Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"A sensory signal related to left-right symmetry modulates intra- and interlimb cutaneous reflexes during locomotion in intact cats.","authors":"Stephen Mari, Charly G Lecomte, Angèle N Merlet, Johannie Audet, Jonathan Harnie, Ilya A Rybak, Boris I Prilutsky, Alain Frigon","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1199079","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1199079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>During locomotion, cutaneous reflexes play an essential role in rapidly responding to an external perturbation, for example, to prevent a fall when the foot contacts an obstacle. In cats and humans, cutaneous reflexes involve all four limbs and are task- and phase modulated to generate functionally appropriate whole-body responses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To assess task-dependent modulation of cutaneous interlimb reflexes, we electrically stimulated the superficial radial or superficial peroneal nerves in adult cats and recorded muscle activity in the four limbs during tied-belt (equal left-right speeds) and split-belt (different left-right speeds) locomotion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We show that the pattern of intra- and interlimb cutaneous reflexes in fore- and hindlimbs muscles and their phase-dependent modulation were conserved during tied-belt and split-belt locomotion. Short-latency cutaneous reflex responses to muscles of the stimulated limb were more likely to be evoked and phase-modulated when compared to muscles in the other limbs. In some muscles, the degree of reflex modulation was significantly reduced during split-belt locomotion compared to tied-belt conditions. Split-belt locomotion increased the step-by-step variability of left-right symmetry, particularly spatially.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These results suggest that sensory signals related to left-right symmetry reduce cutaneous reflex modulation, potentially to avoid destabilizing an unstable pattern.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1199079"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10288215/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9715739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extensive complex neocortical movement topography devolves to simple output following experimental stroke in mice.","authors":"Cassandra C Wolsh,&nbsp;Rogers Milton Brown,&nbsp;Andrew R Brown,&nbsp;Gilbert Andrew Pratt,&nbsp;Jeffery Allen Boychuk","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1162664","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1162664","url":null,"abstract":"The neocortex encodes complex and simple motor outputs in all mammalian species that have been tested. Given that changes in neocortical reorganization (and corresponding corticospinal output) have been implicated in long term motor recovery after stroke injury, there remains a need to understand this biology in order to expedite and optimize clinical care. Here, changes in the neocortical topography of complex and simple movement outputs were evaluated in mice following experimental middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Neocortical motor output was defined using long-duration parameters of intracortical microstimulation (LD-ICMS) based on area and spatial coordinates of separate motor output types to build upon our recent report in uninjured mice. LD-ICMS test sites that elicited complex (multi-joint) movement, simple (single skeletal joint) movement, as well as co-elicited FORELIMB + HINDLIMB responses were detected and recorded. Forelimb reaching behavior was assessed using the single pellet reaching (SPR) task. At 6 weeks post-surgery, behavioral deficits persisted and neocortical territories for separate movements exhibited differences in neocortical area, and spatial location, and differed between MCAo-Injured animals (i.e., the MCAo group) and Sham-Injured animals (i.e., the Control group). MCAo-Injury reduced neocortical area of complex movements while increasing area of simple movements. Limited effects of injury were detected for spatial coordinates of neocortical movements. Significant positive correlations were detected between final SPR performance and either area of complex retract or area of co-occurring FORELIMB + HINDLIMB sites.","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1162664"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10282139/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9703641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenic evolution of beat perception and synchronization: a comparative neuroscience perspective.","authors":"Jin-Kun Huang,&nbsp;Bin Yin","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1169918","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1169918","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study of music has long been of interest to researchers from various disciplines. Scholars have put forth numerous hypotheses regarding the evolution of music. With the rise of cross-species research on music cognition, researchers hope to gain a deeper understanding of the phylogenic evolution, behavioral manifestation, and physiological limitations of the biological ability behind music, known as musicality. This paper presents the progress of beat perception and synchronization (BPS) research in cross-species settings and offers varying views on the relevant hypothesis of BPS. The BPS ability observed in rats and other mammals as well as recent neurobiological findings presents a significant challenge to the vocal learning and rhythm synchronization hypothesis if taken literally. An integrative neural-circuit model of BPS is proposed to accommodate the findings. In future research, it is recommended that greater consideration be given to the social attributes of musicality and to the behavioral and physiological changes that occur across different species in response to music characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1169918"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10264645/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10013045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A scoping review for building a criticality-based conceptual framework of altered states of consciousness.","authors":"Charles Gervais,&nbsp;Louis-Philippe Boucher,&nbsp;Guillermo Martinez Villar,&nbsp;UnCheol Lee,&nbsp;Catherine Duclos","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1085902","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1085902","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The healthy conscious brain is thought to operate near a critical state, reflecting optimal information processing and high susceptibility to external stimuli. Conversely, deviations from the critical state are hypothesized to give rise to altered states of consciousness (ASC). Measures of criticality could therefore be an effective way of establishing the conscious state of an individual. Furthermore, characterizing the direction of a deviation from criticality may enable the development of treatment strategies for pathological ASC. The aim of this <i>scoping review</i> is to assess the current evidence supporting the criticality hypothesis, and the use of criticality as a conceptual framework for ASC. Using the PRISMA guidelines, Web of Science and PubMed were searched from inception to February 7th 2022 to find articles relating to measures of criticality across ASC. <i>N</i> = 427 independent papers were initially found on the subject. <i>N</i> = 378 were excluded because they were either: not related to criticality; not related to consciousness; not presenting results from a primary study; presenting model data. <i>N</i> = 49 independent papers were included in the present research, separated in 7 sub-categories of ASC: disorders of consciousness (DOC) (<i>n</i> = 5); sleep (<i>n</i> = 13); anesthesia (<i>n</i> = 18); epilepsy (<i>n</i> = 12); psychedelics and shamanic state of consciousness (<i>n</i> = 4); delirium (<i>n</i> = 1); meditative state (<i>n</i> = 2). Each category included articles suggesting a deviation of the critical state. While most studies were only able to identify a deviation from criticality without being certain of its direction, the preliminary consensus arising from the literature is that non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep reflects a subcritical state, epileptic seizures reflect a supercritical state, and psychedelics are closer to the critical state than normal consciousness. This scoping review suggests that, though the literature is limited and methodologically inhomogeneous, ASC are characterized by a deviation from criticality, though its direction is not clearly reported in a majority of studies. Criticality could become, with more extensive research, an effective and objective way to characterize ASC, and help identify therapeutic avenues to improve criticality in pathological brain states. Furthermore, we suggest how anesthesia and psychedelics could potentially be used as neuromodulation techniques to restore criticality in DOC.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1085902"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10248073/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9617622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulation of cerebellar cortical, cerebellar nuclear and vestibular nuclear activity using alternating electric currents.","authors":"Billur Avlar, Ramia Rahman, Sai Vendidandi, Esma Cetinkaya, Ahmet S Asan, Mesut Sahin, Eric J Lang","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1173738","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1173738","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cerebellar transcranial alternating current stimulation (ctACS) has shown promise as a therapeutic modality for treating a variety of neurological disorders, and for affecting normal learning processes. Yet, little is known about how electric fields induced by applied currents affect cerebellar activity in the mammalian cerebellum under <i>in vivo</i> conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Alternating current (AC) stimulation with frequencies from 0.5 to 20 Hz was applied to the surface of the cerebellum in anesthetized rats. Extracellular recordings were obtained from Purkinje cells (PC), cerebellar and vestibular nuclear neurons, and other cerebellar cortical neurons.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>AC stimulation modulated the activity of all classes of neurons. Cerebellar and vestibular nuclear neurons most often showed increased spike activity during the negative phase of the AC stimulation. Purkinje cell simple spike activity was also increased during the negative phase at most locations, except for the cortex directly below the stimulus electrode, where activity was most often increased during the positive phase of the AC cycle. Other cortical neurons showed a more mixed, generally weaker pattern of modulation. The patterns of Purkinje cell responses suggest that AC stimulation induces a complex electrical field with changes in amplitude and orientation between local regions that may reflect the folding of the cerebellar cortex. Direct measurements of the induced electric field show that it deviates significantly from the theoretically predicted radial field for an isotropic, homogeneous medium, in both its orientation and magnitude. These results have relevance for models of the electric field induced in the cerebellum by AC stimulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1173738"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10232809/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9578377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synaptic properties of mouse tecto-parabigeminal pathways.","authors":"Kyle L Whyland, Sean P Masterson, Arkadiusz S Slusarczyk, Martha E Bickford","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1181052","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1181052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The superior colliculus (SC) is a critical hub for the generation of visually-evoked orienting and defensive behaviors. Among the SC's myriad downstream targets is the parabigeminal nucleus (PBG), the mammalian homolog of the nucleus isthmi, which has been implicated in motion processing and the production of defensive behaviors. The inputs to the PBG are thought to arise exclusively from the SC but little is known regarding the precise synaptic relationships linking the SC to the PBG. In the current study, we use optogenetics as well as viral tracing and electron microscopy in mice to better characterize the anatomical and functional properties of the SC-PBG circuit, as well as the morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of neurons residing in the PBG. We characterized GABAergic SC-PBG projections (that do not contain parvalbumin) and glutamatergic SC-PBG projections (which include neurons that contain parvalbumin). These two terminal populations were found to converge on different morphological populations of PBG neurons and elicit opposing postsynaptic effects. Additionally, we identified a population of non-tectal GABAergic terminals in the PBG that partially arise from neurons in the surrounding tegmentum, as well as several organizing principles that divide the nucleus into anatomically distinct regions and preserve a coarse retinotopy inherited from its SC-derived inputs. These studies provide an essential first step toward understanding how PBG circuits contribute to the initiation of behavior in response to visual signals.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1181052"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10213440/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9917013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical suppression of harmaline-induced body tremor yields recovery of pairwise neuronal coherence in cerebellar nuclei neurons.","authors":"Yuval Baumel, Hagar Grazya Yamin, Dana Cohen","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1135799","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1135799","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuronal oscillations occur in health and disease; however, their characteristics can differ across conditions. During voluntary movement in freely moving rats, cerebellar nuclei (CN) neurons display intermittent but coherent oscillations in the theta frequency band (4-12 Hz). However, in the rat harmaline model of essential tremor, a disorder attributed to cerebellar malfunction, CN neurons display aberrant oscillations concomitantly with the emergence of body tremor. To identify the oscillation features that may underlie the emergence of body tremor, we analyzed neuronal activity recorded chronically from the rat CN under three conditions: in freely behaving animals, in harmaline-treated animals, and during chemical suppression of the harmaline-induced body tremor. Suppression of body tremor did not restore single neuron firing characteristics such as firing rate, the global and local coefficients of variation, the likelihood of a neuron to fire in bursts or their tendency to oscillate at a variety of dominant frequencies. Similarly, the fraction of simultaneously recorded neuronal pairs oscillating at a similar dominant frequency (<1 Hz deviation) and the mean frequency deviation within pairs remained similar to the harmaline condition. Moreover, the likelihood that pairs of CN neurons would co-oscillate was not only significantly lower than that measured in freely moving animals, but was significantly worse than chance. By contrast, the chemical suppression of body tremor fully restored pairwise neuronal coherence; that is, unlike in the harmaline condition, pairs of neurons that oscillated at the same time and frequency displayed high coherence, as in the controls. We suggest that oscillation coherence in CN neurons is essential for the execution of smooth movement and its loss likely underlies the emergence of body tremor.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1135799"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10211344/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9900809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variations on the theme: focus on cerebellum and emotional processing.","authors":"Camilla Ciapponi, Yuhe Li, Dianela A Osorio Becerra, Dimitri Rodarie, Claudia Casellato, Lisa Mapelli, Egidio D'Angelo","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1185752","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1185752","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cerebellum operates exploiting a complex modular organization and a unified computational algorithm adapted to different behavioral contexts. Recent observations suggest that the cerebellum is involved not just in motor but also in emotional and cognitive processing. It is therefore critical to identify the specific regional connectivity and microcircuit properties of the emotional cerebellum. Recent studies are highlighting the differential regional localization of genes, molecules, and synaptic mechanisms and microcircuit wiring. However, the impact of these regional differences is not fully understood and will require experimental investigation and computational modeling. This review focuses on the cellular and circuit underpinnings of the cerebellar role in emotion. And since emotion involves an integration of cognitive, somatomotor, and autonomic activity, we elaborate on the tradeoff between segregation and distribution of these three main functions in the cerebellum.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1185752"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10206087/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9881076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hippocampal beta rhythms as a bridge between sensory learning and memory-guided decision-making.","authors":"Jesse Thomas Miles, Kevan Scott Kidder, Sheri J Y Mizumori","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1187272","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1187272","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A pillar of systems neuroscience has been the study of neural oscillations. Research into these oscillations spans brain areas, species, and disciplines, giving us common ground for discussing typically disparate fields of neuroscience. In this review, we aim to strengthen the dialog between sensory systems research and learning and memory systems research by examining a 15-40 Hz oscillation known as the beta rhythm. Starting with foundational observations based largely in olfactory systems neuroscience, we review evidence suggesting beta-based activity may extend across sensory systems generally, as well as into the hippocampus and areas well known for coordinating decisions and memory-guided behaviors. After evaluating this work, we propose a framework wherein the hippocampal beta oscillation and its diverse coupling with other brain areas can support both sensory learning and memory-guided decision-making. Using this framework, we also propose circuitries that may support these processes, and experiments to test our hypothesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1187272"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10196064/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9506543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A disynaptic basal ganglia connection to the inferior olive: potential for basal ganglia influence on cerebellar learning.","authors":"Tom J H Ruigrok, Xiaolu Wang, Erika Sabel-Goedknegt, Patrice Coulon, Zhenyu Gao","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1176126","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1176126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent studies have shown that the cerebellum and the basal ganglia are interconnected at subcortical levels. However, a subcortical basal ganglia connection to the inferior olive (IO), being the source of the olivocerebellar climbing fiber system, is not known. We have used classical tracing with CTb, retrograde transneuronal infection with wildtype rabies virus, conditional tracing with genetically modified rabies virus, and examination of material made available by the Allen Brain Institute, to study potential basal ganglia connections to the inferior olive in rats and mice. We show in both species that parvalbumin-positive, and therefore GABAergic, neurons in the entopeduncular nucleus, representing the rodent equivalent of the internal part of the globus pallidus, innervate a group of cells that surrounds the fasciculus retroflexus and that are collectively known as the area parafascicularis prerubralis. As these neurons supply a direct excitatory input to large parts of the inferior olivary complex, we propose that the entopeduncular nucleus, as a main output station of the basal ganglia, provides an inhibitory influence on olivary excitability. As such, this connection may influence olivary involvement in cerebellar learning and/or could be involved in transmission of reward properties that have recently been established for olivocerebellar signaling.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1176126"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10196041/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9506544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}