Gastric Cancer最新文献

{"title":"Adherence to pro-vegetarian dietary patterns and gastric cancer risk: a pooled analysis of the StoP Consortium.","authors":"Alejandro Oncina-Cánovas, Laura Torres-Collado, Manuela García-de-la-Hera, Sandra González-Palacios, Carolina Ojeda-Belokon, Eva Negri, Claudio Pelucchi, Areti Lagiou, Pagona Lagiou, Nuno Lunet, Samantha Morais, Vicente Martin, Gemma Castaño-Vinyals, Lizbeth López-Carrillo, Raúl Ulises Hernández-Ramírez, M Constanza Camargo, Maria Paula Curado, Zuo-Feng Zhang, Carlo La Vecchia, Paolo Boffetta, Jesús Vioque","doi":"10.1007/s10120-026-01757-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10120-026-01757-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pro-vegetarian (PVG) diets may reduce gastric cancer (GC) risk, but evidence remains limited. We aimed to evaluate the association between three predefined PVG patterns-general (gPVG), healthful (hPVG), and unhealthful (uPVG)-and GC risk stratifying by sex in the context of the Stomach Cancer Pooling (StoP) Project Consortium.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analysed data from six case-control studies from the StoP Consortium. The final sample included 1,857 incidents, histologically confirmed GC cases and 5,646 controls. Food intakes were assessed using country-specific food frequency questionnaires, which allowed the estimation of PVG patterns using established scoring methods. Adherence to PVG dietary patterns was classified into quintiles. Logistic mixed models with random intercepts for each study were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to the lowest quintile, the highest quintile of adherence to gPVG was associated with an OR_Q5vsQ1 = 0.61 (95% CI: 0.50-0.75; p-trend =  < 0.001) and the hPVG was associated with an OR_Q5vsQ1 = 0.66 (0.54-0.80; p-trend =  < 0.001). The uPVG pattern was associated with an OR_Q5vsQ1 = 1.27 (1.05-1.55; p-trend = 0.013). The inverse association for gPVG was more evident in men, OR_Q5vsQ1 = 0.56 (0.43-0.73) than in women, OR_Q5vsQ1 = 0.73 (0.53-1.01); for the hPVG pattern, a significant inverse association was only observed in women, OR_Q5vsQ1 = 0.50 (0.36-0.69); and, for the uPVG pattern, the increased GC risk was only observed in women, OR_Q5vsQ1 = 1.70 (1.25-2.32).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Higher adherence to gPVG and hPVG dietary patterns is associated with lower GC risk, whereas higher adherence to uPVG is associated with increased risk. The inverse association observed for hPVG pattern and the positive association for uPVG were only observed in women. These differential effects of dietary patterns in men and women deserve to be further investigated.</p>","PeriodicalId":12684,"journal":{"name":"Gastric Cancer","volume":" ","pages":"715-724"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13314681/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147941201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Resistance to FGFR1-targeted therapy leads to autophagy via TAK1/AMPK activation in gastric cancer.","authors":"Rui Peng, Yan Chen, Liangnian Wei, Gang Li, Dongju Feng, Siru Liu, Runqiu Jiang, Shaojiang Zheng, Yun Chen","doi":"10.1007/s10120-026-01742-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10120-026-01742-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12684,"journal":{"name":"Gastric Cancer","volume":" ","pages":"884-885"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148175840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Argon plasma coagulation, endoscopic mucosal resection, and endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric low-grade dysplasia: a multicenter inverse probability-weighted cohort study.","authors":"Hyo-Joon Yang, Hyuk Lee, Young-Il Kim, Su Youn Nam, Jin Lee, Da Hyun Jung, Ji Yong Ahn, Jae Yong Park, Joon Sung Kim, Soo-Jeong Cho, Jie-Hyun Kim, Jong Yeul Lee","doi":"10.1007/s10120-026-01754-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10120-026-01754-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Argon plasma coagulation (APC) has been proposed for the treatment of gastric low-grade dysplasia (LGD), but comparative data with endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) are insufficient. We investigated the clinical outcomes of APC, EMR, and ESD for small gastric LGD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively included 2128 patients treated with APC (n = 799), EMR (n = 404), or ESD (n = 925) for gastric LGD ≤ 20 mm at 12 tertiary centers in Korea between 2017 and 2021. Local recurrence and adverse events (AEs) were evaluated. To minimize selection bias, inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was applied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall incidence of AEs was significantly lower in the APC group (0.8%) than in the EMR (2.7%) and ESD (3.6%) groups (P < 0.001). Local recurrence occurred in 30 patients (3.8%) treated with APC during a median follow-up of 28.8 months, which was significantly higher than that in the EMR (0.2%) and ESD (0.8%) groups (P < 0.001). Among lesions measuring ≤ 10 mm, AEs occurred in 0.4%, 2.6%, and 3.3% after APC, EMR, and ESD, respectively (P < 0.001), whereas local recurrence developed in 2.2%, 0.0%, and 0.6%, respectively (P = 0.002). IPTW analyses yielded results consistent with the unweighted analyses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This large multicenter study showed that APC is associated with a higher risk of local recurrence than EMR or ESD but a lower AE rate. APC may be considered a safe and practical treatment option for selected patients with gastric LGD ≤ 10 mm.</p>","PeriodicalId":12684,"journal":{"name":"Gastric Cancer","volume":" ","pages":"750-761"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147928610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zolbetuximab plus chemotherapy in Japanese patients with claudin 18.2-positive gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: a combined subgroup analysis of the phase 3 SPOTLIGHT and GLOW trials.","authors":"Kensei Yamaguchi, Hirokazu Shoji, Hisateru Yasui, Eiji Oki, Daisuke Sakai, Tetsuya Hamaguchi, Akihito Tsuji, Takashi Oshima, Masahiro Tsuda, Keiko Minashi, Jianning Yang, Abraham Guerrero, Yoko Ueno, Maria Matsangou, Georgia Gourgioti, Yuka Nakanishi, Satomi Furuki, Kana Kuwamoto, Shunsuke Yamada, Kohei Shitara","doi":"10.1007/s10120-026-01738-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10120-026-01738-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Zolbetuximab is a monoclonal antibody targeting claudin 18 isoform 2 (CLDN18.2) approved for first-line treatment of CLDN18.2-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative, locally advanced (LA) unresectable or metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma. Here, we report efficacy and safety outcomes from the combined Japanese subgroup analysis of SPOTLIGHT and GLOW.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Global, double-blind, phase 3 SPOTLIGHT (NCT03504397) and GLOW (NCT03653507) trials investigated zolbetuximab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy in patients with CLDN18.2-positive, HER2-negative, LA unresectable or metastatic gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma. The primary endpoint in both trials was progression-free survival (PFS); overall survival (OS) was a key secondary endpoint.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 1072 patients enrolled, 116 Japanese patients (SPOTLIGHT, n = 65; GLOW, n = 51) comprised the combined Japanese subgroup. The baseline characteristics of Japanese patients were generally similar to those of the overall study populations. In the combined Japanese subgroup, PFS was improved with zolbetuximab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy (20.53 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 12.09-not estimable] versus 8.28 months [95% CI 6.57-9.07]). Median OS was 23.06 months (95% CI 16.49-25.49) in the zolbetuximab group versus 16.53 months (95% CI 10.38-18.33) in the placebo group. No new safety signals were observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In Japanese patients, zolbetuximab plus chemotherapy improved PFS versus placebo plus chemotherapy and showed a numerical improvement in OS. These results support zolbetuximab plus chemotherapy as a potential new standard-of-care first-line option for Japanese patients with CLDN18.2-positive, HER2-negative, LA unresectable or metastatic gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":12684,"journal":{"name":"Gastric Cancer","volume":" ","pages":"777-787"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13314679/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147837194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomarker discordance in gastric cancer: from tissue snapshots to treatment-defining assays.","authors":"Xiubi Zhang, Chaochi Yue","doi":"10.1007/s10120-026-01768-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10120-026-01768-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12684,"journal":{"name":"Gastric Cancer","volume":" ","pages":"882-883"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148137819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simple clinical parameters to identify sarcopenia 1 year after gastrectomy for gastric cancer.","authors":"Ji Yoon Jeong, Jawon Hwang, Sung Hyun Park, Minah Cho, Yoo Min Kim, Woo Jin Hyung, Yun Ho Roh, Hyoung-Il Kim","doi":"10.1007/s10120-026-01748-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10120-026-01748-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>New-onset sarcopenia may develop after gastrectomy even in patients with normal muscle mass, but its detection in routine practice remains challenging. This study evaluated body composition changes after gastrectomy and identified clinical parameters associated with sarcopenia development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included gastric cancer patients who underwent gastrectomy between 2009 and 2023. Body composition, including body weight (BW), skeletal muscle index (SMI), visceral fat area (VFA), and subcutaneous fat area (SFA), was assessed using CT images obtained preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively. Postoperative sarcopenia was defined as new-onset sarcopenia in patients without preoperative sarcopenia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 1932 patients, mean percent changes in BW, SMI, VFA, and SFA at 1 year after gastrectomy were - 9.8%, + 1.0%, - 52.8%, and - 34.3%, respectively. Of 1259 preoperative non-sarcopenic patients, 145 (11.5%) developed postoperative sarcopenia and had significantly worse overall survival than those who maintained non-sarcopenia (HR, 2.516; 95% CI, 1.560-4.058; P < 0.001). Among these patients, recurrence incidence in those with stage II or III disease did not differ (Gray's test, P = 0.294), whereas post-recurrence survival was significantly worse in those with postoperative sarcopenia (log-rank, P < 0.001). Four clinical parameters (sex, age ≥ 60, extent of gastrectomy, and BW loss ≥ 8 kg) showed acceptable discrimination for identifying postoperative sarcopenia (simplified risk model; AUROC, 0.792; 95% CI, 0.755-0.829; P < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>New-onset sarcopenia 1 year after gastrectomy was independently associated with poor survival, underscoring its oncologic relevance. Simple clinical parameters may help identify high-risk patients and guide nutritional or exercise interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12684,"journal":{"name":"Gastric Cancer","volume":" ","pages":"841-853"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147769660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence-based anatomical recognition improves surgeon decision-making during robotic gastrectomy.","authors":"Kenichi Ishibayashi, Noriyuki Inaki, Jumpei Ikeda, Kenta Doden, Masashi Takeuchi, Kengo Hayashi, Ryota Matsui, Satoru Matsuda, Toshikatsu Tsuji, Jun Kinoshita, Hirofumi Kawakubo, Yuko Kitagawa","doi":"10.1007/s10120-026-01756-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10120-026-01756-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Artificial intelligence (AI)-based anatomical recognition has emerged to support intraoperative cognition; however, its clinical utility beyond education remains limited. This study aimed to develop an AI model for suprapancreatic lymph node dissection during robotic distal gastrectomy (RDG) and evaluate its utility for intraoperative decision-making by surgeons.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We developed a deep learning model using 67 RDG videos (54 for training and 13 for testing) to recognize the pancreas, common hepatic artery (CHA), left gastric artery (LGA), and left gastric vein (LGV). Model performance was evaluated using Intersection over Union (IoU). Twenty surgeons participated in two experiments: experiment 1 assessed peritoneal incision line selection, rated by three experts on a 5-point scale, and experiment 2 assessed the time to CHA identification in a crossover design.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The IoU values for the pancreas, CHA, LGA, and LGV were 0.66, 0.28, 0.216, and 0.232, respectively. In mixed-effects models, experiment 1 showed that AI assistance reduced the proportion of unsafe peritoneal incision lines (scores 1-2) compared with no assistance (odds ratio, 0.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15 to 0.41; P < 0.001) and improved the mean expert score by 0.64 points (95% CI, 0.39 to 0.89; P < 0.001). In experiment 2, AI assistance reduced the time to CHA identification by 9.5 s (95% CI, 2.20 to 16.81; P = 0.0124).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our AI system successfully supported surgeons' intraoperative decision-making by improving anatomical recognition and thus can potentially enhance surgical safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":12684,"journal":{"name":"Gastric Cancer","volume":" ","pages":"874-881"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13315160/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147972038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognostic implications of tissue-based homologous recombination deficiency in metastatic gastric cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor plus chemotherapy.","authors":"Changgon Kim, Junkyu Kim, Ji Eun Shin, Sung Hee Lim, Kyoung-Mee Kim, Deok Geun Kim, Jeeyun Lee, Seung Tae Kim","doi":"10.1007/s10120-026-01755-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10120-026-01755-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD), a genomic instability phenotype resulting from impaired DNA repair, has been associated with increased tumor immunogenicity in several solid tumors. However, its clinical relevance in metastatic gastric cancer (mGC), particularly in the context of immunotherapy-containing regimens, remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included 139 GC patients with nivolumab plus chemotherapy as first line between May 2022 and May 2024 and underwent tissue-based NGS (n = 116); a smaller subset additionally underwent ctDNA-based NGS (n = 24). HRD was defined by the presence of pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in predefined homologous recombination repair (HRR) genes. Treatment outcomes, and molecular characteristics were compared according to HRD status based on tissue- and/or circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) NGS results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 116 patients who underwent tissue-based NGS, HRD-positive tumors (14.7%) were significantly associated with longer progression-free survival (PFS; median 23.1 vs. 9.6 months; p = 0.032) to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) plus chemotherapy and overall survival (OS; median not reached vs. 17.9 months; p = 0.027). HRD positivity remained an independent favorable prognostic factor for OS in multivariate analysis (HR: 0.247; 95% CI 0.071-0.859; p = 0.028). HRD-positive tumors showed higher frequencies of high tumor mutational burden (TMB) and microsatellite instability (MSI)-high tumors. However, exploratory analysis of ctDNA-based HRD in a small subset did not demonstrate a statistically significant association with survival outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Tissue-based HRD positivity was associated with favorable survival outcomes and may provide complementary prognostic information in mGC patients with nivolumab plus chemotherapy as first line.</p>","PeriodicalId":12684,"journal":{"name":"Gastric Cancer","volume":" ","pages":"816-826"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147987348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pronounced ethnic and sex disparities in gastric cancer burden and healthcare utilization in Inner Mongolia: a 9-year population-based cohort study.","authors":"Yuehan Duan, LiYing Qiao, Yunfeng Xi, Buqi Na, Weiwei Kang, Guozhen Liu, Yutong Wang, Sheng-Feng Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10120-026-01740-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10120-026-01740-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12684,"journal":{"name":"Gastric Cancer","volume":" ","pages":"702-714"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147722663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The density of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes in oesophago-gastric cancer varies with disease stage, geographical region and treatment: a post hoc analysis of nine phase III clinical trials.","authors":"Georgina A Keogh, Nina Šefčovičová, Tomio Arai, Myeong-Cherl Kook, Jon P Laye, William H Allum, Sameira Arif, Avani Athauda, Hee Kyung Chang, Jae-Ho Cheong, Mee-Yon Cho, David Cunningham, Lara Heij, Andrew F Irvine, Hee Sung Kim, Hyunki Kim, Young-Woo Kim, Ruth E Langley, Sung Hak Lee, Katharina von Loga, Matthew G Nankivell, Takashi Oshima, Russell D Petty, Xiuxiang Tan, Shiro Tanaka, Akira Tsuburaya, Judith de Vos-Geelen, Nicholas P West, Jake Emmerson, Jamie R Stokes, Derek R Magee, David A Cairns, Heike I Grabsch","doi":"10.1007/s10120-026-01739-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10120-026-01739-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are a key component of the tumour microenvironment. To establish a clinically relevant TILs cut-off for patients with oesophago-gastric (OG) cancer, it is essential to know whether TILs density varies by patient and/or disease characteristics.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>TILs were quantified as TILs/mm² (TILs density) by a deep-learning algorithm applied to digitised Haematoxylin/Eosin (H&E)-stained biopsies and resection specimens from 4628 patients from nine phase III trials. 4533 patients with TILs density and matched clinicopathological data were included in the final analyses. Associations between TILs density, disease stage, geographical region (UK versus Asia), sex, age, and treatment were analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Median TILs density was higher in pre-treatment biopsies from patients with early-stage versus late-stage disease (962 vs 479 TILs/mm², p < 0.001). Within the same geographical region and disease stage, TILs density was similar across different chemotherapy regimens. In UK-led trials of early-stage disease, post-chemotherapy resections showed higher TILs density than chemotherapy-naïve resections (618 vs 571 TILs/mm², p = 0.003). TILs density was higher in Asian tumours compared to UK tumours (1419 vs 571 TILs/mm², p < 0.001). No significant associations were observed with age or sex.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This is the largest study to date evaluating TILs density in OG cancer. TILs density varied with stage and geographical region but not by age or sex. These findings may explain enhanced response to immunotherapy observed in published studies of patients with early-stage disease and highlight the need to account for baseline TILs heterogeneity when interpreting TILs as a possible biomarker in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12684,"journal":{"name":"Gastric Cancer","volume":" ","pages":"762-776"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13314682/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147837230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}