Frontiers in Sports and Active Living最新文献

{"title":"Collegiate skateboarding in the United States.","authors":"Emrys Peets, Davis Ray, Takumi Britt, Boaz Abramson, Isabelle Anderson, Jesus Cubilla, Daniel Munhoz, Monyell Sessoms, Thomas Silva, Bryan Zen","doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1522861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1522861","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Collegiate skateboarding in the United States is experiencing unprecedented growth, fostering inclusive and creative communities that contribute significantly to university culture and student development. This study examines the dynamics of these communities through the National Collegiate Skateboarding Survey (NCSS), with responses from 32 organizations, and corroborative social media analysis. Findings highlight the resourcefulness of skateboarding clubs in navigating institutional barriers, with 41% of clubs reporting conflicts with universities and 28% with law enforcement and 29% of clubs having over 90% male membership, demonstrating persistent gender disparities. Statistical analysis reveals a synergistic relationship between the national rise in skateboarding participation, new club formation, and increased scholarship availability, as indicated by the statistically significant F-statistic of 10.22 ( <math><mi>p</mi> <mo><</mo> <mn>0.05</mn></math> ). This suggests that collective factors significantly influence scholarship growth, even as individual predictors, such as national participation, lack standalone significance. Beyond challenges, collegiate skateboarding enhances university environments by fostering diverse social connections, artistic expression, and academic engagement, as demonstrated by initiatives like the Collegiate Skateboarding Educational Foundation (CSEF), which has provided $217,000 in scholarships to 109 students between 2018 and 2024. This study highlights the urgent, and growing, need for institutional recognition and support to fully harness the creativity and cultural contributions of skateboarding communities, enabling them to thrive as a dynamic and enriching force within higher education.</p>","PeriodicalId":12716,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","volume":"7 ","pages":"1522861"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12184765/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144474947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hosting eSports events: the quality-response-behavioural intentions relationship of eSports fans.","authors":"Luís Cerqueira, Tiago Ribeiro, Victor Manoel Cunha de Almeida","doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1547097","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1547097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The current study aims to explore how the physical environment of eSports events can influence fan affective responses and their future behavioural intentions. Following the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) model, affective response (pleasure) is conceptualized as the organism (mediator) between the physical environment (stimulus) and behavioural intentions (response).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The dependent variables were revisit intention and word-of mouth, while demographic factors including age, education level, nationality, and event attendance to describe the sample and examine their potential influence. Data collection was carried out at a \"Lisboa Games Week\" event (<i>n</i> = 328) by using a self-administered questionnaire. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis analysed the psychometric properties of the constructs and a subsequent Structural Equation Modelling examined the substantive hypotheses tested.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results indicate that the physical environment quality positively influences the affective responses of fans, which motivates them to follow eSports events. Furthermore, fans affectively attached to an eSports event are more intent on revisiting it and making word-of-mouth recommendations about it.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>A high standard service quality is a critical issue for event managers, marketeers, and publishers due to its impact on the behavioural and affective value creation towards the event.</p>","PeriodicalId":12716,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","volume":"7 ","pages":"1547097"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12183061/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144474952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring key factors associated with training quality among elite para-athletes. A qualitative study.","authors":"Vemund Øvstehage, Silvana Bucher Sandbakk, Jan Kocbach, Øyvind Sandbakk","doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1561641","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1561641","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Despite extensive research on training load characteristics, knowledge about training quality remains sparse. Training quality encompasses two dimensions: quality in the training process and quality in specific training sessions. Elite para-athletes perform high volumes of training, and their training execution may be further influenced by their impairment and sport. No research has explored training quality among elite para-athletes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to qualitatively explore key factors associated with training quality among elite para-athletes across different impairments and sports.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A hermeneutic phenomenological approach was applied to conduct semi-structured interviews with 21 Norwegian current and former elite para-athletes (10 women and 11 men) from ten sports and five impairment categories. A reflexive thematic analysis was conducted to inductively explore the experiences and perspectives related to training quality in the training process and specific training sessions. Methodological integrity was ensured through transparency, reflexivity, and member reflection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Similar overarching themes emerged for the quality of the training process and specific training sessions: (1) Planning and preparation (with themes such as goal setting, recovery strategies, and equipment optimization), (2) Training execution (with themes such as training load management, awareness, and solution-oriented modification of training), and (3) Coaching and training support (with themes such as trustful coach-athlete relationship, individualized interdisciplinary support, and supportive social and professional networks). These themes could influence the quality in each dimension to different extents, depending on the specific impairment and sport, and could either enhance or diminish training quality, depending on how they were addressed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Based on the experiences of 21 elite para-athletes, this study highlights the importance of planning and preparation, deliberate execution of training, and a competent coaching and support team to influence training quality both in the training process and specific training sessions. The extent to which the underlying factors may impact training quality, depends on impairment and sport. Athletes may improve training quality by making deliberate decisions tailored to their unique prerequisites, goals and resources. Knowledge of these factors can inform para-athletes and coaches in their efforts to enhance quality in the training process and specific training sessions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12716,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","volume":"7 ","pages":"1561641"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12183043/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144474950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sports injuries as reversible involution: a novel approach to rehabilitation and readaptation.","authors":"Daniel Rojas-Valverde, Emanuel Herrera-González, Diego A Bonilla","doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1519404","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1519404","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This perspective article discusses the notions of reversible involution in sports injuries and offers an innovative operational framework for rehabilitation that we expect to help with the athlete's readaptation process. Injuries have traditionally been managed by relieving the symptoms and recovery, but physiological regulation based on the allostasis-interoception model suggests that these injuries are dynamic and reversible. This reconceptualization leads to a holistic approach beyond recovery, allowing athletes to have an optimally functioning physiology. The model emphasizes on individualized rehabilitation and readaptation approaches considering the complexity of sports injuries. Under the proposed framework, rehabilitation involves treating the immediate consequences of injury and attending to physical, physiological, psychological, technical, and tactical changes by encouraging holistic attention. By treating sports injuries as reversible involution, this framework supports a multifaceted approach to rehabilitation and readaptation, where recovery relates to physiological changes reflecting interactivity between an individual's potential for healing. This approach aims to move beyond the fixed paradigms in sports medicine by providing a multidimension vision for optimizing the process of rehabilitation to accelerate athletes' health and well-being after injuries during sport-related activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":12716,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","volume":"7 ","pages":"1519404"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12183285/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144474965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resilience through sports: Ukraine and Latvia confront geopolitical challenges.","authors":"Marina Kamenecka-Usova, Maxym Tkalych","doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1563761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1563761","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This perspective article examines the response of the sports sector in Ukraine and Latvia to contemporary geopolitical challenges, particularly those arising from ongoing war in Ukraine. As tensions escalate, both nations have taken significant measures within the sports sector, adopting new legal frameworks and policies to align with national security goals. By analyzing recent legislative changes, sanctions, and collaborative efforts within international sports organizations, this article explores how Latvia and Ukraine's sports sectors are addressing political challenges. These efforts reflect a growing recognition of the need to uphold ethical standards, protect athletes, and use sports as a platform for resilience in the face of geopolitical threats.</p>","PeriodicalId":12716,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","volume":"7 ","pages":"1563761"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12183191/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144474964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical education and school sport in emerging nations: a comparison of Indonesia and Türkiye.","authors":"Amung Ma'mun, Cem Tinaz, Anira Anira, Syarifatunnisa Syarifatunnisa, Ömer Onur Hertem, Agus Mahendra, Tite Juliantine","doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1582778","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1582778","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study examines physical education (PE) and school sport policies in Türkiye and Indonesia, focusing on their design, implementation, and institutional context. Both countries are emerging nations facing significant challenges in aligning curriculum objectives with available resources, infrastructure, and cultural attitudes toward PE.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A qualitative research design was employed, involving semi-structured online interviews with thirty physical education teachers-fifteen from Türkiye and fifteen from Indonesia-working across different levels of public and private education. The interviews explored six key areas: curriculum objectives and applicability, school profiles, in-class sport activities, available resources, stakeholder attitudes, and extracurricular/club linkages.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings revealed common challenges in both countries, including limited infrastructure, insufficient numbers of qualified PE teachers in public schools, and a lack of systemic collaboration between schools and sports clubs. While Indonesian teachers viewed the curriculum as more adaptable, both countries struggle with resource limitations and implementation gaps.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The results highlight the need for government investment in school sports infrastructure, particularly gyms and multipurpose spaces, and for increased support for extracurricular and after-school sport programs. Formalizing partnerships between schools and local sports clubs is also essential to strengthening PE provision and long-term sports participation in both national contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":12716,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","volume":"7 ","pages":"1582778"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12184766/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144474963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of tactical positioning on performance in world-championship freestyle swimming.","authors":"Craig Staunton, Jesús J Ruiz-Navarro, Peter Edholm, Dennis-Peter Born","doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1600554","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1600554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study examined tactical positioning and pacing in short-distance (100 m), middle-distance (200 m, 400 m) and long-distance (800 m, 1,500 m) freestyle events, focusing on the influence of race distance, competition round (HEAT vs. FINAL), and sex.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Race data from multiple World Championships (2013-2023) were analyzed. Spearman's rank correlations (ρ) were calculated to examine rank stability across race distances, competition rounds, and sex. Additionally, lane distributions of Top3 finishers were analyzed to assess the impact of lane position on race outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Rank correlations increased progressively from the first to the final lap across all race distances (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Long-distance events exhibited earlier rank stabilization, with correlations reaching <i>ρ</i> ≥ 0.90 by 50% race completion, whereas middle-distance events showed greater positional variability throughout. Rank correlations were lower in FINALS than in HEATS (<i>p</i> < 0.05), indicating greater positional shifts in high-stakes races. No significant sex-based differences were observed (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Central lanes (4 and 5) were associated with the highest Top3 finish rates, while outer lanes (0, 1, 8, and 9) had the lowest, particularly in long-distance events.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Finals foster more dynamic race strategies, with increased positional changes. Rank stability was achieved at a relatively earlier proportion of the race in long-distance events compared to middle-distance events. By the final lap, rank stability converged across all distances, suggesting that race order was largely set before the last lap, emphasizing early tactical positioning over late-race surges. These findings offer insights into optimizing race tactics and pacing in elite swimming.</p>","PeriodicalId":12716,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","volume":"7 ","pages":"1600554"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12183062/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144474966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes of children's physical activity from 1st to 4th grade are related to parents' educational level and Family Health Climate: a longitudinal study with primary school-aged children.","authors":"Alexandra Ziegeldorf, Christina Niermann, Andreas Speer, Heike Streicher, Petra Wagner, Hagen Wulff","doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1537854","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1537854","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Despite the well-known health benefits of physical activity, 81% of adolescents are physically inactive. Overall, studies showed that physical activity decreases with age during childhood and from childhood to adolescence. However, physical activity does not change uniformly for all children, the changes differ inter-individually. There are several studies that examine correlates and predictors of different patterns of change. However, studies focusing on family environmental factors are rare. The current study examines the relevance of two types of family environmental influences-parents' educational level and the Physical activity related Family Health Climate-for physical activity change patterns from first to fourth grade in primary school.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Longitudinal data sets from the KOMPASS(2) study (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 497) were used for analyses. Parents' educational level, Family Health Climate and children's overall physical activity as well as their engagement in organized sports were measured using parent questionnaires. Four groups were formed to map patterns of change for both children's overall physical activity and for their engagement in organized sports (1st to 4th grade): (1) no/not enough engagement at both time points, (2) a change from no/not enough engagement to (enough) engagement, (3) a change from (enough) engagement to no/not (enough) engagement and (4) (enough) engagement at both time points. Data were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;More than half of the children (53.5%) were in the pattern \"continuously insufficient physical activity\", with a higher proportion of girls. For participation in organized sport, most children (56.1%) were assigned to the \"continuous organized sport\" pattern of change. Results showed differences in overall physical activity patterns according to parents' educational level and children's sex. Girls and children with highly educated mothers had an increased risk of being continuously physically inactive over the course of primary school. Organized sport patterns are related to parents' educational level and Family Health Climate. Children with higher educated parents and a higher Family Health Climate score had a lower risk of not being active in organized sport.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discussion: &lt;/strong&gt;The study investigated characteristics of different patterns of physical activity change from 1st to 4th grade during primary school. It highlights the importance of differentiating between different types of physical activity as children's sex, parents' educational level and the Family Health Climate predicted overall physical activity and organized sports participation in different ways. This is the first study focusing on change patterns during primary school and stresses previous findings of an early decline of physical activity. The results indicate that the entry in the educational system might be a go","PeriodicalId":12716,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","volume":"7 ","pages":"1537854"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12183056/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144474945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of a six-week training program on physical fitness and performance of young tennis players: a cluster analysis approach.","authors":"João P Oliveira, Daniel A Marinho, Tatiana Sampaio, Bulent Kilit, Jorge E Morais","doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1571019","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1571019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to classify young tennis players into sub-groups (clusters) based on their performance and physical fitness determinants and to analyze their cluster assignment change over six weeks of intervention. A sample of young athletes aged 10-14 years was used, and players were classified according to their International Tennis Number (ITN) and various physical fitness metrics after a six-week specific training program. Clusters were also analyzed for cluster assignment changes across pre-test and post-test interventions. The results showed that the performance variables in all clusters improved at the end of the intervention. Specifically, ITN scores improved by an average of 15% (<i>p</i> < 0.05), the 5-m sprint times improved by 8.5% on average (<i>p</i> < 0.01), and the T-drill agility test showed a 10% reduction in completion time (<i>p</i> < 0.01). However, key determinants for cluster formation assessment scores differed, meaning that the training resulted in the physical fitness profiles changing over time. Improvement in 5-m sprint and T-drill agility tests showed that the current program was effective in improving movement characteristics that are vital to a tennis player. Movement between clusters was observed, with some players improving their classification while others regressed, highlighting the need for individualized training interventions to optimize player development. Individualized responses to training are common among young athletes, reflecting varying developmental stages. Clustering can help tailor training programs to the specific needs of different groups. In summary, this study highlights the effects of specific training on young tennis players and emphasizes the necessity of considering individual differences in growth and training responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":12716,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","volume":"7 ","pages":"1571019"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12179768/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144474962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women in the triathlon-the differences between female and male triathletes: a narrative review.","authors":"Michèle Loosli, Pantelis T Nikolaidis, Volker Scheer, Matthias Wilhelm, Pedro Forte, Marilia Andrade, Thomas Rosemann, Sasa Duric, Ivan Cuk, Beat Knechtle","doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1567676","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1567676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Triathlon events have gained popularity in recent years. With the increasing participation of women, aspects that influence performance and physiology, as well as differences between women and men, are of interest to athletes and coaches. A review of the existing literature concerning differences between women and men in triathlon is lacking. Therefore, this narrative review aimed to compare female and male triathletes in terms of participation, performance, and the different influences on performance (e.g., physiology, age, pacing, motivation).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus using the search terms \"female triathletes\", \"women in triathlon\", \"triathlon AND gender difference\", and \"triathlon AND sex difference\". 662 articles were found using this search strategy, of which 147 were relevant for this review. All distances from sprint to ultra-triathlon (e.g., x-times IRONMAN® distance) were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that the participation of female triathletes, especially female master triathletes increased over time. An improvement in the performance of female and older triathletes was observed at the different distances in the last decades. Sex differences in performance varied across distances and in the three disciplines. Female triathletes showed a significantly lower VO2max and higher lactate thresholds compared to men. They also had a higher body fat percentage and lower body mass. The age for peak performance in the IRONMAN® triathlons is achieved between 25 and 39 years for both women and men. Strong predictors of IRONMAN® race performance in both female and male triathletes include achieving a personal best time in a marathon and a previous best time in triathlon races.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Further studies need to balance the representation of female and male athletes in study cohorts to ensure that findings are relevant to both sexes. Another research gap that should be addressed by future studies is the effect of menstruation and female hormones, the presence of premenstrual syndrome, and the impact of pregnancy and childbirth on the triathlon performance to better understand the differences with men and to account for hormonal fluctuations in training.</p>","PeriodicalId":12716,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","volume":"7 ","pages":"1567676"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12179770/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144474967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}