Gene Reports最新文献

{"title":"Exploring the influences on rheumatoid arthritis progression: A comprehensive review of autoimmunity and cellular mechanisms","authors":"Prachi Agnihotri ,&nbsp;Mohd Saquib ,&nbsp;Niyati Pal ,&nbsp;Lovely Joshi ,&nbsp;Sagarika Biswas","doi":"10.1016/j.genrep.2025.102337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.genrep.2025.102337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review revealed the complex relationship between autoimmunity and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), emphasizing the importance of understanding various intrinsic and extrinsic factors contributing to disease progression. RA, affecting 1 % of the world's population, predominantly impacts females and presents clinical symptoms such as joint swelling and morning stiffness. Biomarkers like RF and ACPA are used for disease prognosis. Autoimmunity, characterized by the immune system's attack on self-cells, leads to the production of autoantibodies against self-biomolecules, initiating cellular impairment and disease onset. Our review aims to comprehensively synthesize the myriad risk factors involved in RA progression, encompassing genetic, epigenetic, cellular, and environmental determinants. These factors contribute to the production of autoantibodies and shape the autoimmune milieu within RA. The autoimmune nature of RA, demonstrated by the presence of ACPA and other autoantibodies, triggers immune responses and proinflammatory cytokine release, stimulating synovial fibroblast activity and joint destruction. Furthermore, aggressive epigenetically modified synovial fibroblasts play a role in disease pathology. In this article, we highlighted the significance of understanding immune tolerance alterations related to autoimmune diseases like RA and advocated for studying similar factors in other diseases to enhance our understanding of RA pathophysiology. Advances in clinical investigations, such as using RA-specific peptides or proteins and cell-based therapies, showed promise in improving RA patient outcomes. Overall, our review aims to provide valuable insights into the intricate mechanisms driving RA progression, offering potential avenues for therapeutic intervention and disease management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12673,"journal":{"name":"Gene Reports","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 102337"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145104792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of amino acid sequence similarity in viral protein 1 on herd immunity for predicting dominant genotypes in norovirus seasons in Japan","authors":"Yoshiyuki Suzuki ,&nbsp;Hirokazu Kimura ,&nbsp;Kazuhiko Katayama","doi":"10.1016/j.genrep.2025.102374","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.genrep.2025.102374","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Norovirus norwalkense</em> in humans (HuNoV) is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis, primarily consisting of genogroups GI and GII. Each genogroup is made of genotypes with distinct antigenicity, which is derived mainly from variations in P2 subdomain of viral protein 1 (VP1). Given that multiple genotypes circulate with varying prevalence, predicting dominant genotypes in a particular season could aid in vaccine development. Here, models for forecasting dominant genotypes were evaluated by analyzing observed genotype frequencies in Japan and amino acid sequences of P2 subdomain. Genotypes GI.1-GI.7 in GI, and GII.2-GII.4, GII.6, GII.7, GII.14, and GII.17 in GII were considered as potential candidates. In contrast to the null model, which assumes that genotype proportions are unchanged from the previous season, the fitness model, which takes into account genotype-specific proliferation efficiency and recombination, demonstrated better performance. The fitness model was improved when herd immunity was assumed to be triggered not only by identical amino acids but also by different amino acids with similar physicochemical properties in P2 subdomain across different strains. Moreover, it was suggested that herd immunity may persist for around a decade in GI and GII.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12673,"journal":{"name":"Gene Reports","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 102374"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145462426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking inflammation to gene expression: Insights from GPR65, NUAK2, and OPG in ankylosing spondylitis","authors":"Safa Alshattawi ,&nbsp;Rand Moushtaq Taleb ,&nbsp;Ghanyia Jasim shanyoor ,&nbsp;Mohanad K. Aneed Al-Saedi ,&nbsp;Maryam Qasim Mohammed","doi":"10.1016/j.genrep.2025.102315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.genrep.2025.102315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the spine, leading to joint inflammation. Gene expression plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AS, and understanding its underlying genetic mechanisms may enhance both diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the gene expression levels of <em>GPR65</em> and <em>NUAK2</em>, along with the protein level of Osteoprotegerin (OPG), in Iraqi individuals diagnosed with AS.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A case-control study was conducted, involving 50 patients with AS and 50 healthy controls. Blood samples were collected to assess the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), while serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and OPG were measured using ELISA. Total RNA was extracted using a specialized kit, followed by cDNA synthesis and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to analyze the expression levels of GPR65 and NUAK2.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The findings revealed a significant increase in OPG levels (p &lt; 0.001**) and <em>GPR65</em> expression (p &lt; 0.001**), alongside a downregulation of <em>NUAK2</em> expression (p = 0.05*) in AS patients compared to healthy controls.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These results suggest that elevated OPG levels and increased <em>GPR65</em> expression may contribute to the inflammatory processes in AS, whereas reduced <em>NUAK2</em> expression might impair the regulation of inflammation. Furthermore, OPG, <em>GPR65</em>, and <em>NUAK2</em> exhibited strong diagnostic potential, with high specificity and sensitivity demonstrated through ROC analysis. The OPG and <em>GPR65</em> may enhance the diagnosis and monitoring of AS and underscore the need for further research into their roles in disease progression and as potential targets for therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12673,"journal":{"name":"Gene Reports","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 102315"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144826668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UV-induced mutagenesis enhances bacteriocin production in Enterococcus hirae LD3: Genetic and structural characterization","authors":"Indu Kumari,&nbsp;Santosh Kumar Tiwari","doi":"10.1016/j.genrep.2025.102306","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.genrep.2025.102306","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Ultraviolet radiation is generally used to induce mutations in different bacterial genomes to understand structure-function relationship of metabolites. We have previously isolated bacteriocin-producing <em>Enterococcus hirae</em> LD3 from an indigenous fermented food and characterized for probiotic properties. Since bacteriocin production is a genetic phenomenon, we have used UV-radiation to generate mutants for bacteriocin production characterization.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Mutation was generated using UV radiation at 254 nm and mutants were screened using the level of bacteriocin production. Bacteriocin gene was amplified, sequenced, and phylogenetic and structure analysis was performed using MEGA-11 and I-TASSER software. The molecular docking of wild-type and mutant bacteriocins with target mannose phosphotransferase system (Man-PTS) was performed using BIOVIA discovery studio visualizer to understand the function.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The mutant strain LD3UVM921 showed higher bacteriocin production (320 AU/mL) compared to wild-type strain LD3 (160 AU/mL). The bacteriocin gene showed a deletion of a cytosine residue and guanine to thymine and a cytosine to adenine transversion after UV exposure. The secondary structure of mutant bacteriocin LD3UVM921 was without alpha helix, 38.54 % beta-strand and 61.45 % random coil compared to 7.27 % alpha helix, 33.63 % beta-strand, and 59.09 % random coil in wild-type. The molecular docking analysis indicated higher binding affinity of mutant bacteriocin LD3UVM921 with Man-PTS compared to wild-type leading to higher bacteriocin activity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The UV radiation successfully generated alteration in bacteriocin gene and affected its production level. The over-producing mutant of <em>E. hirae</em> LD3 may be used in food and pharmaceutical industries for large scale production of bacteriocin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12673,"journal":{"name":"Gene Reports","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 102306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144750809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression and significance of GAS6 and AXL in C57BL/6J mice with aldosterone-induced renal injury","authors":"Xin Zhang ,&nbsp;Nanfang Li ,&nbsp;Qing Zhu ,&nbsp;Wen Jiang ,&nbsp;Ting Wu ,&nbsp;Mei Yang ,&nbsp;Di Shen ,&nbsp;Wenbo Yang ,&nbsp;Mengru Wang ,&nbsp;Jing Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.genrep.2025.102354","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.genrep.2025.102354","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The GAS6/AXL signalling pathway has been implicated in inflammation and tissue injury, but its role in aldosterone-induced renal damage remains unclear. This study investigated whether aldosterone regulates the expression of growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6) and its receptor AXL in the kidney, and whether this regulation is dependent on mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation. Male C57BL/6J mice were treated with aldosterone, with or without the MR antagonists spironolactone or finerenone. Immunohistochemical analysis showed significantly increased expression of GAS6 and AXL in kidneys from aldosterone-treated mice compared with controls (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01). AXL expression was positively correlated with MR, interleukin-1β, and CCL2 levels (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Both spironolactone and finerenone treatment reduced the expression of GAS6 and AXL to near-control levels (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). These findings suggest that aldosterone stimulates renal GAS6/AXL expression via MR activation and that this pathway may contribute to renal inflammation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12673,"journal":{"name":"Gene Reports","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 102354"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular insights of a novel Angiotensinogen homolog of Sebastes Schlegelii, revealing its transcriptional sensitivity to pathogenic infections","authors":"Don Anushka Sandaruwan Elvitigala ,&nbsp;Jehee Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.genrep.2025.102371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.genrep.2025.102371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Angiotensinogen (AGT) is a key component in renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in animals and primarily secreted as a precursor molecule. AGTs are known to play multiple roles in animals including maintaining homeostasis and mediating host immune responses as an acute phase protein. In this study complete coding sequence of AGT homolog with 1380 bps was identified from S<em>. schlegelii</em> and designated as SsAGT. The gene codes for a protein with 460 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 51.3 kDa. SsAGT resembled the common domain architecture of serpin family proteins and found to bear a signal peptide of 19 residues. Protein level sequence comparison revealed the homology of SsAGT with its known counterparts of teleosts and tetrapods and phylogenetic analysis confirmed its close evolutionary relationship with teleostan orthologues. Transcriptional profile of <em>SsAGT</em> in different tissues of the healthy fish obtained by using qPCR showed a constitutive expression in selected tissues with more pronounced expression level in liver tissues. However, its basal mRNA expression in liver tissues was found to be modulated by lipopolysaccharides, Poly I:C and live <em>Streptococus iniae</em> treatments, at different time points post treatment, suggesting its potential role under pathogenic stress. These findings highlight the immunophysiological significance of AGTs in teleosts and warrant further functional studies to elucidate their role in first-line host defense mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12673,"journal":{"name":"Gene Reports","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 102371"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145412786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Threat of multidrug resistant bacteria: The role of genomic solutions and a call to action","authors":"Subhasmita Mallik ,&nbsp;Sagarbala Dash ,&nbsp;Snigdha Mishra ,&nbsp;Rushi Brata Mohanty ,&nbsp;Swagatika Sahoo ,&nbsp;Archita Patra ,&nbsp;Swayamprabha Sahoo ,&nbsp;Rukmini Mishra ,&nbsp;Jatindra Nath Mohanty","doi":"10.1016/j.genrep.2025.102298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.genrep.2025.102298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria presents a critical threat to public health and the environment, demanding urgent and coordinated international action. The spread of superbugs resistant to multiple antibiotics has severely compromised traditional treatments, resulting in increased mortality, prolonged illness, and escalating healthcare costs. Genomic technologies have emerged as powerful tools to uncover the molecular mechanisms behind antimicrobial resistance (AMR). They enable the identification of resistance genes, detection of novel mutations, and in-depth mapping of bacterial genomes, paving the way for targeted therapies and personalized treatment strategies. However, the implementation of these technologies remains challenging due to high costs, limited infrastructure in low-resource settings, and the need for specialized expertise. This review comprehensively explores the current status of MDR bacteria, examining their health impacts, restricted treatment options, and the global interconnectedness of the AMR crisis. It also emphasizes the importance of the one health approach in addressing MDR from a holistic perspective. Furthermore, cutting-edge genomic innovations, including CRISPR-Cas genome editing, third-generation sequencing and other omics strategies, are discussed as promising avenues for combating MDR pathogens. While these technologies offer transformative potential, global collaboration, regulatory oversight, and equitable access are essential to fully realize their benefits. By harnessing genomic data, researchers and healthcare providers can move towards more precise diagnostics, new antimicrobial agents, and sustainable solutions to antibiotic resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12673,"journal":{"name":"Gene Reports","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 102298"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative review of DNA assembly strategies: From traditional to modern","authors":"Huynh Kim Khanh Ta ,&nbsp;L. Minh Dang ,&nbsp;Lan Thuy Ty Nguyen","doi":"10.1016/j.genrep.2025.102376","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.genrep.2025.102376","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molecular Cloning is a cornerstone technology for amplifying, expressing, and manipulating specific DNA sequences. Traditional Restriction Enzyme Cloning (REC) methods are limited by sequence dependency and the introduction of undesirable “scar” sequences, which have driven the development of more advanced assembly strategies. In this review, we critically analyze major DNA Cloning techniques—from early methods to modern seamless assembly and in vivo systems. We delineate the fundamental differences between cloning vectors, which are primarily designed for DNA amplification and stable maintenance in host cells, and expression vectors, which incorporate regulatory elements that drive the expression of recombinant proteins or the transcription of guide RNAs (gRNAs) for cell therapy applications. We describe the mechanisms and enzymes involved in each approach and evaluate their key advantages and limitations. We emphasize the distinction between “scarred” methods (e.g., Restriction Enzyme Cloning, Gateway® Cloning) and “seamless” methods (e.g., Golden Gate Assembly, Exonuclease-based Seamless Cloning), highlighting the superior precision and multi-fragment assembly capability of seamless strategies for complex DNA Cloning projects in Synthetic Biology. Finally, we compare the trade-offs between in vitro systems, which are highly efficient but costly, and in vivo assembly approaches, which are simpler and more cost-effective but typically exhibit lower efficiency—making them suitable for self-sustained academic laboratories. We conclude that the optimal cloning strategy should be selected based on the specific requirements of the project, balancing junction type (scarred/seamless), sequence dependency, multi-fragment capability, flexibility, and cost to meet the needs of each experiment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12673,"journal":{"name":"Gene Reports","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 102376"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145525825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LncRNA RASGRF2-AS1 regulates proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis of HUVECs","authors":"Cairong Liu ,&nbsp;Yunyan Liu ,&nbsp;Yijie Li ,&nbsp;Lin Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.genrep.2025.102319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.genrep.2025.102319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is a key contributor to the development of atherosclerosis and plays a crucial role as a proinflammatory mediator in the onset and progression of vascular endothelial dysfunction. According to a previous study, RASGRF2-AS1 was found to be one of the most notably downregulated long noncoding RNAs in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) following oxLDL stimulation. To date, the biological roles of RASGRF2-AS1 have not been reported. Therefore, we set out to explore the function of RASGRF2-AS1 in HUVECs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>RASGRF2-AS1 expression in HUVECs was measured using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). To silence RASGRF2-AS1, both siRNA and lentivirus-mediated shRNA were utilized. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was employed to evaluate cell proliferation. Then, we used annexin V/PI staining to determine cell apoptosis and cell cycle distribution after RASGRF2-AS1 knockdown. Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 β (MAP1LC3B) and sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) expression levels were also measured by western blot. Furthermore, candidate proteins predicted to interact with RASGRF2-AS1 were determined by RNA pull-down assays and mass spectrometry.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>RASGRF2-AS1 was highly expressed in HUVECs. After RASGRF2-AS1 expression was downregulated with siRNA and shRNA, G0/G1 cell cycle arrest increased, inhibiting HUVEC proliferation. Downregulating RASGRF2-AS1 also promoted apoptosis and suppressed tube formation in HUVECs. In addition, the western blot results indicated that RASGRF2-AS1 knockdown decreased p62 expression and increased MAP1LC3B expression. Furthermore, RNA pull-down assays identified several co-precipitating proteins as potential interactors of RASGRF2-AS1. These candidates included S100-A9, ZN598, NRROS, ZMYM5, IF4A1, PDIP3, and PLCB4.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>RASGRF2-AS1 is a novel key lncRNA involved in regulating HUVECs proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenic ability. Consequently, RASGRF2-AS1 could be a promising target for treating arteriosclerosis obliterans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12673,"journal":{"name":"Gene Reports","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 102319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144830541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic polymorphisms associated with Behçet's disease in Egypt, Tunisia, and Morocco: A systematic review","authors":"Kahli Zineb ,&nbsp;Ait Baha Atmane ,&nbsp;Habbane Mouna ,&nbsp;Hassani Idrissi Hind ,&nbsp;El Bassyouni Najlâa ,&nbsp;Moudatir Mina ,&nbsp;Semlali Mohammed Youssef ,&nbsp;Akhouayri Omar","doi":"10.1016/j.genrep.2025.102368","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.genrep.2025.102368","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This systematic review examines the genetic polymorphisms associated with Behcet disease in Africa, focusing on SNPs and HLA class I and II gene variants. A structured search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases, according to rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria. The analysis shows that Egypt is the most active country in terms of publications, followed by Tunisia and Morocco. Certain genes were analyzed collectively in all three countries. The CTLA-4 + 49 A variant was more at risk in Tunisia (OR = 4.63) and Egypt (OR = 3.08), showing a high association with disease susceptibility. Other variants, such as VDR-<em>Apa</em>I-a (OR = 2.09 in Egypt) and VDR-<em>Fok</em>I-F (OR = 1.89 in Tunisia), have moderate associations. Inflammation-related polymorphisms, as TNF-α <img>1031C (OR = 1.65 in Tunisia) and TNF-α <img>1211C (OR = 1.68 in Morocco), also presented significant associations, though less strong. These results demonstrate the existence of regional variations in genetic susceptibility to Behcet and the importance of population-specific studies. This is the first such review on the African continent and paves the way for further studies into the region's genetic determinants of the disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12673,"journal":{"name":"Gene Reports","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 102368"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145412789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}