet studies for the Social Sciences (LISS) panel, we examined the influence of becoming a parent on sport behaviour in the short- (<1 year) and long-term (>1 year). Given the known differences between men and women, we also examined possible gender differences in this change. Multilevel logistic regression of the data of 6,276 observations for 725 respondents showed that the short- and long-term effects of becoming a parent have different implications for the sport behaviour of men and women.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>While men's participation in sports is not affected by parenthood, women initially stop participating in sports, but they start again after one year. Additionally, women's frequency of engagement in sports is reduced when they become mothers. In contrast, the frequency of sport engagement is not affected when men become fathers. From a resource perspective, the results show how limited time and energy can differentially affect the sport behaviour of men and women after they become parents.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Together with the different pathways of sport participation in the short- and long-term, these results can inform the development of interventions aimed at sustainable physical activity for new parents.</p>","PeriodicalId":12716,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","volume":"7 ","pages":"1504793"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11865059/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143523174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Ageing and physical activity: a multidimensional approach with new technology.","authors":"D Cerasola, G Giglia, M Bellafiore","doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1549638","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1549638","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12716,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","volume":"7 ","pages":"1549638"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11865021/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143523177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in elite ski mountaineering aerobic performance.","authors":"Forrest Schorderet, Justin Mottet, Aurélien Lathion, Antoine Raberin, Nicolas Bourdillon, Grégoire P Millet","doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1534315","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1534315","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ski mountaineering (SkiMo) sprints will debut as an Olympic sport in 2026, yet research on the discipline remains scarce compared to other winter sports. The demanding sprint format, with most of the race time spent on uphill sections, highlights the importance of body composition and maximal oxygen consumption (V˙O_2max). While previous studies have primarily focused on male athletes, this study aimed to analyze sex differences in physiological parameters of elite SkiMo athletes, hypothesizing that differences in vertical velocities (vV) would surpass those in V˙O₂ at ventilatory thresholds (VT₁, VT₂) and maximal intensity (MAX), respectively. Twenty elite/worldclass Swiss SkiMo athletes (6 women, 14 men, aged 20-32 years) participated in the study. They performed a graded exercise test to exhaustion on a treadmill set at a 25% slope, with breath-by-breath gas exchanges. Elite female SkiMo athletes had a V˙O₂ value 13.6% lower at MAX (64.0 ± 3.8 vs. 72.8 ± 5.5 ml/kg/min; <i>p</i> = 0.002) and 15.5% lower at VT₂ (54.8 ± 2.8 vs. 62.2 ± 5.8 ml/kg/min; <i>p</i> = 0.009) than their male counterparts. Interestingly, the sex-differences in vV at both MAX (1,825 ± 113 vs. 2,125 ± 156 m/h; <i>p</i> < 0.001; 16.4%) and VT₂ (1,412 ± 56 vs. 1,696 ± 151 m/h; <i>p</i> < 0.001; 20.1%) intensities were consistently larger than the differences in V˙O₂. Moreover, fat mass was higher in females (15.2 ± 1.0 vs. 6.6 ± 0.6%; <i>p</i> = 0.004). Additionally, vertical running energy cost at VT₂ was significantly higher in females compared to males (2,329 ± 95 vs. 2,199 ± 60 ml/kg/kmv; <i>p</i> = 0.018). Sex differences in uphill velocities (16.4-20.1%) exceeded those in V˙O₂ (13.6-16.5%). Investigation on the underlying mechanisms is required but several factors may contribute to this pronounced sex difference in uphill velocity beyond aerobic power alone. Overall, the present findings align with recent studies reporting a 16%-20% difference in performance times when investigating sex differences in uphill displacement. The performance gap between men and women appears to be larger in uphill sports.</p>","PeriodicalId":12716,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","volume":"7 ","pages":"1534315"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11865187/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143523240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Combat sports in contemporary society: an interdisciplinary exploration.","authors":"Lazar Toskić","doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1568909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1568909","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12716,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","volume":"7 ","pages":"1568909"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861508/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A randomized comparative effectiveness trial to evaluate two programs for promotion of physical activity after spinal cord injury in manual wheelchair users.","authors":"Jenna M Martinez, Lisa L Haubert, Valerie J Eberly, Walter B Weiss, Jeffery W Rankin","doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1504840","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1504840","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The goal of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a novel whole of day activity accumulation (WODAA) physical exercise program. WODAA physical activity and physiological outcomes were compared to outcomes from individuals using a traditional planned arm crank exercise (PACE) program. Both programs included progressive exercise instruction and goal setting over a 4-month period, and utilization of a wrist-worn activity monitor (Fitbit Blaze/Versa, Fitbit Inc., San Francisco, CA).</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Longitudinal, randomized, comparative effectiveness trial with collaborative goal setting.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Research laboratory at a rehabilitation hospital and in participants' homes and communities.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Forty-nine manual wheelchair users with paraplegia.</p><p><strong>Outcome measures: </strong>Physical activity measurements and cardiometabolic data were collected before, during, and after the program. The primary measures were amount of daily arm activity (Steps) and time spent in different activity and heart rate zones.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Relative to baseline measures, participants in the WODAA group had significantly more daily arm movement/propulsion activity (Steps) and time spent in the Fairly and Very Active Zones and the Cardio Heart Rate Zone compared to those in the PACE group over the final month of the intervention (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Minutes spent in other Activity and Heart Rate Zones were similar between groups. At final evaluation, diastolic blood pressure after a 6-Minute Push Test was significantly lower in the WODAA group, while no differences were found in distance traveled, systolic, or pre-test diastolic blood pressures. Metabolic bloodwork and shoulder pain scores did not change and were similar between groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Depending on the measure used, these findings suggest that a WODAA approach to PA is comparable or more effective than a traditional PACE program in promoting physical activity in low-active manual wheelchair users with paraplegia.</p>","PeriodicalId":12716,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","volume":"7 ","pages":"1504840"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861549/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learning how to swim in 5- to 12-year-old children: a scoping review of evidence-based motor learning methods.","authors":"Carola Minkels, John van der Kamp, Ralph de Vries, Peter J Beek","doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1505301","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1505301","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Swimming is widely acknowledged for its safety and health benefits. Across the world children are receiving swimming lessons in which a variety of learning methods are employed. However, little is known about the effectiveness of those methods, and a comprehensive overview of pertinent research is lacking. Such an overview is needed for both researchers and instructors seeking to improve swimming skill acquisition in children.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;This scoping review aims to provide an overview of studies examining the effectiveness of motor learning methods for the acquisition of swimming skills by 5- to 12-year-old children, including an evaluation of their theoretical underpinnings, methodological quality, and core findings.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This scoping review adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and followed Tricco et al.'s framework for conducting and reporting scoping reviews. Five bibliographic databases were systematically searched. Peer-reviewed studies in all languages published before 2025 were considered. Studies focusing on children with water-related fear were included. Gray literature, non-peer-reviewed studies and studies on specific groups (e.g., young, competitive swimmers or children with disabilities), or cognitive/motivational outcomes were excluded. Review selection and characterization were performed by three independent reviewers using pretested forms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;A total of 23 studies were included, which were classified into three main categories: traditional motor learning methods (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 4), contemporary methods (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 1), and atheoretical methods (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 18). Traditional methods focused on video-based instruction and feedback (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 4). Contemporary methods involved a single study on a non-linear swimming program (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 1). Atheoretical methods were further classified into learn-to-swim programs (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 12), learning environments (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 3), and assistive devices (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 3). Most studies (87%) reported a positive effect of the motor learning method under investigation during practice. However, significant methodological limitations were identified. Specifically, 87% of studies did not incorporate retention or transfer tests, 35% lacked control or comparison groups, and 48% did not provide detailed descriptions of the investigated intervention(s). Additionally, 83% of studies were not explicitly grounded in theoretical frameworks, except for the video-based studies and the study on a non-linear swimming program.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The literature on this topic is scarce, generally atheoretical and of questionable methodological quality. Addressing these shortcomings in future research will improve the evidence-base for the effectiveness of theoretically inspired learning methods for the acquisition of swimming skills in children, and their long-term retention and transfer, which in turn might r","PeriodicalId":12716,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","volume":"7 ","pages":"1505301"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861109/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}