Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"From synaptic transmission to neural circuits: multilevel effects of stress on the hippocampus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus.","authors":"Hongye Zhou, Xinyi Wang, Sha Sha","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1829622","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1829622","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The stress response is a non-specific adaptive physiological reaction that occurs when the organism is exposed to internal or external environmental stimuli, serving to maintain homeostatic balance. Its regulation involves highly complex neural mechanisms. The hippocampus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), and the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) are key brain regions that play crucial roles in stress regulation. Focusing on the functional connectivity of the hippocampus-BNST-PVN neural circuit, this article systematically elucidates the multilevel effects of stress on synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity, neural network integration, and related molecular mechanisms from microcosmic neurotransmitters to macroscopic neural circuits. These insights provide an important perspective for advancing our understanding of the neurobiological basis of stress and for developing new intervention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1829622"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13381638/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148601983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emotional shaping of spatial encoding along the dorsal ventral axis of the hippocampus.","authors":"Azul Silva, Gabrielle Girardeau","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1888312","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1888312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emotional memories are essential for survival, enabling individuals to avoid future threats or seek safety or food. How does the brain link a specific spatiotemporal context with the associated emotional experience? The hippocampus (HPC) encodes spatial information through place cells, which collectively form a cognitive map that adapts to contextual changes. Along its longitudinal axis, the HPC shows marked functional divergence: the dorsal HPC supports fine-tuned spatial representations, whereas the ventral HPC exhibits broader connectivity with limbic circuits and plays a key role in encoding emotional valence, salience, anxiety, and motivational state. Here, we synthesize current evidence comparing spatial and emotional coding across these regions, emphasizing differences in spatial properties and circuit interactions. Finally, we propose a framework describing how dorsal and ventral HPC integrate spatial and emotional information to guide adaptive behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1888312"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13376298/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148578367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autonomic-salience stability as a candidate Gate for awake low-dose ketamine: a systems neuroscience framework with a clinical anchor.","authors":"Kei Torii, Maho Jinno","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1880737","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1880737","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ketamine responses vary across patients and sessions, suggesting that dose alone is an incomplete organizing principle. We propose a state-first Gate-Amplifier-Reintegration framework in which awake low-dose ketamine acts primarily as an Amplifier of transient network flexibility, whereas autonomic-salience stability is treated as a candidate Gate that may shape whether this flexibility remains steerable. In this framework, cardio-autonomic and interoceptive state may constrain or modulate salience-network gain, interoceptive precision, and thalamocortical selectivity, thereby influencing whether ketamine-associated loosening of default-mode constraints is available for frontoparietal-control-compatible reintegration or drifts toward dysphoric dissociation and vigilance instability. We formalize a three-step sequence: Gate, Amplifier, Reintegration. Gate refers to candidate autonomic-salience stability; Amplifier refers to awake low-dose ketamine delivered under operational invariants that preserve vigilance and behavioral interpretability; Reintegration refers to the organization of ketamine-amplified flexibility into language, joint attention, task context, and action-oriented consolidation. Heart-rate variability (HRV) is used only as a bounded peripheral state-verification proxy. We distinguish observed Autonomic Affirmative Window quality assurance (AAW-QA), a post-sequence quality-assurance signal, from AAW-Gate, a proposed prospective pre-dose criterion. The framework is informed by, but not validated by, observations from a single-center outpatient chronic pain care pathway using awake low-dose ketamine and route-defined cervicothoracic sympathetic modulation. These observations document clinical provenance but do not provide comparative efficacy evidence, causal efficacy, dose-sparing evidence, salience-network mediation, or HRV biomarker validity. The clinical provenance was nonrandomized, chart-based, clinician-directed, and lacked concurrent neural measurement. The framework yields falsifiable predictions: prospective Gate manipulation should reproducibly alter pre-dose autonomic state; prospectively defined AAW-Gate-positive sessions should be tested for convergence with low-burden EEG/fNIRS markers of salience switching and task control; and randomized Gate designs should determine whether autonomic shifts moderate, and in adequately powered designs mediate, session-level tolerability, reintegration, and usable clinical change. Alternative accounts, including analgesia, expectancy, clinician attention, workflow era, documentation bias, respiratory/postural effects, and photoplethysmography (PPG) artifact, are treated as competing explanations that future designs must separate.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1880737"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13368987/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148455682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond scaling: how brains reorganize to support higher intelligence.","authors":"Paul J Werbos, David S Wack","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1847194","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1847194","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Systems neuroscience-from Lashley's distributed engrams through Pribram's field-based processing to Freeman's oscillatory dynamics-has long argued that intelligence is a whole-brain property requiring feedback-driven computation. We formalize this tradition using Reinforcement Learning and Approximate Dynamic Programming (RLADP) and propose that vertebrate intelligence falls into four qualitatively distinct levels-rodent, primate, human, cetacean-each defined by a different architecture for generating and propagating backpropagated feedback signals. The transition between levels is not parametric but architectural, and each architecture demands a different energy strategy. A conserved allometric rule for cortical ion channels holds across nine of 10 mammalian species, fixing the biophysical cost of computation per unit volume; human neurons uniquely violate this rule, reducing channel density to redirect energy toward long-range white matter connectivity. We show that white matter is an active communication system whose superlinear scaling creates a geometric cost trap, that the corticothalamic loop provides master timing for forward-backward cortical processing cycles, and that timing degradation causes qualitative intelligence failure. The biological strategies cataloged here-from selective connectivity reduction to cellular energy reallocation to cortical reorganization-have parallels with the communication-energy wall now constraining artificial intelligence.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1847194"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13371108/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148455677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Understanding neural processing as an integrated intelligent system.","authors":"Paul J Werbos, David S Wack, Konstantinos Slavakis, Rajendra D Badgaiyan","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1830216","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1830216","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1830216"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13373945/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148470235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut-to-brain interoceptive pathways in emotion-related behaviors.","authors":"Tomofumi Otsuki, Takako Ichiki, Miho Terunuma","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1855213","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1855213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emotion-related states encompass a wide range of affective and behavioral dimensions, including anxiety, fear, pleasure, and aversion, whereas motivation refers to internal drives that energize goal-directed behaviors such as feeding, reward seeking, or avoidance. These states are thought to arise from the brain's integration of exteroceptive inputs, interoceptive signals reflecting bodily states, and prior experiences. Recent studies have increasingly highlighted the critical role of gut-to-brain communication, particularly vagal and other interoceptive pathways, in shaping emotion-related and motivational behaviors. In parallel, advances in genetic manipulation techniques have enabled the identification of neuronal circuits innervating the gastrointestinal tract and have provided new insights into their links with affective-like behavior. A better understanding of these mechanisms will be essential for elucidating how gastrointestinal-derived signals contribute to emotion-related states and how they are represented and processed in the brain. In this review, we discuss recent advances in gut-to-brain neural pathways, with a particular focus on vagal afferent and interoceptive mechanisms, while also considering spinal afferent pathways and ENS-related mechanisms that may contribute to emotion-related behavioral regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1855213"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13342118/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148411500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treadmill exercise rescues motor deficits in parkinsonian mice by modulating striatal D2-MSN activity: evidence from calcium imaging and chemogenetics.","authors":"Ping Chen, Yuan Zeng, Bing Liu, Quan Yang, Wan Chun Xue, Nanlin Liu, Chunyu Zhuang","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1851618","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1851618","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study is to investigate whether treadmill exercise alleviates motor dysfunction in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD) by modulating the excitability of striatal medium spiny neurons expressing dopamine type 2 receptors (D2-MSNs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injection was performed in the right striatum of D2-Cre mice to establish a hemi-lesioned PD model, with sham-operated mice serving as controls. PD mice were subjected to treadmill exercise (18 m/min, 40 min/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks). Motor function was evaluated using the open-field test, rotarod, and negative geotaxis test. The excitability of D2-MSNs was assessed via fiber-photometric calcium imaging (ΔF/F, AUC, and peak amplitude), Western blotting for c-Fos protein expression, and double immunofluorescence labeling of D2R and c-Fos. Furthermore, chemogenetic approaches (hM4Di-Gi for inhibition and hM3Dq-Gq for activation) were employed to validate the causal role of D2-MSN excitability in exercise-mediated motor recovery.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PD mice exhibited significant motor deficits, characterized by reduced locomotor activity, shortened latency to fall on the rotarod, and increased turning latency in the negative geotaxis test. Calcium imaging and c-Fos expression analyses revealed a marked hyperexcitability of striatal D2-MSNs in PD mice compared to controls (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Treadmill exercise significantly attenuated this D2-MSN hyperexcitability and concurrently improved all motor performance metrics (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Chemogenetic inhibition of D2-MSNs mimicked the beneficial effects of exercise in PD mice, whereas chemogenetic activation of these neurons abolished the exercise-induced motor improvements and reversed the reduction in neuronal excitability (<i>p</i> < 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings demonstrate that striatal D2-MSN hyperexcitability is a critical pathological feature of motor dysfunction in PD mice. Treadmill exercise rescues motor deficits by suppressing this hyperexcitability. These results provide novel insights into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the therapeutic benefits of physical exercise in Parkinson's disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1851618"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13303904/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148345131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The volatile anesthetic isoflurane causes global suppression of neuronal activity, disrupting hub neuron function in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>.","authors":"Andrew S Chang, Laura Mazuera, Christopher W Connor, Christopher V Gabel","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1795887","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1795887","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Volatile anesthetics, such as isoflurane, generate a state of unconsciousness and analgesia across the animal kingdom and are widely used in clinical settings. Yet, anesthetic mechanisms are poorly understood: the volatile anesthetics are so profligate in their potential effects that it has proven difficult to determine which actions are most causal at the systems level.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To test if specific cellular targets mediate the anesthetic effect across a complete, intact nervous system, we imaged neuron activity in the <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> head ganglia at cellular resolution. We measured the effect of increasing anesthetic concentrations across a range of identified neurons within the <i>C. elegans</i> nervous system.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>However, rather than dramatic effects on any particular neuronal class, we measured uniform suppression of both neuron activity and connectivity with increasing isoflurane across the nervous system. We find the degree of activity suppression to be proportional to the baseline activity of the neuron in the awake state. Within this context, highly connected neurons, specifically neurons with high in-degree connectivity, are inherently active and display large activity suppression. These include hub interneurons within the <i>C. elegans</i> command locomotory circuit that control behavioral crawling states and contribute to system-wide coherence of neuron dynamics. By analyzing the effect of isoflurane on the activity of two specific hub interneuron classes, AVA and AVE, we show that the large degree of suppression observed in these neurons corresponds to high baseline activity.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Exploiting the small size, simplicity and optical accessibility of <i>C. elegans</i>, our results demonstrate that isoflurane anesthesia globally suppresses activity and connectivity across a wide range of neuron types, and suggest a model of anesthesia in which proportional suppression of activity results in disruption of highly connected, highly active, hub loci that are critical to nervous system coordination and state dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1795887"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13303680/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148345113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transfer learning for EEG-based BCIs: a comparative evaluation and optimization of data alignment methods.","authors":"Soha Galalaldin Ahmed, Medha Mohan Ambali Parambil, Rafat Damseh, Salah Bouktif, Fady Alnajjar, Abdelkader Nasreddine Belkacem","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1840121","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1840121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This paper addresses a critical challenge in developing practical EEG-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs): enhancing cross-subject generalization by mitigating individual differences in brain signals. How can we effectively leverage data from existing subjects to improve performance for a new user with minimal subject-specific calibration?</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We systematically compare and optimize three prominent data alignment techniques, Riemannian Procrustes Analysis (RPA), Euclidean Alignment (EA), and Correlation Alignment (CORAL), designed to transform EEG data from multiple source subjects and a target subject into a common representation space, mitigating variability.</p><p><strong>Evaluation: </strong>We employed leave-one-subject-out cross-validation (LOSO-CV) framework on EEG-based attention decoding data to empirically evaluate the effectiveness of each alignment method compared to a baseline condition with no alignment. Key parameters, specifically the regularization parameter α for EA, were optimized to maximize cross-subject transfer performance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study demonstrates that alignment methods improve classification accuracy compared to the baseline. Notably, EA evaluated at α = 100 the scaling value at which the largest fraction of subjects attained their best accuracy in our parameter sweep yielded the largest mean improvement, increasing classification accuracy by 3.44% over the no alignment baseline (paired <i>t</i>(17)≈2.48, <i>p</i>≈0.024; Cohen's <i>d</i> _<i>z</i> ≈0.59; 95% confidence interval for the mean improvement [0.52%, 6.36%]). Because this α value was identified from the same sweep that produced the per-subject accuracies, this estimate together with the per-subject \"best-parameter\" results should be interpreted as an oracle sensitivity-analysis upper bound on subject-specific tuning rather than as a leakage-free LOSO estimate. While optimized EA showed the best mean performance, the analysis also demonstrated subject-specific differences in the most ideal alignment strategy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This comparison framework quantifies the benefits of different alignment approaches and highlights the valuable contribution of parameter optimization, particularly for EA.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>These results indicate the potential of optimized alignment techniques, EA in particular, to significantly enhance cross-subject transfer learning in EEG-based BCIs. This has practical ramifications for methodology selection and tuning, and maps a path toward more robust and generalizable BCI systems requiring less subject-specific calibration for real-world applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1840121"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13294087/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148345211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associative emotional memory encoding: insights from network stability analysis of an fMRI-driven bilinear dynamics.","authors":"Weronika Dziarnowska, Melis Orhun, Yannan Zhu, Nils Kohn, Guillén Fernández, Matin Jafarian","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1794170","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1794170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The interplay between emotion and memory is a central topic in cognitive neuroscience, with open questions about the underlying neuronal mechanisms. This article aims to study the effects of order and intensity of emotional information on associative memory encoding. To this aim, we employ dynamic causal modeling to model the dynamic network composed of the hippocampus, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex during an fMRI associative memory encoding task and apply graph and control theory tools to obtain novel insights.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants were clustered into three condition groups, neutral-neutral, neutral-emotional, or emotional-emotional, and viewed image pairs associated with their assigned condition. Using the dynamic causal modeling framework, we explore several dynamic models and show that a stochastic bilinear state-space model best describes the neuronal dynamics in all conditions. Furthermore, we use graph and control theory techniques to both validate and analyze the model. Particularly, we analyze the network dynamics of each condition using tools from graph theory and stability theory and discuss the differences in the strength and direction of connectivity as well as stability of each of these networks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We confirm the prior finding that memory is enhanced in the neutral-emotional condition. In our work, this enhanced memory is associated with the increased hippocampus-amygdala coupling strength in this condition. Moreover, we show that in the emotional-emotional condition, coupling of hippocampus and amygdala, as well as the whole network connectivity increases. We further predict that the hippocampus-amygdala connectivity in this condition increases, when the first image's valence is substantially less negative rated than the second image, but decreases otherwise. This pattern mirrors the neutral-emotional condition, where the first image is emotionally neutral compared with the second. Moreover, our model-based analyses suggest that the amygdala predominantly influences the other two regions in the neutral-emotional condition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Combined data-driven DCM modeling, stability analyses, and graph-theory tools led to new insights and enhanced the mechanistic understanding of dynamics of emotional associative memory. We discuss these insights, utilize these analytical tools to generalize our findings to some unmeasured conditions, and highlight the potential of these techniques to inform the development of future technological or pharmacological approaches targeting regulatory mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1794170"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13284981/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148307976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}